胃造瘘术与食管支架植入术对危重症气管食管瘘患者的疗效评估

目的评估内镜下食管覆膜自膨式金属支架植入术与经皮内镜下胃造瘘术（PEG）在气管食管瘘治疗中的应用价值。方法19例良性气管食管瘘患者,9例行PEG留置造瘘管、10例行内镜下食管覆膜自膨式金属支架植入术,2个月后经内镜将金属支架取出,以吞咽一咳嗽征检测气管食管瘘是否完全愈合。结果两组患者肺部感染的治愈率与治疗失败率方面差异无显著性,但PEG留置胃造瘘管组患者气管食管瘘黏膜的愈合率显著高于行内镜下食管覆膜自膨式金属支架植入术患者（P〈0．05）。结论经PEG留置胃造瘘管对于治疗气管食管瘘显著优于行内镜下食管自膨式覆膜金属支架植入术。     

良性食管气管瘘的治疗经验

目的总结良性食管气管瘘的治疗经验。方法我科收治的食管气管瘘患者13例,食管烧伤造成9例,先天性食管气管瘘3例,原因不明的食管气管重复瘘1例。采用结肠或胃代食管术治疗10例,行瘘口修补术3例。结果术后吻合口瘘发生4例,经保守治疗痊愈,术后吻合口狭窄1例,经扩张治疗痊愈。术后患者进食情况良好,无围手术期死亡。结论良性食管气管瘘应及时恢复消化道的连续性,先天性和获得性食管气管瘘诊断和治疗有明显差别。     

老年人工气道重建致气管食管瘘的防治

临床上气管食管瘘多发生于食管癌侵蚀及其手术并发症，气管切开套管置入所致者仅见于个案报道；而人工气道重建是对需要气道管理、急慢性呼吸衰竭老年患者治疗的关键性处理手段，尤其是长时间呼吸机支持者常需行气管切开置入气管套管，在此过程中多种原因可导致气管后壁损伤，形成气管食管瘘，由此可致严重后果。故气管切开套管留置所致气管食管瘘的预防、诊断和处理在临床上日益受到关注。     

气管切开术手术时机的选择及并发症分析

目的：探讨气管切开术手术时机的选择,并分析其并发症。方法回顾性分析531例行气管切开手术患者的临床资料,记录其手术时机及并发症发生情况。结果531例患者中,28例（5．27％）是紧急气管切开,为了解除上呼吸道阻塞引起的呼吸困难,其余均为选择时机行气管切开术。其中33例发生并发症,包括出血12例、皮下气肿6例、纵隔气肿1例、气胸1例、气管套管脱出8例、感染1例、肉芽形成1例、气管食管瘘2例、拔管困难1例。结论上呼吸道阻塞引起的呼吸困难宜行紧急气管切开,其余可选择时机进行,并发症多为出血和气管套管脱出。     

机械通气时气管套管致气管食管瘘的原因分析和预防措施探讨

目的探讨机械通气患者气管切开套管引起气管食管瘘的原因及其预防措施。方法结合5例气管切开套管导致气管食管瘘的机械通气患者临床资料和相关文献复习,详细分析其病因和预防措施。结果机械通气患者发生气管食管瘘与气囊压力过高、气囊压迫时间过长、呼吸机管道重力压迫气管后壁、套管不稳定活动增多、气管切开破坏了气管的结构和稳定性等因素有关,预防措施主要是常规监测气囊内压、避免压力过高、妥善固定气管套管、减轻呼吸机管道对气管后壁的压迫、躁动病人适当镇静等。结论加强机械通气患者人工气道与气囊的管理,能最大限度减轻气管内膜机械性损伤,降低气管食管瘘的发生率。     

经不同途径置入覆膜支架封堵气管瘘的临床分析

目的探讨经气管或食管置入覆膜支架封堵气管瘘的疗效。方法13例气管瘘患者,男9例,女4例,年龄55～83岁,平均60．3岁,其中食管癌性狭窄伴气管瘘8例,食管癌术后胃吻合口伴气管瘘3例,食管癌术后胸腔胃气管隆突瘘1例,肺癌术后左主支气管残端胸膜瘘1例。根据原发病变的性质、狭窄范围、瘘口部位的不同,在数字减影血管造影（DSA）监视下经食管或气管途径置入个体化设计覆膜支架封堵瘘口。结果10例经食管置入覆膜支架10枚,其中管状覆膜支架8枚,下端大喇叭口覆膜支架2枚;3例经气管置入覆膜支架4枚,其中管状覆膜支架2枚,倒“Y”型覆膜支架1枚,“子弹头”残端瘘支架1枚。所有患者呛咳、呼吸困难和憋喘等症状迅速缓解,碘水造影显示瘘口封堵完全,CT检查显示支架贴壁良好。结论经气管或食管置入个体化覆膜支架治疗气管瘘,能迅速封堵瘘口和解除临床症状,简单、安全,值得推广。     

80岁以上老年人气管切开术后并发气管内肉芽肿临床分析

目的探讨〉80岁老年人气管切开术后机械通气患者并发气管内肉芽肿形成原因及防治方法。方法回顾性分析研究2007年2月至2010年11月我院收治的≥60岁因各种病因行气管切开术179例患者的临床资料,其中12例并发气管内肉芽肿,分析肉芽肿形成的可能因素及发病机制,总结诊疗经验。结果 12例患者使用的气管套管均为一次性带气囊无内芯的硅化聚氯乙烯套管,带管时间最长为6～41月,平均为9月。气管内肉芽肿多发生在气管切开术后3～9月,平均6月左右。12例患者均有不同程度呼吸困难、憋气、气道压力增高、心率增快、痰中带血。2例活瓣样肉芽肿在纤支内镜下手术摘除。另2例更换自制长气管套管治愈,7例行保守治疗治愈。1例因大咯血致气道阻塞引起窒息死亡。结论长期行机械通气老年患者有并发气管内肉芽肿可能,应了解其临床特点,及时诊断治疗。大多数较小肉芽肿可用保守方法治愈,对于较大肉芽肿应尽早手术摘除。当具备拔管条件时应尽早拔管。对长期带管,但有较长时间不需要机械通气病人,应使用较少引起肉芽肿的带有内套管的金属套管。     

呼吸衰竭患者气管切开的观察与护理

我科自1996年9月～1998年9月对5例呼吸衰竭患者施行了气管切开。现将其观察与护理报道如下。1　临床资料5例患者中,男2例,女3例;年龄52～70岁;昏迷者3例。气管切开指征:1重度呼吸衰竭:气道阻塞、咯痰无力;2肺性脑病:保守治疗无效,需人工吸痰、给氧者;3不能耐受气管插管者。气管切开时间6～24日。2　结　果经治疗后痊愈4例,死亡1例。3　护理体会气管套管的护理　单人单室,专人护理。病室温度保持在18～20℃,湿度在70%以上。术后患者取仰卧位,头中位,术后当日不宜转变体位,以防套管脱出。术后应经常注意调节套管系带的松紧度,系带与皮肤间能容…     

老年患者长期气管切开的并发症

目的分析老年患者长期气管切开的并发症及其原因。方法对我院１９８２～１９９４年平均气管切开天数为５０３±４８７天的１８例老年患者进行临床、病理分析。结果主要并发症为肺部感染，用抗生素天数占气管切开天数的２９．７％；气管出血、气管套管滑脱、肺大泡也较常见；气管食管瘘、软骨环破裂等偶见。７例尸检见气管切口周围炎性水肿、上皮脱落、纤维素沉积及不同程度糜烂。结论老年患者长期气管切开的并发症主要是肺部感染、气管出血及切口周围改变等，应重视防治。     

气管、食管联合切除术2例术后护理体会

1998年2月～2001年1月，我们分别对气管癌（1例）、食管癌（1例）患者行气管、食管联合切除术。现将护理体会报告如下。 临床资料：本组2例均为老年患者。例1；女，69岁，因吞咽困难3个月，门诊以气管肿瘤收入院。入院后诊断气管鳞癌，食管浸润。在全麻下行气管环形切除＋食管外剥脱切除术与气管对端吻合、左颈部食管胃吻合术。术后病理；气管鳞癌浸润食管。术后患者恢复顺利，住院25d痊愈出院。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.