Surgical Results of Intradural Extramedullary Tumors

Background

To report the treatment results of 12 patients who underwent a total excision of intradural extramedullary tumors.

Methods

Twelve cases of histopathologically confirmed intradural extramedullary tumors were treated surgically between February 2002 and March 2005. There were 8 males and 4 females with an average age of 42.6 years. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 24.2 months. The histopathological findings, locations of the tumors, and clinical results were analyzed. The neurological findings obtained during the preoperative stage and the postoperative follow-up were evaluated according to the Frankel classification.

Results

The histopathological results are as follows: 4 cases of a meningioma, 4 cases of a schwannoma, 2 cases of an epidermoid cyst, 1 case of an arachnoid cyst, and 1 case of an ependymoma. The locations of the tumors were as follows: 7 cases in the thoracic region, 4 cases in the lumbar region, and 1 case in the cervical region. At the final follow-up, a 2-grade and 1-grade improvement was observed in 1 and 7 cases, respectively. There were no changes in the Frankel grade in 4 cases. The preoperative neurological deficit improved within 8 postoperative weeks in most cases and within 1 postoperative year in all cases. Postoperatively, there were 2 cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage and 2 cases of paresthesia.

Conclusions

Intradural extramedullary tumors detected by MRI are mostly benign and good clinical results can be obtained when treated surgically. Therefore, more active surgical approaches by orthopedic surgeons are recommended to decrease morbidity.     

椎管内髓外硬膜下多发性肿瘤的诊断与手术治疗

目的探讨椎管内多发性肿瘤的诊断及治疗方法。方法本组男11例,女4例。年龄16～81岁,（51.0±21.2）岁。病程2～27月,（11.0±7.6）月。均无皮肤咖啡斑及体表神经纤维瘤,头颅MR未见异常。增强MR示椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤46个,其中≥0.5cm肿瘤35个,肿瘤累及颈段1例,累及胸段5例,累及腰骶段12例。手术方法：采用后正中入路椎板切除术切除肿瘤,〈1cm者切除半椎板,在显微镜下操作,力争保留重要的载瘤神经而将肿瘤自神经上剔除,如肿瘤与神经无法分离,尽可能游离神经根在切除肿瘤后行神经根吻合。术后常规应用抗生素及激素治疗,术后戴颈围领、围腰保护2个月,同时训练腰背部肌肉。结果15例手术肿瘤全切12例,其中1例行神经根吻合;未全切的3例中2例术前诊断为多发神经纤维瘤或神经鞘瘤,因部位散在且直径〈0.5cm未考虑手术切除,另1例术中见肿瘤与多根神经根粘连,病理为转移瘤,仅行部分切除减压术。手术共切除肿瘤33个。病理：神经鞘瘤8例,神经纤维瘤1例,室管膜瘤2例,黑色素瘤1例,腺癌转移1例,脊膜瘤2例。黑色素瘤患者于术后22个月死亡,转移瘤患者于术后1年死亡,余13例随访4～72个月,平均30.1月,肿瘤无复发增长,其中2例多发神经鞘瘤未手术全切除者分别随访12、43个月,肿瘤无明显增长。13例存活者术后KPS评分较术前均有改善（术前75.4±13.3,术后最后一次随访时97.7±6.0,t=-7.366,P=0.000）。结论椎管内髓外硬膜下多发肿瘤以良性居多,中老年多见,半椎板及次全椎板入路显微手术切除是有效的治疗方法,〈0.5cm的无症状肿瘤可严密随访。     

涉及全椎骨之脊柱肿瘤的外科治疗

本文报告了4例涉及椎体及其后部结构的全椎骨肿瘤的外科治疗,介绍了全椎骨切除术的手术方法及手术注意事项。手术采用后路附件切除,上下椎体Steffee钢板内固定,前路椎体切除自体髂骨植骨融合,初步效果满意。本手术难度大、出血多、危险性高,术中采用控制性低血压,以减少出血。     

Primary Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Hydatid Cyst in a Child

Abstract

Background/Objective: Spinal hydatid cyst is a serious form of hydatid disease affecting less than 1% of the total cases of hydatid disease. We present a case of pathologically confirmed primary intradural spinal cyst hydatid in an otherwise healthy patient who showed no other evidence of systemic hydatid cyst disease.

Case Report: An 8-year-old boy presented with back pain, left leg pain, and difficulty in walking. The patient had no other signs of systemic hydatid cyst disease. An intradural extramedullary cystic lesion was identified with magnetic resonance imaging and was shown to be a hydatid cyst by histopathologic examination after the surgical removal.

Conclusion: Although extremely rare, primary intradural extramedullary hydatid cyst pathology might be the cause of leg pain and gait disturbance in children living in endemic areas.     

经胸部后侧切口治疗胸廓上口肿瘤

目的介绍经胸部后侧切口径路切除胸廓上口肿瘤的手术方法及疗效,为治疗该处肿瘤探索新的手术径路。方法2004年6月～2007年6月,我中心采用胸部后侧切口治疗胸廓上口部肿瘤10例,神经源性肿瘤5例,肺尖癌1例,肺尖后段肿瘤1例。皮肤切口上端自第6颈椎横突外侧,向下行于肩胛骨内侧缘与后正中线之间,切口下端绕过肩胛下角止于腋后线,将肩胛骨向前牵拉,于肿瘤投影下方切除相应肋骨（第2或第3肋）进胸,切除肿瘤。结果全组患者无手术死产。除1例因肿瘤明显外侵行开胸探查外,其余9例均完整切除肿瘤。肩背部疼痛4例中3例术后症状缓解,2例“哑铃型”神经源性肿瘤患者双下肢无力症状明显改善,1例痛觉及腹壁反射消失者术后恢复,另1例术后双下肢肌力由Ⅱ级上升至Ⅳ级。2例出现胸腔积液需行胸腔穿刺,其余患者均顺利康复。10例患者均行门诊或电话随访3～36个月（平均18个月）,其中失访1例,死亡2例,余7例无明显异常。结论胸部后侧切口对胸廓上口显露良好,增加了肿瘤的切除率及手术的安全性。     

Intradural and extradural spinal metastases

Intradural spinal metastases are uncommon. The outcome of surgical treatment of intra- and extramedullary intradural metastases is considered to be poor, with rapid clinical deterioration. The question of optimal treatment remains controversial. We present an overview of the clinical outcome and surgical treatment of 220 spinal metastases carried out in our centre from 1980 to 1999, with particular emphasis on 11 intradural metastases. Clinical history, signs, surgical approach, outcome, and radiological reports were obtained by review of patient charts. Secondary spinal tumours most often originated from carcinomas of the breast, lung, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and prostate. In 12% of cases, no primary tumour could be found. Drop metastases of intracranial pathology appeared in 3%. Intradural metastases were seen in 11 patients and formed a very heterogeneous group with predominance of melanoma, lymphoma, and medulloblastoma. Functional recovery and survival time were worse in intradural metastases than in extradural metastases, and the patients were younger. Treatment of metastases is designed to relieve pain and preserve or restore neurological function palliatively. Intradural metastases are a devastating condition with usually fatal outcome. Selected patients who undergo aggressive surgical treatment may have substantially increased survival. Received: 6 July 2000 / Accepted: 22 August 2000     

椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤的外科治疗

目的：探讨椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤的临床特点及手术中应用内固定重建脊柱稳定性的疗效。方法：手术治疗椎管内髓外硬膜下肿瘤24例，男14例，女10例；年龄12～68岁，平均40岁。14例在切除肿瘤后应用内固定及自体植骨，10例未行内固定及植骨。结果：本组24例均行后路一次手术切除肿瘤，平均随访22个月（6～36个月），肿瘤无复发，术后脊髓损伤无加重。随访Frankle分级提高1-3级，无血管、神经并发损伤。植入内固定者无固定物断裂、松动，固定效果满意，相应植骨部位均形成骨性融合。结论：椎管内髓外硬膜内肿瘤外科切除同时结合植骨内固定可有效保持脊柱的稳定性。     

22例原发性气管肿瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的总结22例原发性气管肿瘤手术治疗的临床经验,以提高手术疗效。方法22例原发性气管肿瘤患者,其中良性肿瘤4例,恶性肿瘤18例。行气管对端吻合14例,隆凸重建4例,纤维支气管镜下摘除肿瘤1例,局部搔刮2例,气管修补1例。气管切除长度2．0～5．2cm,平均3．8cm。结果22例中确诊前有17例在门诊误诊,误诊率77．3％,大多数患者被误诊为支气管哮喘。术后30d内死亡1例,死于急性呼吸衰竭。发生并发症7例（31．8％）,分别为肺部感染4例,吻合口瘘1例,乳糜胸2例;远期并发症吻合口狭窄3例,经再次手术治疗,狭窄改善。随访20例,随访时间1个月～8年。4例良性肿瘤患者在随访期间均无瘤生存;16例恶性肿瘤患者术后随访满5年以上生存6例,因肿瘤脑、肝和骨远处转移死亡3例。结论手术切除是治疗气管肿瘤最有效的方法,气管节段切除是治疗气管恶性肿瘤的主要术式,良性肿瘤可以考虑保守术式,降低手术并发症是取得良好手术疗效的关键,掌握气管肿瘤的临床特点、提高对该病的认识是减少误诊的有效手段。     

原发性心脏心包肿瘤及瘤样病变的外科治疗

为探讨原发性心脏心包肿瘤的发病率及其特征，并评估其治疗方法。病例均经胸部Ｘ线、超声心动图、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ和心导管检查，并经病理学检查证实诊断。２４例行手术治疗病人中，良性肿瘤２０例术后存活至今，其中１５例术后随访５～１５年无复发；４例恶性肿瘤中３例行部分切除，１例仅做病理学检查，均于术后４个月内复发或转移死亡。作者认为，原发性心脏心包良性肿瘤采用手术治疗常可获得良好结果，恶性肿瘤早期手术结合放疗可延长病人生命。     

胃肠道间质瘤的外科治疗

目的 分析胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor，GIST)外科治疗效果以及影响手术疗效的因素。方法 对我院1990年1月至2003年5月外科治疗的97例GIST。患的临床资料和病理切片(含免疫组织化学检查)重新复核并对患进行随访。结果 本组中位生存时间为57．3个月。完全切除术组患生存率明显优于不完全切除术组(P=0．00)，后无1例生存期超过2年。完全切除术组中．肿瘤局部切除和肿瘤及所在器官切除患生存率之间比较，差异无显性意义(P=0．2795)；但肿瘤局部切除和肿瘤及所在器官切除两组分别与扩大切除术组比较。差异却有显性意义(P=0．00)。完全切除术患的生存率与其性别、肿瘤部位和大小、肿瘤性质、核分裂及复发转移有关；但多因素的Cox回归分析显示，其术后生存率仅与肿瘤大小、肿瘤性质和复发转移相关。结论 GIST以外科治疗为主，原则上施行局部完全切除即可，广泛切除或扩大淋巴结清扫不能提高其生存率。     

140例胃间质瘤的外科治疗分析

目的 分析位于胃的胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）外科治疗效果及其影响因素.方法 对中山大学肿瘤防治中心外科1990年1月至2008年12月间收治的140例胃GIST临床资料和病理切片（含免疫组织化学检查）重新复核并加以随访,分析手术切除效果及影响手术疗效的因素.结果全组患者1、3、5年生存率分别为96.8%、86.7%和79.3%.肿瘤完全切除组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为98.1%、90.0%和85.4%,明显优于不完全切除术组的38.1%、0和0（P＜0.05）.完全切除术组中,肿瘤局部切除组与肿瘤及所在器官联合切除组患者的生存率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但这两组分别与扩大切除术组生存率比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.完全切除术组患者的生存率与肿瘤大小、肿瘤性质、核分裂及肿瘤复发转移有关;多因素Cox回归分析显示,患者术后生存率仅与肿瘤大小、核分裂和复发转移相关（P＜0.05）.结论 胃GIST仍以外科治疗为主,原则上施行局部完全切除即可.     

左心室原发性肿瘤的外科治疗

报告７例原发于左心室的肿瘤和手术治疗结果。其中淋巴管瘤、粘液瘤各２例，脂肪瘤、淋巴管囊肿各１例，横纹肌肉瘤１例。表明左室肿瘤多数为良性，且多能获得满意的手术疗效。     

Thoracic Myelopathy Secondary to Intradural Extramedullary Bronchogenic Cyst

Abstract

Background/Objective: To report a case of thoracic myelopathy secondary to intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst.

Study Design: Case report.

Methods/Findings: A 20-year-old man presented to the emergency department with increasing back pain and lower-extremity weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a cystic lesion at the T4 level with mass effect on the spinal cord.

Results: The lesion was resected, and histopathologic evaluation showed a cyst lined by respiratory-type epithelium consistent with a bronchogenic cyst.

Conclusions: Intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cysts of the thoracic spine have been reported previously but are extremely rare. The treatment of choice is surgical resection.     

脏器保留原则下胰腺良性肿瘤的外科治疗

目的:讨论胰腺良性肿瘤的脏器保留原则指导下外科治疗价值。方法:对45例胰腺良性肿瘤分别行脏器保留原则指导下手术治疗,其中术式包括肿物摘除术、胰腺节段性切除术、胰体尾加脾切除、保留脾脏胰体尾切除及胰十二指肠切除术后临床经过和胰瘘的发生率加以分析。结果:胰漏发生率分别为55%(11/20),33.3%(3/9),25%(1/4),0(0/6),33.3%(2/6)。胰瘘发生率30.8%(17/45),脏器保留原则指导手术未增加胰瘘发生率(P=0.449)并且与传统手术组相比术后未增加糖尿病发生率(P=0.515)。结论:脏器保留原则指导下手术胰腺切除是一种安全、有效的手术方式,生长抑素不能预防胰瘘的发生,但是可以缩短胰瘘闭合的时间。     

Thoracic Myelopathy Secondary to Intradural Extramedullary Bronchogenic Cyst

Background/Objective:

To report a case of thoracic myelopathy secondary to intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst.

Study Design:

Case report.

Methods/Findings:

A 20-year-old man presented to the emergency department with increasing back pain and lower-extremity weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a cystic lesion at the T4 level with mass effect on the spinal cord.

Results:

The lesion was resected, and histopathologic evaluation showed a cyst lined by respiratory-type epithelium consistent with a bronchogenic cyst.

Conclusions:

Intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cysts of the thoracic spine have been reported previously but are extremely rare. The treatment of choice is surgical resection.     

原发性气管肿瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨原发性气管肿瘤外科治疗特点及预后,提高其诊治水平。方法回顾性分析1982年2月至2009年8月中南大学湘雅医院和湖南省肿瘤医院收治的38例原发性气管肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男24例,女14例;年龄7～65岁。良性病变2例,腺样囊性癌13例,鳞癌11例,粘液表皮样癌5例,腺癌4例,其他组织类型3例。1例行开胸探查术,33例行肿瘤切除术和气道重建术,根据肿瘤生长特征行气管环形切除术＋端端吻合术或气管楔形切除术,1例在纤维支气管镜下行乳头状瘤切除术;另3例未行手术治疗。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,采用log-rank法比较不同气管肿瘤组织类型及行不同术式患者的生存率。结果行开胸探查术1例患者术后第3d死于呼吸衰竭,围术期病死率2.94%（1/34）,余33例术后康复出院。术后早期并发症发生率35.29%（12/34）,其中肺部感染6例、肺不张4例及声音嘶哑2例。随访6个月～15年,随访率97.29%（36/37）。3例未手术患者均在出院后6个月内死亡。33例患者术后1年、5年和10年生存率分别为88%[95%CI（0.77,0.99）]、47%[95%CI（0.29,0.66）]和41%[95%CI（0.21,0.61）]。腺样囊性癌及粘液表皮样癌术后生存率明显高于鳞癌及其他组织类型（χ2=17.581,P=0.001）。患者行气管楔形切除术与环形切除术后5年生存率分别为63%[95%CI（0.34,0.91）]和77%[95%CI（0.44,0.99）],其差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.021,P=0.886）。结论原发性气管肿瘤首选手术治疗,术后远期生存率与肿瘤组织类型有关     

肺转移瘤的外科治疗

报告３７例肺转移瘤的外科治疗，６７．５％的病人无症状，均在原发瘤术后随诊作Ｘ线胸片或胸透时发现，部分病人有咳嗽，咯血，胸闷和胸痛。本组手术死亡率５．４％，住院死亡率２．７％，术后１、３、５和７年生存率分别为９１．８％，４３．３％，３６．８％和２１．４％，讨论了肺转移瘤的诊断，治疗及预后，作者认为对肺转移瘤外科治疗应持积极态度。     

脊椎肿瘤的外科治疗

目的：探讨采用不同经路切除脊椎肿瘤与改进的人工椎体和自体植骨术治疗脊椎不同节段肿瘤的疗效。方法：对13例脊椎肿瘤采取切除瘤椎、人工椎体置换和自体植骨术;肿瘤包括颈椎4例,胸椎3例,腰椎6例。术前颈脊髓瘫痪1例,不完全瘫痪4例,肿瘤的术后病理学诊断有骨巨细胞瘤3例,骨囊肿、Ewing瘤、骨神经鞘瘤、软骨瘤、骨成纤维细胞瘤、骨纤维细胞瘤、骨嗜酸性肉芽肿、骨转移瘤、骨肉瘤和骨血管瘤各1例。结果：13例安全度过围手术期,无脊髓神经症状加重。除1例3个月恢复良好后失访外,余12例获平均4．3年随访,瘫痪5例完全恢复,12例均恢复家务和工作,X线片显示假体无松动、移位,植骨融合。结论：应根据肿瘤的脊柱节段和类型,选择手术治疗方式,采用人工椎体置换和自体植骨术,对完全切除脊椎肿瘤和重建脊椎稳定性是十分有益的。     

原发性食管腺癌外科治疗73例

总结７３例经手术病理证实的原发性食管腺癌的临床资料。其中Ｉ期１例，ⅡＡ期３７例，ⅡＢ期８例，Ⅲ期２７例，并发症发生率４．１％，手术死亡率１．４％，术后５年生存率２８．３％。文中对原发性食管腺癌的外科治疗、预后和综合治疗进行讨论。