Welding and Ischemic Heart Disease

Abstract

Metal welding and cutting are associated with inhalation of gases and respirable particles. The purpose of this study was to compare the mortality of male welders with that of all gainfully employed men in Sweden regarding ischemic heart disease (IHD). Male welders and gas cutters were identified in the Swedish National Censuses of 1970 and 1990. Two cohorts were established and followed until the end of 1995. The IHD mortality among the welders was compared with that of all gainfully employed men. An increased mortality due to IHD was observed among welders identified in the 1990 Census, SMR = 1.35, 95% confidence limits 1.1–1.6. The observed increased mortality due to IHD was unlikely to be explained by different smoking habits. A general hypothesis linking inhalation of particles to the occurrence of IHD via an inflammatory process is discussed.     

城市流动人口产后开奶时间及其影响因素分析

目的了解城市流动人口产妇开奶时间及其影响因素．促进母乳喂养的成功。方法采用统一的调查问卷收集资料,应用SPSS13．0统计软件对数据进行描述性和决策树分析。结果在被调查的3029例5岁以下流动儿童的看护人中,81．84％为流动儿童的母亲;89．00％在医院分娩;77．22％为初中及以下文化程度。开奶时间的影响因素有孩子出生地点、孩子出生城市、看护人对母乳喂养的认知以及看护人的文化程度。结论流动人口产后早开奶率低（24．38％）。建议卫生部门加大宣传初乳和早开奶的好处。加强医院对早开奶的产前宣教和产后指导,达到爱婴医院要求的标准。     

广西城市中老年人群超重和肥胖的流行现状研究

目的了解广西城市中老年人群超重和肥胖的流行特点,为制定全区肥胖防制策略及规划提供科学依据。方法运用多阶段分层随机抽样法,对广西城市人群7 881人进行现场问卷调查和体格检查。结果广西城市中老年人群肥胖患病率高于我国成年人的患病水平为8.62%,超重和肥胖已占到调查人群的44.64%,超重人群在职业、文化、经济分布上的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),肥胖人群中高血压的患病危险是正常人群的3.145倍。结论广西城市中老年人群肥胖患病率已处于较高水平,应结合其流行特点制定相应的防治策略,开展肥胖的预防与控制工作。     

城市人口老龄化及危险因素改变对近20年糖尿病死亡率的影响

[目的]定量评价因城市人口老龄化及危险因素改变对糖尿病死亡率的影响,为促进健康老龄化和制定糖尿病社区防治策略提供依据。[方法]分析上海市徐汇区1986～2005年糖尿病死亡率的变化,计算人口老龄化及危险因素改变对糖尿病死亡率变化的作用,并对危险因素归因构成比的时间趋势进行分析,拟合指数曲线。[结果]徐汇区1986～2005年65岁以上老龄人口构成增加了近1倍,糖尿病标准化死亡率女性高于男性,男女性别比1：1．65。20年间男性和女性标化死亡率均随时间呈上升趋势,男性r=0．9180,F=32．17,P=0．0013;女性r=0．8458,F=15．08,P=0．0081。20年间糖尿病粗死亡率上升了414．54％,归因于人口老龄化因素占68．49％,男性高于女性;归因于危险因素改变占31．51％。归因于老龄化效应的比例无论男性还是女性均有逐年上升趋势,相关系数男性r=0．9202,F=27．64,P=0．0033;女性r=0．9523,F=48．67,P=0．0009。[结论]人口老龄化对糖尿病死亡率影响作用大于危险因素改变的作用,男性尤其明显;与之相应的,归因于危险因素改变的影响所占构成比随时间变化有下降趋势。     

贵州省瓮安县农村人群高血压患病率及危险因素

目的调查贵州省瓮安县农村居民高血压患病情况并分析其危险因素。方法以整群抽样法对瓮安县5个行政村25周岁及其以上常住居民1468人，进行健康体检和高血压危险因素问卷调查；采用SAS软件进行单因素和多因素分析。结果瓮安县农民高血压总标化患病率21．25％。单因素分析显示年龄、文化水平、饮酒、体质指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、家族史等与高血压患病有关。经Logisti逐步回归分析显示，性别、年龄、体质指数、腰臀比、饮酒、高血压家族史为高血压患病危险因素，在调查中仅有5％的人知道高血压的诊断标准。结论瓮安县农村居民高血压患病率较高，应注重加强高血压防治知识宣传，从饮食及行为习惯等方面预防高血压。     

Prevalence and Associated Factors for Gallstone Disease: Results of a Population Survey in Spain

We conducted a cross-sectional survey to determine the prevalence of gallstone disease (gallstone or cholecystectomy) in a random sample of the adult population of Guadalajara, Spain. The sample stratified by age and sex was drawn from the municipal census. Stratum sample sizes were proportional to population sizes and to the expected prevalence rates calculated through a meta-analysis of the European literature. The screening protocol included a gallbladder ultrasonography, a questionnaire on personal and family history, a physical examination, and a blood sample for biochemical determinations. The response rate was 61.2%. The overall prevalence of gallstone disease was 9.7% (95% CI, 7.3–12.0). Prevalence was higher (but not statistically significant) in women (11.5%; 95% CI, 8.2–14.7) than in men (7.8%; 95% CI, 4.6–11.1). After controlling for confounding by multiple logistic regression, increasing age, body mass index, dyspeptic symptoms, smoking habit, and use of hypolipidemic drugs were positively associated with gallstone disease. Total serum cholesterol and alcohol consumption were negatively associated.     

苏州市郊社区人群糖尿病患病及其危险因素分析

目的 了解市郊社区人群糖尿病危险因素。方法 对苏州市郊吴中区、相城区的四个乡镇2697名35岁及以上社区居民进行糖尿病及其危险因素调查。结果 患病率为2．56％，本次调查新发现的糖尿病病例占患病数的89．9％，男女间无明显差异。45岁以上人群患病率随年龄增长而增高。结论 高血压、肥胖、有糖尿病家族史是糖尿病发病的重要危险因素。     

Prevalence of anaemia during pregnancy in district Burdwan, West Bengal

A total of 653 women in third trimester of pregnancy were examined for the presence of anaemia in Kanksha and Ausgram II blocks of Burdwan. 80% of them were found anaemic (haemoglobin level < 11 gm%). 67% of the pregnant women took iron folates till varied periods. Iron deficiency was the commonest cause for the anaemia.     

我国城市贫困人口的医疗保障研究

目的:了解目前城市贫困人口医疗保障的现状和问题,寻求影响城市贫困人口享受医疗保障的原因。方法:对已有的相关文献、政策和数据的梳理和分析。结果:贫困人口的健康状况和对卫生服务的利用情况均不及非贫困人口,目前的城市职工医疗保险制度和医疗救助制度都无法有效满足城市贫困人口的医疗需求。结论:这是由资金安排和部门协调等方面的问题造成的,相应地要在这些方面做出改进。     

Prevalence and Correlates of Cardiovascular Medication Use Among Nursing Home Residents With Ischemic Heart Disease: Results From the SHELTER Study

ObjectivesDespite being the highest group of users of many medications, older individuals remain underrepresented in clinical trials. This leaves a gap in evidence to guide management of many conditions, such as ischemic heart disease (IHD), in this population. This study aimed to describe factors associated with IHD medication use among nursing home residents in 7 European countries and Israel to depict challenges facing disease management in this population.DesignThis study was a retrospective cohort analysis.Setting and ParticipantsThe sample included 4156 nursing home residents in the SHELTER study.MeasurementAll residents were assessed using the interRAI Long-Term Care Facility (LTCF) instrument. Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) and/or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), beta-blocker (BB), antiaggregants (including acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) and statins was analyzed. Based on the use of these medications, residents were classified into groups by medication use (as nonusers, 1–2 medications, or 3–4 medications). Generalized Estimation Equation modeling was used to explore predictors of medication use from items on the LTCF instrument as well as facility questionnaire.ResultsOf the 1050 residents with IHD, medication use was 77.7% overall, but only 16.9% were receiving 3 to 4 medications. Use of antiaggregants was highest at 51.7% and variations in medication use were observed by country (highest in France and lowest in Italy). Functional disability was the strongest predictor of medication use, reducing the likelihood of any or optimal management. Severe cognitive impairment also reduced the likelihood of optimal management, and comorbidity generally increased the likelihood of medication use. Polypharmacy reduced the likelihood of use of 3 to 4 medications for IHD.ConclusionOptimal management of IHD in nursing home residents was low and varied by country. Individual characteristics seemed to predict IHD medication use, suggesting prescribing bias and an effect of population differences from clinical trial cohorts.     

城市流动人口孕产妇产前检查状况及其影响因素分析

目的了解城市流动人口孕产妇产前检查状况及其影响因素。方法采用统一的调查问卷收集资料,应用SPSS13．0统计软件对数据进行描述性和决策树分析,结果被调查的1446例流动孕产妇,平均年龄28岁．78．2％为初中及以下文化程度．45.3％为经产妇。影响产前检查次数的因素有第1次产前检查时间、认为需要做几次产前检查、文化程度、丈夫文化程度以及是否建立母子健康档案。结论流动人口孕产妇孕早期检查率（51．0％）、5次及以上产前检查率（59．5％）和8次及以上产前检查率低（31．7％）。建议流入地卫生部门加强流动人口孕产妇系统管理,加大宣传教育,促进流动人口孕产妇接受孕早期检查和定期产前检查．     

脑出血与脑梗塞人群归因危险度的分析及比较

采用配比病例对照研究方法,对经颅脑CT确诊的162例脑出血病人和158例脑梗塞病人分别配以同等数量的对照作1:1配比分析,探讨中老年人脑出血和脑梗塞发病的危险因素.多因素条件logistic回归分析结果表明,脑出血的主要危险因素为高血压、短暂脑缺血发作(TIA)、父母脑卒中病史及打鼾,相应的调整人群归因危险度(PARs)分别为0.7004、0.1862、0.1357、0.2020;4个因素综合的人群归因危险度(PAR)为0.8318.脑梗塞的主要危险因素为高血压、TIA、习惯性饮酒和打鼾,相应的PARs分别为0.7473、0.1229、0.2403、0.4959;四因素综合的PAR为0.9137,经常参加体育锻炼对脑梗塞具有保护作用(OR为0.30).     

新疆地区哈萨克族成年人心脏瓣膜病患病率调查

目的：了解新疆哈萨克族成年人心脏瓣膜病 （VHD） 患病率及其分布特征.方法：采用四阶段整群随机抽样法,对新疆 7 个地区 35岁以上哈萨克族成年人进行心脏瓣膜病流行病学调查.结果：新疆哈萨克族成年人 VHD 患病率为 12.3%,其中男性患病率为 11.8%,女性患病率为 12.8%,性别差异无统计学意义 （P〉0.05） ;城镇患病率为 12.5%,农牧区为 12.2%,城乡差异无统计学意义 （P〉0.05） ;所有瓣膜病变中,单纯主动脉瓣病变占 25.8%,二尖瓣病变占 52.7%,单纯主动脉瓣病变＋二尖瓣病变占 21.5%.结论：新疆哈萨克族成年人 VHD 患病率高于同地区的汉族与哈萨克族,瓣膜病变中以二尖瓣受累最多见.     

上海市静安区社区居民高血压患病及其危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的 了解上海市静安区居民高血压的患病特点,探讨其危险因素,为高血压社区综合防治提供依据。方法2007年10—12月．静安区疾病预防控制中心对辖区社区居民进行慢性病患病危险因素抽样调查。结果调查的960人中,高血压患病率为25．63％。不同年龄、文化程度与婚姻状况组间患病率差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。经多因素非条件Logistic回归分析．高血压危险因素为心血管疾病家庭史、年龄、饮酒、睡眠质量、体质指数。结论 静安区居民高血压患病率较高,有心血管疾病家族史、年龄大、饮酒、睡眠质量差、体重指数大者患高血压的危险性高。     

Prevalence of low back pain among handloom weavers in West Bengal,India

Background:

Handloom is one of the oldest industries in India, particularly in West Bengal, where a considerable number of rural people are engaged in weaving.

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of low back pain among the handloom weavers in India.

Methods:

A modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorder Questionnaire and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire along with a body part discomfort scale were administered to handloom weavers (n = 175). Working posture of the participants was assessed using the Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS).

Results:

Sixty eight per cent of the participants reported suffering from low back pain, making it the most prevalent disorder in our sample. Analysis of the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire data revealed that among those with low back pain (n = 119), 2% had severe disabilities, 46% had moderate disabilities, and 52% had minimal disabilities. Statistical analyses revealed a positive significant association between the intensity of pain in the lower back and an increased number of years of work experience (P<0.05).

Conclusions:

The study underlines the need for further research regarding the postural strain of weavers and also suggests the implementation of ergonomic design into weaver workstations to minimize the adverse effect of their current working postures. Improving upon the weaver’s work-posture could improve their quality of life.     

某汽车厂铸造工人冠心病危险因素队列研究

目的通过对2174名汽车铸造工人(铸工)平均随访19.23人年的回顾性队列研究,探索铸造工人冠心病的发病情况并寻找职业因素对其影响,为控制铸工冠心病危险因素提供科学依据。方法选择某汽车铸造厂1980~2004年在册在岗、工龄≥1 a的铸造工人为研究对象。以铸工个人的生活嗜好、人口统计学资料、工种和职业危险因素暴露情况等为研究内容。分析铸造工人冠心病发病的危险因素,特别是职业因素。结果随访期间共发生冠心病152例,初发病率为363.63/10万人年。在收缩压模型中,一氧化碳(CO)的RR(95%CI)为1.65(1.29~2.09,P<0.01),粉尘的RR(95%CI)为1.20(1.03~1.39,P<0.05),在舒张压模型中,CO的RR(95%CI)为1.63(1.28~2.06,P<0.01),粉尘的RR(95%CI)为1.19(1.03~1.395,P<0.05)。结论年龄增加、血压升高、高血脂、吸烟、超重(肥胖)、糖尿病、冠心病家族史是冠心病的非职业危险因素;粉尘、CO等是铸工冠心病的职业危险因素。     

泸州市成年男性饮酒现状及影响因素分析

目的探讨泸州市成年男性居民的饮酒现状,为保障居民的身体健康提供科学参考依据。方法利用2009年泸州市健康城市建设项目的调查资料,对泸州市成年男性的饮酒现状进行分析,并用非条件多因素Logistic回归分析饮酒率的影响因素。结果 5 044名泸州市成年男性的饮酒率为28.2%,远远高于女性（1.3%）。多因素分析结果显示,年龄、职业、婚姻状况和居住区域是男性饮酒的危险因素。结论大部分男性饮酒者为长期、经常、单次多量饮酒,应加强健康教育,控制过量饮酒。     

不同级别医院医护人员缺血性心血管疾病发病风险评估

目的 调查广西柳州市三级及社区医院医护人员心血管疾病及危险因素的流行情况,分析并比较两者未来10年缺血性心血管病(ICVD)的发病风险及危险因素评估.方法 入选在广西柳州市某医院进行体检的年龄≥35岁医护人员2423例.对受检者进行问卷调查及生化检查,采用国人ICVD10年发病危险度评估表评估35～59岁人群10年...