Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor arising in a ganglioglioma: genetic characterization

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is an uncommon, aggressive, embryonal pediatric brain tumor that almost always develops de novo and does not arise within, or evolve from, other brain tumor types. Although rhabdoid morphology can be seen in other tumor types, these are phenotypic mimics and, with only rare exceptions, do not manifest the INI-1 deletion at the 22q11.2 locus or the INI-1 nuclear protein loss that characterizes AT/RT. A few reports of AT/RT evolving from a low-grade ganglioglioma (GG) or pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma have appeared. We present the case of a 6-year-old boy with a large right parietal mass whose tumor at initial presentation manifested 2 distinct components: GG with neoplastic neurons, low MIB-1 rate, and retention of INI-1 nuclear immunostaining (immunohistochemical) and, second, AT/RT with rhabdoid cells, polyphenotypic immunohistochemical expression, high MIB-1 rate, and loss of INI-1 nuclear expression. The 2 areas were separately assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization for monosomy 22; monosomy 22 was identified in the AT/RT component but not in the GG areas. BRAF V600E mutation, a genetic abnormality seen in a significant percentage of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas and GGs, was assessed by polymerase chain reaction and identified in the tumor. Dual abnormalities of INI-1 loss and V600E BRAF mutation were identified in a cell culture line established from cerebrospinal fluid metastatic tumor cells. This cell line exhibited extremely rapid growth rate and rhabdoid morphology. Results suggest a postclonal modification in a subset of GG cells, with acquisition of INI-1 loss, confirming by biological methods what was previously suspected in rare reports of AT/RT evolving from other tumor types.     

Malignant teratoma arising within a lipomeningocele. Case report.

The authors report the case of an 11-year-old, neurologically normal girl, followed since birth for lipomeningocele, who developed a malignant teratoma within the lymbosacral lesion and presented with metastases to the lungs and groin. This rare occurrence is discussed from an embryological and management viewpoint.     

Spinal meningioma arising from a lumbar nerve root. Case report

A case is reported of cauda equina compression from an intradural meningioma arising from the L-5 nerve root in a young man.     

荧光原位杂交检测脑膜瘤中HER2基因状态

目的 探讨脑膜瘤中HER2基因扩增与HER2蛋白过表达的关系.方法 运用免疫组织化学(IHC)和荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术,对手术切除的80例脑膜瘤石蜡标本进行HER2状态的检测.结果 80例中,26例HER2蛋白(+)(32.50%),其中HER2基因扩增7例(8.75%);10例HER2蛋白(+++/++)(12.50%),HER2基因扩增7例(8.75%),占高表达组的100.00%;70例HER2蛋白(+/0)(87.50%)中,无HER2基因扩增.结果 HER2蛋白(+++/++)与HER2基因扩增密切相关.     

Diffuse leptomeningeal involvement by a ganglioglioma in a child. Case report.

Gangliogliomas are tumors composed of neuronal and glial elements that typically grow slowly by expansion only. This report describes a 20-month-old girl with a ganglioglioma that extensively involved the subarachnoid space; microscopic foci of tumor were found in the brain and spinal cord. Despite chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the child died 5 months after diagnosis. Molecular genetic analysis showed loss of chromosome 17p DNA sequences in the tumor tissue.     

Malignant transformation of a gangliocytoma/ganglioglioma into a glioblastoma multiforme: a molecular genetic analysis. Case report.

A gangliocytoma/ganglioglioma with no atypical or malignant features was subtotally resected from the right temporal lobe of a 16-year-old woman. A second resection was performed 8 years later to treat a locally recurrent lesion with increased cellularity that was diagnosed as a World Health Organization Grade II ganglioglioma on the basis of neuropathological examination. Molecular analysis of the recurrent tumor revealed a TP53 gene mutation, but no amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. Radiotherapy (60 Gy) was administered after the second resection. The patient returned 1 year later with a second focal recurrence. The specimen obtained during the third resection of tumor exhibited exclusively astrocytic differentiation, cellular pleomorphism with multinucleated cells, high mitotic activity, and endothelial proliferation. Therefore, the tumor was diagnosed to be a glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Molecular analysis of tumor DNA from the second recurrent tumor demonstrated the presence of the TP53 mutation, which previously had been observed in the first recurrent tumor, but again no evidence of EGFR amplification. Findings demonstrate that the presence of TP53 mutation in progressed gangliogliomas should be interpreted as a progression-associated mutation rather than a consequence of treatment. This is the first report to indicate that the molecular pathways of gangliocytomas/gangliogliomas progressing to become GBMs may parallel those of diffuse astrocytomas progressing to become GBMs.     

Malignant rhabdoid tumours of the small intestine with multiple organ involvement: Case report

Introduction and importanceMalignant rhabdoid tumours (MRTs) were first described as an infrequent variant of Wilms’ tumour and have been reported in several organs. The small intestine is a rare site for MRTs.Case presentationA 70-year-old man presented with appetite loss and melena. Haemorrhagic small intestinal tumours, swollen mesenteric and paraaortic lymph nodes, a tumour in the left kidney, and multiple tumours in the lung were found. He underwent partial resection of two haemorrhagic small intestinal tumours classified as MRTs based on the results of a pathological examination. However, melena appeared again on postoperative day 6. We performed another operation and resected approximately 180 cm of the small intestine that contained multiple tumours. All lesions were classified as MRTs. Unfortunately, melena appeared again 4 days after the second operation. He did not want invasive therapy and died from massive melena 2 months after the initial surgery.Clinical discussionMRTs of the small intestine are uncommon and have an extremely poor prognosis. Although curative resection is an important treatment, cases of metastasis at diagnosis and postoperative early recurrence have been observed, as was the case for the patient described herein. In these cases, effective systemic therapy is necessary. Recently, tumour suppressor genes were shown to be involved in the occurrence of MRT, and new therapies for MRT have been studied.ConclusionWe herein conclude effective systemic therapy is necessary for MRTs with multiple organ involvement. The development of new drugs for this disease is ongoing.     

Anaplastic ganglioglioma of the cerebellopontine angle. Case report

A 64-year-old woman presented with a rare anaplastic ganglioglioma in the right cerebellopontine angle manifesting as dizziness persisting for 2 weeks. Preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed a partially enhanced cystic lesion of the right cerebellopontine angle. The tumor was subtotally removed through a right lateral suboccipital craniectomy. The tumor was thought to originate from the brain stem with exophytic growth into the right cerebellopontine angle. Histological examination showed neoplastic ganglional and glial cells with anaplastic features such as mitosis, pleomorphism, and endothelial proliferation. The MIB-1 labeling index of the glial components was 40% to 60%. The diagnosis was anaplastic ganglioglioma (World Health Organization grade IV). She received postoperative radiotherapy but died of respiratory failure with tumor recurrence 11 months after the operation. Gangliogliomas usually have a good prognosis. Histological features of anaplasia and a high MIB-1 labeling index may be predictive of a poor clinical outcome.     

荧光原位杂交技术在尿路上皮癌诊断中的应用

目的 探讨荧光原位杂交技术( FISH)在尿路上皮癌诊断中的应用价值.方法 采用FISH检测100例血尿患者尿脱落细胞中第3、7、17号染色体和第9号染色体p16位点异常,以组织病理学确诊尿路上皮癌为金标准,评估FISH诊断的敏感度和特异度,并与尿细胞学检查结果进行比较.结果 FISH检测和尿细胞学检查诊断尿路上皮癌的敏感度分别为82.5％和49.2％, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；特异度分别为86.7％和96.6％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与尿细胞学比较,FISH诊断尿路上皮癌具有较高的敏感度和相似的特异度.     

Malignant lymphoma arising in the cerebral parenchyma adjacent to a parasagittal meningioma

A 70-year-old woman with an asymptomatic parasagittal meningioma had been under observation with follow-up imaging for 2 years. She gradually developed motor weakness in the left hand. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging disclosed a newly developed well-enhanced area in the cerebral parenchyma adjacent to the stable original meningioma. The new lesion was enhanced more intensely and less well demarcated. We suspected that the meningioma had enlarged into the brain parenchyma, although MR imaging suggested a border between the extra-axial and intra-axial portions. Craniotomy was performed. Two separate tumors were identified with quite different histological features. The extra-axial tumor was identified as benign transitional meningioma and the intra-axial tumor as diffuse large cell type malignant lymphoma. Immunostaining revealed the lymphoma had B cell origin. After surgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery was performed for the residual lymphoma. The original site of the lymphoma remained free from relapse, but another lesion developed in the right frontal lobe 3 months later and chemotherapy was performed. The main concern for follow-up imaging of asymptomatic meningioma without surgical resection is growth of the meningioma. However, development of new different tumors is possible, although thought to be rare.     

Malignant meningioma within the third ventricle: a case report

A case of a malignant meningioma within the 3rd ventricle is presented. Although malignant transformation of meningiomas has been described, occurrence within the ventricular system is extremely rare.     

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the setting of segmental neurofibromatosis. Case report

Approximately 100 cases of segmental neurofibromatosis (NF5) have been reported in the recent literature. Patients with NF5 present with café-au-lait macules, freckles, and/or neurofibromas limited to one or adjacent dermatomes. Neurofibromas arising in NF5 have been uniformly considered to be benign; patients were thought to have an excellent prognosis without the risk of developing malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs), which are characteristic in patients with the generalized form of this disease, von Recklinghausen's NF. In this report the authors detail the first observations of malignant PNSTs in two patients with NF5. Indications for surgical removal of a neurofibroma in a patient with NF include pain. neurological impairment, compression of adjacent structures, cosmetic disfigurement, and rapid tumor growth suggestive of malignant degeneration. Surgical indications are similar for patients with NF5. All patients with neurofibromas should be considered at risk for malignant degeneration.     

Microcystic meningioma arising in a mixed germ cell tumor of the testis: a case report.

We report a case of a microcystic variant of meningioma arising in a mixed germ cell tumor of the testis composed predominantly of mature and immature teratoma with elements of seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. We believe this is the first such case of a meningioma arising in a teratoma within a gonadal or extragonadal site. The meningiomatous component showed positive immunohistochemical staining for epithelial membrane antigen and a lack of staining for cytokeratin, factor VIII, CD31, and alpha-fetoprotein. Recognition of a non-germ cell tumor arising in the setting of a teratoma in the testis may be prognostically important depending on the nature of the non-germ cell component and whether it has spread beyond the testis.     

Intracranial/Extracranial meningioma arising in the hypoglossal canal: case report.

A case of a patient with a posterior fossa meningioma extending through the hypoglossal canal to the cervical region as described in this article has not been previously described in the literature. Investigations and surgical management are outlined and pathological classifications are discussed. A literature review including recent reports of extracranial meningiomas is presented. Extracranial meningiomas are exceedingly rare and a high index of suspicion is necessary to make the diagnosis.     

荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术在尿路上皮肿瘤诊断中的应用研究

目的应用荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术探索中国人群中3、7和17号染色体及9p21位点异常与尿路上皮肿瘤发生、发展的关系,评估其用于中国人群尿路上皮肿瘤诊断的可行性及临床应用前景。方法收集102例以血尿症状就诊,证实为尿路上皮肿瘤患者的新鲜晨尿,连续留取3d,将标本分别以FISH技术和尿脱落细胞学方法加以检测。收集20名正常成人新鲜晨尿,同法操作并计算正常成人对照组参考值。收集临床资料,明确肿瘤临床分期和病理分级。以正常成人对照组参考值判定患者FISH结果,比较其与尿脱落细胞学检测方法诊断的阳性检出率。统计分析3、7和17号染色体及9p21位点畸变率与性别、年龄、肿瘤初发、复发、单发、多发、临床分期及病理分级的相关性。结果①各染色体及区带均呈现较高的畸变发生率。多体畸变发生率由高到低为98.0%（7号）、97.1%（3号）、96.1%（17号）和83.3%（9p21位点）;单体畸变发生率由高到低为95.1%（9p21位点）、68.6%（17号）、67.4%（7号）和66.7%（3号）;缺失畸变则仅见于9p21位点（31.4%）。②尿脱落细胞学检查的肿瘤阳性检出率为64.7%,FISH则为98.0%,两者差异有统计学意义（χ^2=30.25,P〈0.01）。③各染色体畸变与患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤初发、复发、单发、多发及肿瘤临床分期均未见显著相关性。④3号染色体单体畸变与肿瘤病理分级间呈正相关（r=0.198,P=0.046）,其余染色体不同类型的畸变情况均未显示出与不同病理分级间存在显著相关性。⑤3、7及17号染色体主要以多体畸变为主,而9p21位点主要以单体畸变为主（χ2=166.426,P〈0.001）,尚无证据表明各染色体与缺失畸变间的倍性关系。结论①FISH技术是通过尿液样本检测尿路上皮肿瘤染色体畸变的有效方法,可作为早期诊断尿路上皮肿瘤的重要辅助手段。②尿路上皮肿瘤在3、7和17号染色体及9p21位点同时存在多种畸变类型,且各畸变类型均具有较高的畸变率。③3号染色体的缺失或单体畸变可能对尿路上皮肿瘤的进展具有一定预测意义。     

Malignant cerebellar ganglioglioma. A case report and review of the literature

Ganglioglioma is usually a well differentiated slowly growing mixed neuronal and glial neoplasm corresponding to WHO grade I or II. However, some gangliogliomas are considered to be WHO grade III because they exhibit anaplastic features in their glial component. Finally there are exceptionally rare cases of newly diagnosed gangliogliomas with grade IV changes in the glial component. We report a case of a 25-year-old woman with a family history of neurofibromatosis who presented initially with a World Health Organization grade IV anaplastic ganglioglioma (a mixed ganglion cell multiform tumor glioblastoma). Despite aggressive management, the patient died of disease in a relatively short period. Histologically, two cell populations were noted: a predominant glial component consisting in a multiform glioblastoma and ganglion cells supporting a diagnosis of ganglioglioma. Immunohistochemical analysis clearly distinguished the two tumor cell populations. Although other cases of grade III gangliogliomas and twelve cases of grade IV gangliogliomas have been reported, the present case is exceptional in that, to our knowledge, it is the second case of a patient who presented initially with a composite grade IV ganglioglioma and who was clinically followed up to the time of death. This case allows direct comparison between the histological findings in a multiform glioblastoma and a ganglioglioma. It also documents the aggressive biologic behavior of this complex neoplasm.     

荧光原位杂交技术在膀胱尿路上皮癌诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)在膀胱尿路上皮癌诊断中的应用价值. 方法 收集81例膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的新鲜尿液标本,分别行FISH和尿细胞学检测,并行膀胱镜检查;病理诊断泌尿系良性疾病12例合并8例临床诊断泌尿系良性疾病患者的尿液标本作对照.统计学分析FISH和尿细胞学检测诊断的特征值. 结果 81例均经病理检查确诊膀胱尿路上皮癌.非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌34例,肌层浸润性癌14例;低级别42例,高级别24例;由于送检组织不完整,无法准确分期、分级者分别为33例和15例.FISH、尿细胞学和膀胱镜检查诊断膀胱尿路上皮癌的敏感性分别为72.8％ (59/81) 、27.2％ (22/81)和97.5％ (79/81),FISH诊断敏感性高于尿细胞学检测(P＜0.05),但低于膀胱镜检查(P ＜0.05);FISH和尿细胞学检测诊断特异性分别为85.0％(17/20)、100.0％ (20/20),二者比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).FISH和尿细胞学检测诊断符合率分别为75.2％ (76/101)、41.6％(42/101),二者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 FISH检测诊断膀胱尿路上皮癌敏感性高、特异性强、无创,临床应用价值高.