An analysis on the impact of large-scale transports of dust pollution on air quality in East Asia as observed in central Korea in 2014

The large-scale transport of dust air pollution in the East Asian region has been being monitored using satellites and ground-based measurements in central Korea for the last 20 years. Severe haze in eastern China as well as dust storms in Mongolia and northern China occurred and moved toward central Korea during the first 5 months of 2014. In addition, severe prolonged haze in eastern China occurred on a large scale in February 2014. The daily mass concentrations originating from haze and dust storms at a background observation site in central Korea exceeded the air quality standard of PM10 (100 μg m^?3 day^?1) and PM2.5 (50 μg m^?3 day^?1). Dust loadings caused by dust air pollution from Mongolia and China are clearly worsening the air quality in the background area in central Korea. Anthropogenic dust pollution from severe haze loads dust particulates finer than 2.5 μm. On the other hand, a natural dustfall case originating from a dust storm usually loads coarse dust particulates in the atmosphere. The impact of dust storms on air quality varies depending on the passing route in East Asia.     

某军事作业坑道装修施工中的卫生质量调查

目的 掌握坑道装修施工对作业人员健康的影响,做好环境的改善与防护,维护官兵健康.方法 采用ppb RAEPGM-7240型光离子化气体检测仪检测总挥发性有机物（TVOC）浓度,4150型二氧化硫、二氧化氮分析仪检测SO2、NO2浓度,INTERSCAN 4160型甲醛分析仪检测HCHO浓度,FJ-620型环境X、γ剂量率仪探测γ辐射剂量率,美国产1023型、1027型氡连续检测仪、国产快速氡检测仪,直接测量氡气浓度.结果 A区坑道内TVOC、CO2是主要污染物,平均值分别超过国家公共场所空气质量标准3.92倍和1.67倍.B区坑道内CO2、TVOC是主要污染物,平均浓度分别超标1.62倍和1倍.C区CO2是污染物,平均浓度值超标2.09倍.监测的11项空气质量要素,各区均有2个环境要素超标,占18.18%.表明装修施工期间的空气质量基本上属于轻度污染状态.结论 ①深化对坑道装修施工中卫生保护重要意义的认识.②把好建筑材料和装修材料的选用关,预防和控制建筑材料和装修材料产生的环境污染.③施工人员应戴好口罩,做好个人防护.④提倡湿法作业,以减少可吸入颗粒的污染.     

Ambient Air Conditions and Variation in Urban Trail Use

This study examines the effect of air quality and administrative policies on use of urban trails in Indianapolis, IN. Attention is focused on two policy variables: (1) issuance of air pollution advisories and (2) the adoption of Daylight Savings Time. Results suggest that while trail use varies with air quality, current public advisories regarding air pollution may be of limited effectiveness in reducing trail users’ exposures to hazardous pollutants. In contrast, the adoption of Daylight Savings Time was associated with a statistically significant increase in traffic levels.     

On the regional background levels of carbon monoxide observed in East Asia during 1991∼2004

The carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations observed in Mt. Waliguan in China (WLG), Ulaan Uul in Mongolia (UUM), Tae-ahn Peninsula in Korea (TAP) and Ryori in Japan (RYO) were analysed between 1991 and 2004. The average annual concentration of CO, a toxic air pollutant, was the highest at TAP (233 ± 41 ppb), followed by RYO (171 ± 36 ppb), UUM (155 ± 26 ppb) and WLG (135 ± 22 ppb). CO tends to be highest in spring and lowest in summer in East Asia, with the exception of WLG. TAP had the highest CO concentrations in all seasons compared with WLG, UUM and RYO and displays a wide short-term variability in concentration. This is caused by large-scale air pollution owing to its downwind location, close to continental East Asia. CO concentrations observed at TAP were analysed as follows: according to the origin of the isentropic backward trajectory and its transport passage, as continental background airflows (CBG) measuring 216 ± 47 ppb, regionally polluted continental airflows (RPC) measuring 316 ± 56 ppb, oceanic background airflows (OBG) measuring 108 ± 41 ppb and partly perturbed oceanic airflows measuring 161 ± 6 ppb. The high concentrations of CO at TAP are because of the airflow originating from the East Asian continent, rather than the North Pacific. RPCs, which pass through eastern China, appear to have high CO concentrations in spring, autumn and winter. OBGs, however, are affected by North Pacific air masses with low CO concentrations in summer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite images and the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-Chem simulation model confirmed that a large-scale air pollution event originated in eastern China and reached the Korean Peninsula and the Korea East Sea by way of the Yellow Sea. It is noteworthy that the overall trend at TAP does not show an increase despite the fact that energy use in China approximately doubled from 1991 to 2004.     

Outdoor Air Quality Awareness,Perceptions, and Behaviors Among U.S. Children Aged 12–17 Years, 2015–2018

PurposeThis study aimed to assess U.S. adolescents' perceptions and knowledge about air quality and their behaviors aimed to reduce air pollution exposure and whether they vary by demographic characteristics.MethodsWe analyzed data from the Porter Novelli Public Services YouthStyles survey, a nationally representative survey of U.S. adolescents aged 12–17 years. In survey years 2015–2018, a total of 3,547 adolescents self-reported awareness, perceptions, and behaviors related to air pollution. We calculated weighted percentages of respondents reporting each aspect of air quality awareness, perception, and behaviors overall and by categories of age, gender, parental education, metropolitan status, region, and survey year.ResultsOverall, an estimated 81% of U.S. adolescents thought outdoor air pollution could impact health, 52% thought there were things they could do to limit their or their family's exposure, 19% were aware of air quality alerts, 46% of those who thought or were informed air quality was bad did something differently, and 19% always or usually avoided busy roads to reduce air pollution exposure; differences were reported by some demographic variables.ConclusionsAmong U.S. adolescents, awareness that air pollution could impact health was relatively high. However, gaps were found in the awareness of the potential impacts and other aspects of awareness and perceptions related to air pollution and the engagement in behaviors to reduce exposure, some of which varied by demographic characteristics. These results can be used to inform interventions that increase awareness and behaviors to reduce air pollution exposures among U.S. adolescents.     

Measuring public health accountability of air quality management

Accountability of air quality management is often measured by tracking ambient pollution concentrations over time. These changes in ambient air quality are rarely linked to changes in public health, a major driver for such programs. We propose a method to assess the accountability of air quality management programs with respect to improvements in public health by estimating national temporal trends in health risk attributable to air pollution. The air health indicator (AHI) is a function of two temporal functions, annual air pollutant concentrations and annual estimates of health risk obtained by time series statistical methods, to indicate the trend in annual percent attributable risk (the product of concentration and risk times 100). Random effects models are used to obtain a distribution of risk over space. The model is illustrated by examining the association between daily nonaccidental deaths in 24 of Canada’s largest cities and daily concentrations of ozone and nitrogen dioxide over the 17-year period 1984–2000. Our analysis demonstrates that examining trends in exposure alone, which has typically been the approach to air quality indicators, provides an incomplete picture of trends in the impact of air pollution. The AHI appears to provide a more informative measure of the population burden of illness associated with air pollution over time.     

银川市大气主要污染物特征与健康风险评价

目的 为了解2020年银川三区两县一市环境大气污染特征,评价其大气质量及大气污染物对人群健康的影响.方法 基于2020年银川各区县大气污染情况,采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险模型估算各地大气中SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5人群健康风险.结果 2020年银川各区县PM10年均浓度、PM2.5年均浓度...     

北京市2个大型综合商业场所空气质量污染水平

目的使用室内空气质量自动监测系统对大型综合商业场所室内空气污染物进行连续监测,了解空气质量现况,并分析不同功能区域间空气质量的差异,探讨主要影响因素。方法 2012年12月—2013年2月利用自动监测设备对北京市2个大型综合商业场所的卖场区、餐饮区和影院区进行空气质量的连续监测,监测时间覆盖整个营业期,监测指标为PM10、甲醛、CO和CO2,并对监测结果汇总分析。结果在商业场所内共设置7个监测点,采集有效数据583组。综合商业场所空气中PM10、甲醛、CO和CO2污染水平分别为（100.7±92.4）μg/m3、（0.07±0.032）mg/m3、（3.283±1.358）mg/m3和（0.067±0.006）%,商业场所各区域间（卖场区、餐饮区、影院区）PM10污染水平差异无统计学意义（F=1.023,P=0.36）,而甲醛、CO和CO2的污染水平比较,差异有统计学意义（F值分别为4.787、323.825和92.375,均P〈0.05）。结论商业场所营业期间整体空气质量良好,不同功能区域间空气质量的问题和差异与室内人员活动、通风换气、气流组织及室外大气影响有关。     

Air pollution forecasts and results-oriented tracking

This paper provides a brief overview of recent EPA forecasts of air quality and emissions related to ozone and particle pollution. It is intended to supplement conference papers on air quality (White 2007) and benefits estimates by highlighting the potential utility of national, regional, and local forecasts in developing and implementing health and environmental quality tracking programs. As Hubbell and Fann (2007) note, such forecasts are of particular importance in evaluating the feasibility and design of programs intended to assess the benefits of air-related control or mitigation programs. Tracking programs may focus on overall air quality improvements or on reductions from particular source categories of interest.     

空调作业环境空气有毒挥发物污染及空气质量状况调查

目的了解空调作业环境空气污染状况及空气质量状况,为预防急、慢性职业危害提供参考.方法随机选取空调作业生产线上使用工业有毒挥发物的作业点,按照有关工作规范,进行布点、现场数据记录、空气采集苯、甲苯等有机溶剂和甲醛、二氧化碳(CO2)等空气质量指标的样本.结果工业有毒挥发物污染超标率为40.9%,其中上胶工种苯超标倍数最大(10.5倍)、印刷工种甲苯超标率最高(73.9%);空气质量指标中超标率较高的有甲醛(50.0%)、CO2(18.0%)、一氧化碳(12.5%)、可吸入颗粒(11.1%),细菌总数相对污染较轻;微小气候中温度、湿度合格率高,仅有空气流速合格率为54.2%.结论本次调查空调作业环境空气中工业有毒挥发物污染严重、空气质量欠佳,但空气中细菌总数污染相对较轻、微小气候较适.从总体上分析,空调作业环境空气质量应予以改善.     

Association between air pollution and benign prostatic hyperplasia: An ecological study

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent medical condition; however, little is known about the effect of environmental factors. Therefore, we conducted surveys to examine the association between air pollution and the risk of BPH in South Korea between May 2010 and April 2013, yielding data for 1,734 men. Air pollution information was obtained from the National Air Pollutants Emission 2010 report. Logistic regression analyses were conducted after adjusting for potential confounders. The International Prostate Symptom Score significantly increased with increasing per capita air pollutant emissions. The risk of BPH increased as the overall concentration of air pollutants increased (odds ratio [OR], 2.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55–3.21). In particular, nitrogen oxides (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.25–2.39) and sulfur oxides (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.42–2.88) showed a dose-dependent association. Our findings support a positive association between the risk of BPH and air pollution.     

Air pollution and population health: a global challenge

“Air pollution and population health” is one of the most important environmental and public health issues. Economic development, urbanization, energy consumption, transportation/motorization, and rapid population growth are major driving forces of air pollution in large cities, especially in megacities. Air pollution levels in developed countries have been decreasing dramatically in recent decades. However, in developing countries and in countries in transition, air pollution levels are still at relatively high levels, though the levels have been gradually decreasing or have remained stable during rapid economic development. In recent years, several hundred epidemiological studies have emerged showing adverse health effects associated with short-term and long-term exposure to air pollutants. Time-series studies conducted in Asian cities also showed similar health effects on mortality associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) to those explored in Europe and North America. The World Health Organization (WHO) published the “WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs), Global Update” in 2006. These updated AQGs provide much stricter guidelines for PM, NO₂, SO₂ and O₃. Considering that current air pollution levels are much higher than the WHO-recommended AQGs, interim targets for these four air pollutants are also recommended for member states, especially for developing countries in setting their country-specific air quality standards. In conclusion, ambient air pollution is a health hazard. It is more important in Asian developing countries within the context of pollution level and population density. Improving air quality has substantial, measurable and important public health benefits.     

万寿西宫子站周边空气质量影响因素的灰色关联分析

根据灰色系统理论，编制了灰色关联分析软件，分析了2003—2004年18个月北京市全部24个大气自动监测站所获得的月平均空气污染指数，考察了万寿西宫子站与其它子站周边空气质量的相互依赖性和相互影响。结果表明：天坛子站与东四子站与万寿西宫子站的时间序列关联度最大，表明城四区的空气质量存在同步特征。同时灰色关联分析结果与古城周边存在的工业污染源影响城四区空气质量的事实也是一致的。     

On air pollutant variations in the cases of long-range transport of dust particles observed in central Korea in the leeside of China in 2010

The occurrence and transport of dust storms and anthropogenic air pollutants in East Asia have been monitored using the meteorological satellite data of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and ground-based measurements at Cheongwon, a background observation site in central Korea. The nine cases, measured over 14 days, of natural dust particles caused by dust storms originating from northern China and Mongolia were observed at Cheongwon in the spring, autumn, and winter of 2010. In addition, seven cases, measured over 18 days, of anthropogenic dust particles originating from eastern China were observed over the course of a year. In those cases of natural and anthropogenic dust particles observed at Cheongwon, the level of particle matter (PM) with a diameter of ≤10 μm (PM10) (100 μgm^?3 day^?1) or PM2.5 (50 μgm^?3 day^?1) exceeded the air quality standards of Korea for 5 and 6 days, respectively. At the same time, CO concentrations rose higher due to long-range transport, while CO levels in the cases of anthropogenic dust particles (954 ppb) rose higher compared with the cases of natural dust particles (812 ppb). While gusty north–northwesterly winds were blowing in the front side of high-pressure systems, an increase in CO concentrations along with the influx of dust storms was observed at Cheongwon in the three natural dust particle cases with continental background airflow (n-CBAs). However, the other six natural dust particle cases with continental polluted airflow (n-CPAs) were also observed where mass concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5, and CO increased simultaneously after the CO concentrations rose and fell before dust storms had flowed in, showing double peaks. The mass concentrations of total suspended particle (TSP), PM10, and PM2.5 were high, and the PM2.5/TSP mass concentration ratio was high in n-CPAs, compared with n-CBAs. However, the anthropogenic dust particle cases with continental polluted airflow (a-CPA) are affected by air pollutants transported from eastern China by warm southwesterly winds, since central Korea is located in the rear side of the high-pressure system and in the foreside of the low-pressure system. Also, the anthropogenic dust particle cases with regionally polluted airflow (a-RPA) were observed in central Korea due to a stagnant high-pressure system for several days in the Yellow Sea region. In a-CPA, the mass concentrations of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5; the PM2.5/TSP mass concentration ratio; and the CO concentrations were all higher than in a-RPA.     

合肥市区不同区域大气污染时空演化特征及防污染对策

目的 分析合肥市区不同区域2012-2014年空气污染状况,为城市规划者和居民出行提供污染控制建议。方法 利用合肥市环境保护局网站数据库中主要空气污染指标的相关数据,应用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析。描述2012-2014年合肥市区不同区域空气质量指数的时空分布特征,分析合肥市区不同区域空气环境污染的现状及其可能的原因。结果 2012-2014年间,合肥市空气污染状况在平均水平上呈现先增长后减少的趋势。在此期间合肥市区三里街子站、长江中路、庐阳区子站、瑶海区子站以及包河区子站的空气质量指数平均值均高于全市平均水平,并且冬季是合肥市区空气污染最严重的季节。结论 合肥市区空气污染状况与地理区域和季节变化有关。     

某市室内空气污染及居民相关卫生知识和健康服务需求调查

目的 研究城市室内空气污染状况及市民对相关知识了解情况及其检测需求,寻求有效的防控手段.方法 于2006年2-7月测定城区装修完工6个月以上的办公场所和居民住宅中室内空气污染状况(甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和γ射线).采用完全随机抽样的方法对部分市民进行问卷调查,了解其对室内空气污染相关卫生知识的知晓率和室内空气卫生质量的检测需求率,以及文化水平、经济状况的影响.结果 装修6个月后仍有近30%的居室空气中甲醛浓度超标.不同功能区的污染程度不同,污染状况从重到轻排序为:儿童卧室＞主卧室＞客厅＞办公室＞厨房.儿童房与主卧室最易超标,超标率分别为64%和44%.参与调查的市民60%以上知道装修是导致污染的主要原因,但提出检测需求的仅有10%.经济状况越好,文化程度越高,其知晓率和需求率越高.结论 目前城市室内空气污染严重,市民对相关知识的知晓率不高且存在认识误区,很少有人提出检测要求.经济状况和文化程度成为控制室内空气污染的制约因素.健康意识促进是今后防控室内空气污染工作的重点.     

Ambient air pollution and movement behaviours: A scoping review

This scoping review summarizes the literature about how ambient (outdoor) air pollution impacts movement behaviours (i.e., physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep), or beliefs about movement behaviours. Of 6552 potential documents, 58 documents and 218 findings were included in the final synthesis. Most studies were from the United States and China, involved cross-sectional designs, and included mixed age groups. Overall, unfavourable changes/associations (i.e., decreased/lower physical activity, increased/higher sedentary-related behaviour, and decreased/lower sleep duration and quality) or no change/association in movement behaviours in relation to ambient air pollution were identified. Our findings suggest that more attention should be given to understanding the impact of ambient air pollution on movement behaviours in general and in diverse countries and vulnerable populations such as children or older adults.     

How Can Urban Policies Improve Air Quality and Help Mitigate Global Climate Change: a Systematic Mapping Review

Tackling climate change at the global level is central to a growing field of scientific research on topics such as environmental health, disease burden, and its resulting economic impacts. At the local level, cities constitute an important hub of atmospheric pollution due to the large amount of pollutants that they emit. As the world population shifts to urban centers, cities will increasingly concentrate more exposed populations. Yet, there is still significant progress to be made in understanding the contribution of urban pollutants other than CO₂, such as vehicle emissions, to global climate change. It is therefore particularly important to study how local governments are managing urban air pollution. This paper presents an overview of local air pollution control policies and programs that aim to reduce air pollution levels in megacities. It also presents evidence measuring their efficacy. The paper argues that local air pollution policies are not only beneficial for cities but are also important for mitigating and adapting to global climate change. The results systematize several policy approaches used around the world and suggest the need for more in-depth cross-city studies with the potential to highlight best practices both locally and globally. Finally, it calls for the inclusion of a more human rights-based approach as a mean of guaranteeing of clean air for all and reducing factors that exacerbate climate change.     

60户新装修住宅室内空气质量分析

目的调查某市因住宅装修后居室空气质量及污染因素对居民健康的影响。方法检测室内空气中污染物的含量并对居住人员进行问卷调查。结果该市新装修住宅室内空气检测合格率为58．3％，检测季节、检测时距装修的时间间隔、装修类型对室内空气质量都有不同程度的影响。结论劣质建材中污染物含量超标是引起室内装修污染的主要原因，加强装修后住宅的通风，并延迟人住时间，对预防污染的危害有积极作用。     

安阳市空气质量健康指数构建及分析——基于空气污染与呼吸系统疾病间暴露–反应关系

目的 基于空气污染对呼吸系统疾病影响构建安阳市空气质量健康指数(AQHI)并分析可能影响因素。方法 建立2018—2020年安阳市大气污染与医院呼吸系统疾病门诊量时间序列数据库,利用多污染物广义相加模型(GAM)所得暴露–反应关系系数计算AQHI,并与环境质量指数(AQI)对比。结果 2018—2020年安阳市大气PM2.5、NO₂当日浓度(PM2.5lag0、NO₂lag0)及SO₂滞后2日浓度(SO₂lag2)纳入多污染物模型。AQHI公式为AQHIt=(((exp (0.000 39×PM2.5lag0t+0.001 51×NO₂lag0_t+0.001 79×SO₂lag2_t)-1)×100)/49.70)×10,AQHI低风险日期比例(73.54%)低于AQI三级以下风险等级日期比例(79.01%),P<0.05,且逐年上升,非采暖季高,每年10月至次年1月份下降。AQHI每上升一个四分位间距(IQ...