Parkinson病患者认知功能障碍与失匹配负波相关性研究

目的：探讨失匹配负波（MMN）与额叶认知功能测试在评价Parkinson病（PD）患者认知功能中的作用及其临床价值。方法：对28例早期非痴呆非抑郁PD患者和31例年龄、教育年限相匹配的正常对照组分别进行额叶认知功能测试和MMN测定。结果：与正常对照组相比，非痴呆非抑郁PD患者额叶认知测试评分较差，MMN潜伏期延长（P〈0．001）；波幅虽呈下降趋势，但无统计学意义；MMN潜伏期延长与额叶认知功能障碍程度呈正相关（P〈0．01～0．05）。结论：MMN能较客观地反映非痴呆非抑郁PD患者早期额叶认知功能障碍。     

帕金森病患者认知功能障碍与失匹配负波相关性研究

目的:探讨失匹配负波(MMN)与额叶认知功能测试对在评价帕金森病患者(Parkinson's disease,PD)的认知功能中的作用及其临床价值。方法:设28例早期非痴呆非抑郁帕金森病患者和31例年龄、教育年限相匹配的正常对照组分别进行额叶认知功能测试和失匹配负波测定。结果:非痴呆非抑郁帕金森病患者与正常对照组比较:额叶认知测试评分较差,MMN的潜伏期延长,差异有显著性意义;波幅下降,但无统计学意义;MMN潜伏期延长与额叶认知功能障碍程度呈正相关。结论:失匹配负波(MMN)能够客观地反映非痴呆非抑郁帕金森病人早期额叶认知功能障碍。     

急性脑卒中后脑诱发电位失匹配负波的变化观察

目的观察急性脑卒中后患者脑诱发电位失匹配负波的变化特点。方法对70例脑卒中患者和40例正常人进行失匹配负波（MMN）检查。结果与正常对照组比较，脑卒中患者脑诱发电位的MMN潜伏期延长、波幅降低，2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论脑卒中患者存在认知功能损害，MMN是敏感的检测工具。     

卒中后抑郁与抑郁症事件相关电位变化特点和对比研究

目的观察卒中后抑郁(post-stroke depression,PSD)和抑郁症患者事件相关电位失匹配负波(mismatch negative,MMN)和P300的变化特征。方法纳入卒中后抑郁患者28例,抑郁症患者35例,正常对照30名,均采用Oddball范式进行事件相关电位MMN和P300检测。结果3组MMN和P300潜伏期和波幅均具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,卒中后抑郁组和抑郁症组MMN和P300潜伏期延长、波幅下降(P<0.05);卒中后抑郁组较抑郁症组MMN和P300潜伏期延长、波幅下降(P<0.05)。结论卒中后抑郁比抑郁症MMN和P300的潜伏期更长,波幅更低,可作为与抑郁症鉴别诊断的参考。     

2型糖尿病伴抑郁症状患者的脑诱发电位研究

目的了解2型糖尿病伴抑郁症状患者的认知功能及脑诱发电位的变化。方法102例2型糖尿病患者,按照汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分结果,50例合并抑郁症状者为研究组,52例不合并抑郁症状者为对照组,比较2组脑诱发电位P300、失匹配负波（MMN）、血脂及脑部核磁共振显像检查。结果2组患者血脂、脑部核磁共振显像及脑诱发电位P300无统计学差异。与对照组比较,研究组脑诱发电位失匹配负波潜伏期延长,波幅降低。结论抑郁症状进一步加重糖尿病患者认知功能及脑诱发电位改变,MMN是敏感的早期检测手段。     

精神分裂症首发患者的非匹配负波及P300随访研究

目的了解精神分裂症首发患者非匹配负波（MMN）和P300的特征以及治疗缓解后脑电波的变化。方法应用美国Bravo脑电生理仪,比较58例首发分裂症患者和54名健康人的MMN和P300电位,并用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定患者精神症状。患者组于治疗5周和14周时随访MMN和P300。结果①精神分裂症首发患者组的MMN潜伏期[（222.4±33.0）ms]比正常对照组[（200.5±30.1）ms]延迟（t=3.66,P〈0.01）,波幅[（4.6±3.3）μV]比对照组[（7.9±3.9）μV]低（t=4.85,P〈0.01）。患者组P300中靶潜伏期P3同时延迟;②MMN潜伏期延长和波幅低,与PANSS阳性症状和思维障碍分呈负相关（r=-0.381,P〈0.05,r=-0.459,P〈0.01）;患者组经治疗14周后,MMN波幅呈增大改变和潜伏期缩短。结论MMN和P300联合应用可能作为精神分裂症首发患者临床检测指标。     

焦虑障碍、抑郁症和健康对照的非匹配负波研究

目的了解焦虑障碍（AD）患者非匹配负波（MMN）Pz脑区的特点。方法应用NicoletBravo脑诱发电位仪，对37例AD患者、32例抑郁症对照组（CD组）和36名健康成人（NC组）进行了MMN—Pz脑区检测。结果与健康对照组相比，AD患者MMN潜伏期延迟．同时波幅降低。CD组的MMN潜伏期变化与AD组基本类似，但MMN波幅改变特征较明显。结论MMN新技术可用于精神科临床应用。     

精神分裂症患者认知异常的事件相关电位研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者失匹配负波（mismatch negativity,MMN）的特征及药物对MMN的影响。方法对31例精神分裂症患者（研究组）和30名健康被试（对照组）行MMN的检测,并比较首发未用药组与已用药组MMN潜伏期、波幅的差异。结果（1）研究组和对照组Fz,Cz,Pz点均可见较明显MMN波形,精神分裂症组波形欠规则。（2）研究组Fz、Cz、Pz点的MMN潜伏期较对照组差异无统计学意义（t=0．74,0．09,0．63;P〉0．05）;三点波幅降低,较对照组比较差异具有统计学意义（t=5．04,5．83,4．47;P〈0．05）。（3）首发未用药病患组12例和已接受药物治疗的病患组19例,在Fz、Cz、Pz点MMN潜伏期、波幅,差异均未见统计学差异（t=0．59,1．17,1．73,1．88,1．12,0．90;P〉0．05）。结论精神分裂症患者认知功能受损,且MMN是一个稳定的素质性指标,不受药物影响。     

急性脑卒中后脑诱发电位失匹配负波的变化观察

目的观察急性脑卒中后患者脑诱发电位失匹配负波的变化特点。方法对70例脑卒中患者和40例正常人进行失匹配负波(MMN)检查。结果与正常对照组比较,脑卒中患者脑诱发电位的MMN潜伏期延长、波幅降低,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脑卒中患者存在认知功能损害,MMN是敏感的检测工具。     

抑郁障碍患者五种脑诱发电位指标的临床随访研究

目的探讨抑郁障碍患者5种脑诱发电位指标及其治疗前后的特点。方法应用美国脑诱发电位仪，记录38例抑郁障碍患者（患者组）和33名正常对照者（对照组）的听觉诱发电位（AEP）、视觉诱发电位（VEP）、事件相关电位P300（ERP-P300）、失匹性负波（MMN）和关联性负变（CNV）。对其中18例患者随访至缓解期（治疗第9周末）。结果（1）与对照组相比，患者组出现AEP-N1潜伏期长[对照组（88±18）ms，患者组（104±25）ms]，N1-P2波幅低[对照组（5．3±1．9）μV，患者组（3．7±1．6）μV]；VEP-N1潜伏期长[对照组（125±19）ms，患者组（141±21）ms]，N1-P2波幅低[对照组（8．4±2．9）μV，患者组（6．9±2．6）μV]；P300-P3b潜伏期长[对照组（316±26）ms，患者组（330±21）ms]，P3．和P弘的波幅均低；CNV中的M1和M2波幅低，反应时间（RT）长[对照组（213±81）ms，患者组（306±126）ms]，均P〈0．01和P〈0．05。（2）随访部分患者，AEP中的N1-P2波幅、VEP中的N1潜伏期、P300中的P3b潜伏期，MMN波幅及CNV的波幅和RT等，与治疗前比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。结论抑郁障碍患者的AEP、VEP、P300和CNV，较正常对照组有改变。治疗后随抑郁症状的改善，与认知功能有关的指标也有相应的改善。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.