补救性经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术治疗急性心肌梗塞

目的探讨补救性经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）在治疗急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）中的作用。方法对溶栓治疗失败的３６例患者进行补救性ＰＴＣＡ治疗。患者心功能Ｋｉｌｐ分级：Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级４例，Ⅱ级和Ⅰ级３２例。冠状动脉造影显示梗塞相关动脉：前降支１７例，右冠状动脉１４例，回旋支４例，中间动脉１例。ＰＴＣＡ前ＴＩＭＩⅠ级和Ⅰ～Ⅱ级血流各２例，余３２例均为ＴＩＭＩ０级。３６例均进行ＰＴＣＡ治疗，其中１３例患者置入了支架。结果术中除３例失败外，３１例患者病变血管血流达到ＴＩＭＩⅢ级，２例ＴＩＭＩⅡⅢ级，残余狭窄≤５０％，成功率为９１．７％。院内并发症：１例在ＰＴＣＡ成功后当天因顽固性休克和心室纤颤死亡；１例于第３天死于心脏破裂，住院病死率为５．６％。１４例患者在术后１～２个月内复查冠状动脉造影，２例发生再狭窄。结论ＡＭＩ患者在溶栓治疗失败后，在有条件的医院可施行补救性ＰＴＣＡ治疗，成功率高，对改善患者的近期和远期预后可能有利     

急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉成形术治疗的近期疗效

目的：观察急性心肌梗死（AMI）经皮冠状动脉成形术（PTCA）及原发性冠状动脉内支架植入术的近期疗效。方法：204例AMI患发病0．5－26h内行急诊冠状动脉造影（CAG）,证实冠状动脉闭塞,仅对梗死相关血管直径行TPCA及原发性冠状动脉内支架植入,。结果：全组204例患再通197例,成功率96％,发病至血管再通的时间1－27h,平均5．6h,PTCA失败7例,其中心包填塞2例,钢丝不能通过2 ,术中死亡2例（均发生在伴有心源性休克的前壁心肌梗死患）,率为0．9％,5周内死亡2例（经PTCA及支架植入术后心功能未明显改善,死亡心功能不全）,2－6个月死亡6例（因再发心肌梗死而死亡,总死亡率4．9％。结论：AMI后早期（6h内）成功的再灌注可挽求涉死的心肌,缩小梗死面积和明显降低死亡率,即使 在较晚时间（＞12h),病人仍有胸痛及ST段抬高,使梗死的血管再通仍可达到治疗的目的。早期充分的再灌注可明显改善患的预后,急诊TPCA治疗,可命名开通闭塞血管的届时时间提前,PTCA后残余狭窄甚微,再灌注血流充分,极少发生恢复期心肌缺务及心功能不全,在条件的大型A,TPTCA治疗AMI的最佳方法。     

急性心肌梗塞直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术

目的观察急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者应用直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）的安全性和有效性。方法对１１４例ＡＭＩ患者在发病１２小时内行直接ＰＴＣＡ术,其中有５例心原性休克的患者。梗塞相关血管（共１１５支血管）：左主干３例（２．６％）,前降支５６例（４８．７％）,回旋支１２例（１０４％）,右冠状动脉４４例（３８．５％）。ＴＩＭＩ血流：０级８２例（７１．３％）,１级１７例（１４．７％）,２级１６例（１４．０％）。结果１１１例患者手术成功,ＴＩＭＩ血流３级（９７．４％）。住院期间死亡３例（２．６％）,均为心原性休克患者,其中２例经紧急冠状动脉旁路移植术后死亡。８５例患者置入了冠状动脉内支架（７３．９％）。随访９５例患者,２例后期死于心力衰竭,９例出院后出现心肌缺血,其中８例再次行ＰＴＣＡ术。结论直接ＰＴＣＡ是治疗急性心肌梗塞的安全有效措施,成功率较高,并发症少;术后复发心肌缺血发生率较溶栓治疗低。     

Recurrence of coronary artery spasm after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A 47-year-old man presented with angina, and coronary angiograms showed a significant organic stenosis with spasm in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was successfully performed for the organic lesion in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Symptom of angina due to coronary artery spasm recurred, even without restenosis at the site of successful angioplasty.     

用声学密度定量技术早期评价急性心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术的疗效

目的　探讨利用声学密度 (AD)定量技术早期评价急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者行直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术 (PTCA)的手术疗效。方法　将 4 0例AMI患者分为两组 :18例病人行直接PTCA治疗 (A组 ) ,2 2例病人用药物治疗 (B组 ) ,比较两组病人在入院第 7天时常规超声心动图检查和用AD技术检测的结果。结果　两组病人常规超声心动图各项检查结果比较差别无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。AD定量检测结果 :A组的背向散射积分周期变化幅度 (CVIB) (4 2± 1 3)dB明显高于B组 (2 5± 2 4 )dB(P <0 0 1) ;A组校正的周期变化延迟时间 (N Delay) 1 0 9± 0 0 8明显低于B组 1 31± 0 16 (P <0 0 1) ;两组间背向散射积分 (IBS)差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　AD技术能够早期反映AMI再灌注心肌的组织学特征 ,为早期评价介入治疗效果、预测心功能改善情况、判定心肌活性提供了一种新的技术手段。     

Time delay in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): a comparison of primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with thrombolysis

Abstract Background: If primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) cannot be performed within times comparable to thrombolysis, the possible advantages of that management may be offset by the logistic difficulties associated with its delivery.
Aim: To measure and compare the time delay involved in administration of thrombolysis and primary PTCA over a one year period and examine causes for delay greater than 60 minutes.
Method: Prospective data collection on all patients treated with primary PTCA or thrombolysis. A quality improvement process was applied.
Results: Eighty-five patients were treated with thrombolysis with a delay of 39±8 (SD) minutes, 12 patients being treated more than 60 minutes after presentation. Primary PTCA was used in 79 patients with a delay of 48±12 (SD) minutes, 21 patients being treated after more than 60 minutes. Time delays in the two management groups were significantly different (p=0.03) but that in primary PTCA during routine hours was not significantly different from that in thrombolysis treated patients (p=0.07). Causes for revascularisation delay greater than 60 minutes from presentation are discussed.
Conclusions: With appropriate facilities and organisation, patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting within normal working hours can be treated with primary PTCA without compromising their care due to time delay. Many patients managed with primary revascularisation by thrombolysis or primary PTCA with a delay of more than 60 minutes have identifiable clinically appropriate delays.     

急诊冠脉介入治疗急性心肌梗塞的临床观察

目的：观察急诊冠脉介入治疗急性心肌梗塞（AMI）的安全性及有效性。方法：对42例AMI患者在发病0．5～12小时内行直接PTCA术，必要时联合临时心脏起搏技术及主动脉气囊反搏术，梗死相关血管（IRA）43支，TIMI血流0级：30例（71．4％），Ⅰ级：9例（21．4％），Ⅱ级：3例（7．2％）。结果：43支IRA中39支获得再通（90．9％），均达TIMI Ⅲ级血流，再通血管残余狭窄〈20％，5例合并左心功能不全（killip分级Ⅱ～Ⅲ级）及3例合并心源性休克患者，术后症状明显改善，1例死亡（2．5％）。术后6例（15％）直接PTCA成功患者心绞痛再发，再次PTCA后血管再通。结论：直接PTCA治疗AMI成功率高，病死率低，近期预后良好，是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

急性心肌梗塞急诊PTCA后ST段改变及其临床意义

目的　对９５ 例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）后３０ 分钟体表心电图ＳＴ 段改变进行分析,探讨此时ＳＴ 段改变与ＰＴＣＡ 效果、心肌损害程度及心功能预后的关系。方法　根据ＳＴ 段改变分三组。组Ⅰ：ＳＴ 段明显下降（≥５０％ ）组５５ 例,组Ⅱ：ＳＴ 段下降（＜ ５０％ ）组３２ 例,组Ⅲ：ＳＴ 段无变化或抬高者组８ 例。测定术后肌酸激酶（ＣＫ）的变化,同时测定术前及术后心功能。结果　组Ⅰ与组Ⅱ为ＰＴＣＡ 成功者,术后组ⅡＣＫ 明显高于组Ⅰ。术后４～６ 周组Ⅱ射血分数（ＥＦ％ ）明显低于组Ⅰ。结论　急性心肌梗塞患者ＰＴＣＡ 术后３０ 分钟体表心电图ＳＴ 段的改变能间接反映ＰＴ－ＣＡ 疗效。较准确早期了解心肌细胞灌注情况并判定预后     

心肌梗死患者PTCA术后QTd变化与存活心肌的关系

目的探讨心肌梗死患者经皮冠动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）后QT离散度（QTd）变化与存活心肌的关系。方法48例成功行PTCA的急性和陈旧性心肌梗死患者,分别于手术前后行心电图检查以观察QTd变化,行心血池检查以观察心肌收缩功能改善情况,行心肌代谢和心肌灌注显像以观察心肌存活情况。结果存活心肌阳性组术后QTd明显小于术前（P〈0．01）,心脏收缩功能改善组术后QTd明显小于术前（P〈0．01）。结论成功PTCA术后QTd减小表明梗死部位有存活心肌,QTd可以预测PTCA术后冬眠心肌及心脏收缩功能的恢复程度。     

Role of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with variant angina and coexistent coronary stenosis refractory to maximal medical therapy

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed with initial success in 7 patients with variant angina and significant (greater than 60%) coronary stenosis. The mean degree of stenosis was reduced from 77 +/- 12% to 29 +/- 15% and the mean systolic pressure gradient from 78 +/- 18 to 25 +/- 9 mmHg. Apart from a reversible spasm in one patient, PTCA was free of acute complications. Despite long-term treatment with nifedipine, nitrates, and warfarin (patients 1 to 5) or aspirin (patients 6 and 7) restenoses occurred in 4 of 7 patients. An aortocoronary bypass was necessary in 2 patients, 3 respectively 6 weeks after PTCA because of tighter restenoses than before PTCA. Another patient underwent successful repeat angioplasty after 6 weeks and remained improved. During a mean follow-up observation of 21 months (6 to 30 months), 4 patients were asymptomatic, even without medication. In one of these patients, the follow-up angiography (6 months after PTCA) demonstrated a restenosis. These results suggest that PTCA demonstrated a restenosis. These results suggest that PTCA can be performed without a higher risk of acute complications in patients with variant angina. Although the recurrence rate is high in these patients, sustained clinical improvement was achieved in a substantial percentage of patients in our study.     

Coronary artery rupture during transluminal coronary recanalization and angioplasty in a case of acute myocardial infarction and shock

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a widely performed and effective therapy for coronary artery disease. Evolution of the dilatation instruments during the last decade has led to an increased success rate of PTCA and to the development of newer techniques such as recanalization of totally occluded coronary arteries. We report a case of coronary artery recanalization complicated by fatal coronary artery rupture.     

青年人及老年人急性心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术的特征

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Direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. Predictors of short-term outcome and the impact of coronary stenting

Background Direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)is widely accepted in the treatment of acute myocardial infarctionsince excellent results had been reported from several smallrandomized trials. Less favourable results were observed inlarge-scale registries. In particular, the use of stents inacute myocardial infarction has become common practice withoutdocumented evidence of clinical efficacy. Methods Data were analysed from a registry of all consecutive percutaneoustransluminal coronary angioplasty procedures from 62centresin Germany, including 2331 direct percutaneous transluminalcoronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction from July1994 to April 1997. Results The overall angiographic success rate of percutaneous transluminalcoronary angioplasty, defined as complete antegrade perfusionof the infarct vessel, was 87%. In-hospital mortality was 11·2%.The most important predictor of death was the presence of cardiogenicshock in 15% of patients, of whom 52% died. Mortality in patientswithout shock was 3·9%. Failed percutaneous transluminalcoronary angioplasty was associated with a mortality of 36%.Further independent predictors of death were older age, multivesseldisease, and anterior myocardial infarction. Stents were usedin 4·1% of the procedures in 1994, increasing to 53%in 1997. However, this was not accompanied by improved clinicaloutcome. Mortality with coronary stenting was 9·9% vs11·6% without stents (ns). Conclusions Direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is a valuabletreatment strategy in acute myocardial infarction, althoughthe results are less exceptional than reported from some highlyspecialized centres. Failed percutaneous transluminal coronaryangioplasty seems to be harmful, thus outweighing much of thebenefit from successful procedures. Stents did not improve theclinical outcome significantly, despite technically successfulplacement in 98%. Mortality from cardiogenic shock continuesto be excessively high despite direct PTCA.     

急性心肌梗死介入治疗中应用抽吸导管对心肌再灌注的影响

目的:分析在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)急诊行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中应用抽吸导管对心肌再灌注影响.方法:首次STEMI行PCI患者80例,随机分为试验组(41例,应用抽吸导管后再行PCI),对照组(39例,直接行PCI).比较2组术后即刻计算校正TIMI计帧数和心肌Blush分级、术中慢复流现象、心电图90 min ST段下降率.在术后24 h、1周时应用心肌声学造影计算灌注对比积分指数(CSI)、室壁运动积分指数(WMSI).结果:PCI后试验组的校正TIMI计帧数明显低于对照组,Blush分级≥2级获得率高于对照组,慢复流现象减少;再通后90 min心电图相关导联ST段下降率试验组明显大于对照组(P<0.05).同时在研究的每一个时点,试验组CSI、WMSI较对照组明显降低(P<0.05).结论:在STEMI急诊行PCI中应用抽吸导管可改善梗死相关血管前向血流情况,改善心肌再灌注,减少无复流现象.     

Exaggerated luminal loss a few minutes after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients with recent myocardial infarction compared with stable angina: An intracoronary ultrasound study

This study investigates the mechanisms of exaggerated acute luminal loss after successful coronary angioplasty in patients with recent myocardial infarction compared with stable angina by angiography and intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS). We studied 15 consecutive patients (group 1) who, after a successful thrombolysis for myocardial infarction, underwent delayed (8 ± 2 days after the myocardial infarction) successful balloon coronary angioplasty. Group 1 patients were individually matched with 15 stable angina patients (group 2). The percentage of stenosis and acute luminal loss were measured by quantitative coronary analysis. The ultrasound characteristics of lumen pathology were described as soft, hard, calcified, eccentric, concentric, thrombotic, and dissection lesions. Matching by stenosis location, reference diameter, sex, and age resulted in 2 comparable groups of 15 lesions with identical baseline characteristics. Immediately after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), the minimal luminal diameter increased from 0.5 ± 0.3 mm to 2.4 ± 0.3 mm and from 0.5 ± 0.2 mm to 2.4 ± 0.3 mm in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Similar balloon sizes were used in both groups. The acute luminal loss (the difference between the maximal dilated balloon diameter and the minimal luminal diameter) immediately after PTCA was 0.4 ± 0.2 mm and 0.3 ± 0.3 mm (14 ± 8% and 10 ± 11% of balloon size) (P = not significant [NS]) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. After ICUS (mean 24 min after the last balloon deflation), the acute luminal loss was 0.9 ± 0.3 mm and 0.5 ± 0.4 mm (29 ± 11% and 17 ± 8% of balloon size) (P = 0.01) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of intracoronary thrombus formation as detected by ICUS in group 1 compared with group 2 (80% vs. 20%; P < 0.001). In matched groups of successfully treated coronary angioplasty, patients with recent myocardial infarction had a similar magnitude of acute gained luminal loss immediately after the procedure. However, an exaggerated luminal loss a few minutes after the last balloon deflation in patients with recent myocardial infarction was noted because of mural thrombus formation compared with patients with stable angina. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 41:32–39, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

溶栓及PTCA治疗急性心肌梗塞92例临床分析

本文总结１９９１年８月至１９９６年４月应用溶栓及ＰＴＣＡ治疗ＡＭＩ９２例，男７６例，女１６例，年龄４６～７０岁之间，平均年龄６０．２±１０．５岁。治疗分为：①冠状动脉内输注尿激酶（ＩＣＵＫ）组３２例；②静脉输注尿激酶（ＩＶＵＫ）组４１例；③经皮冠状动脉腔内成形（ＰＴＣＡ）组１９例。全组再通６９例，总再通率为７５．０％，ＩＣＵＫ组、ＩＶＵＫ组、ＰＴＣＡ组再通率分别为７５．０％、６５．７％和９４．７％三组再通率比较有显著差异。三组患者近期预后比较：全组９２例，死亡９例，死亡率９．７８％，８例发生于梗塞血管未通者，１例发生于血管再通者。ＩＣＵＫ组３２例，死亡３例（９．３７％），发生心功能不全８例（２５．０％）；ＩＶＵＫ组４１例，死亡５例（１２．０％），发生心功能不全１１例（２６．８３％）；ＰＴＣＡ组１９例，死亡１例，死亡率为５．２６％，ＰＴＣＡ组无心功能不全者。     

Acute coronary thrombotic occlusion following exercise testing 6 weeks after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Exercise stress testing is often performed following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in order to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure [1]. Together with thallium-201 (T1-201) scintigraphy, these noninvasive tests provide valuable data for predicting the recurrence of angina and restenosis [2]. However, concerns regarding the safe timing of exercise testing post-PTCA have been raised in 3 previous case reports [3–5]. Each case documents acute coronary occlusion shortly after stress testing performed within several days of successful angioplasty, leading to the recommendation that such testing be deferred up to 4 weeks following PTCA. This paper reports a patient in whom acute thrombotic occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occurred immediately after a mildly abnormal exercise T1-201 stress test done 6 weeks after PTCA.     

Hospital transfer for primary coronary angioplasty in high risk patients with acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the feasibility, safety, and associated time delays of interhospital transfer in patients with acute myocardial infarction for primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).
DESIGN AND PATIENTS—Prospective observational study with group comparison in a single centre. 68 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction transferred for primary PTCA from other hospitals (group A) were compared with 78 patients admitted directly to the referral centre (group B).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—Patient groups were analysed with regard to baseline characteristics, time intervals from onset of chest pain to balloon angioplasty, hospital stay, and follow up outcome.
RESULTS—Patients in group A presented with a higher rate of cardiogenic shock initially than patients in group B (25% v 6%, p = 0.01) and had been resuscitated more frequently before PTCA (22% v 5%, p = 0.01). No deaths or other serious complications occurred during interhospital transfer. Median transfer time was 63 (range 40-115) minutes for helicopter transport (median 42 (28-122) km, n = 14), and 50 (18-110) minutes by ground ambulance (median 8 (5-68) km, n = 54). The median time interval from the decision to perform coronary arteriography to balloon inflation was 96 (45-243) minutes in group A and 52 (17-214) minutes in group B (p = 0.0001). In transferred patients (group A) the transportation associated delay and the longer in-hospital median decision time (50 (10-1120) minutes in group A v 15 (0-210) minutes in group B, p = 0.002) concurred with a longer total period of ischaemia (239 (114-1307) minutes in group A v 182 (75-1025) minutes in group B, p = 0.02) since the beginning of chest pain. Success of PTCA (TIMI 3 flow in 95% of all patients), in-hospital mortality (7% v 9%, mortality for patients not in cardiogenic shock 0% v 4%), and follow up after median 235 days was similarly favourable in groups A and B, respectively. Only one hospital survivor (group A) died during follow up.
CONCLUSION—Interhospital transport for primary PTCA in high risk patients with acute myocardial infarction is safe and feasible within a reasonable period of time. Short and medium term outcome is favourable. Optimising the decision process and transport logistics may further improve outcome by reducing the total time of ischaemia.


Keywords: acute myocardial infarction; primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; hospital transfer; time delay