颅内多发动脉瘤的外科治疗

随着全脑血管造影的常规运用，颅内多发动脉瘤(multiple intracranial aneurysms，MIA)的诊断率逐渐增加。我们总结了43例MIA的外科治疗经验，报告如下。     

颅内镜像动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨颅内镜像动脉瘤的临床特点和治疗策略.方法 回顾性研究2007年11月至2012年11月治疗的19例20对颅内镜像动脉瘤患者资料.其中男性6例,女性13例,年龄32～75岁,平均56岁.双侧后交通动脉瘤11例(其中1例伴发双侧脉络膜前动脉瘤),双侧大脑中动脉分叉部动脉瘤4例,双侧床突旁动脉瘤3例,双侧胼周-胼缘动脉瘤1例.根据出血部位、Hunt-Hess临床分级、动脉瘤的部位、大小等制定手术策略.结果 一期同时夹闭两侧动脉瘤4例,二期分次夹闭两侧动脉瘤3例,手术夹闭联合介入栓塞动脉瘤2例,只处理一侧动脉瘤10例.出院时格拉斯哥评分(GOS)5分者15例(15/19),4分(轻残)4例(4/19).术后随访3～ 50个月,平均18.6个月.2例术后出现动眼神经麻痹,随访3个月1例恢复,1例未好转.10例对侧动脉瘤未处理者动脉瘤直径均小于5 mm且形态规则,为未破裂动脉瘤.9例一期或二期处理双侧镜像动脉瘤的患者随访时无动脉瘤残颈或复发.结论 颅内镜像动脉瘤是多发动脉瘤的一种特殊类型,应优先处理责任动脉瘤,对侧未破裂动脉瘤可以采取观察、一期同时处理或二期延期处理等策略.     

颅内动脉瘤囊内栓塞治疗中并发症的分析

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤囊内治疗中并发症的发生原因及预防和处理的方法。方法 用可控性弹簧圈栓塞治疗的动脉瘤120例（125个）,其中22例（23个动脉瘤）发生并发症25例次（包括动脉瘤破裂、载瘤动脉血栓形成或其它原因所致的闭塞以及弹簧罪状脱出动脉瘤）,对其发生的原因及预防和治疗方法进行了回顾性分析。结果 22例出现并发症的动脉瘤患者中,动脉瘤破裂出血9例次,过度栓塞7例次,弹簧圈脱出7例次,血栓形成2例次,因并发症而死亡4例（3.33%),永久性神经功能障碍2例（1.67%);一过性神经功能障碍4例（3.33%)。栓塞技术、术中判断和处理的正确与否、动脉瘤和载瘤动脉的特点以及栓塞材料与并发症的发生和结局相关。结论 栓塞技术的提高,动脉瘤和载瘤动脉解剖的深入理解,术中发生情况的正确处理、栓塞材料的改进,有助于降低并发症的发生率改善其预后。     

颅内动脉瘤——颅内巨大动脉瘤的手术治疗

颅内巨大动脉瘤是指最大外径 >2 5mm动脉瘤 ,其约占颅内动脉瘤的 3 %～ 13 % ,平均 5 %左右。发病年龄与普通动脉瘤无明显差别 ,多见于 40～ 60岁之间。好发部位以眼动脉、颈内动脉分叉部、椎基底动脉、大脑中动脉为多见。巨大动脉瘤往往为宽颈 ,甚至所累及的载瘤动脉也增粗 ,由于瘤体巨大而使正常的血管分支发生移位。动脉瘤内发生粥样硬化斑块、硬血栓以及部分钙化也相当常见。动脉瘤形态亦不规则 ,呈半梭状、梭状或蛇形改变的发生率也相当高。巨大动脉瘤的这些特点也正是造成手术困难的主要原因。巨大动脉瘤的手术治疗应基于病史、患者年…     

颅内动脉瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 :总结颅内动脉瘤显微外科治疗经验 ,探讨显微手术技巧。方法 :总结显微外科手术夹闭 2 1例颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料 ,在气管插管全麻及控制性降压下手术 ,手术采用改良Yasargil入路 ,显微镜下直视操作 ,解剖动脉瘤颈 ,稳妥的夹闭动脉瘤蒂 ,必要时实行瘤体切除及瘤颈加固。结果 :2 1例全部行动脉瘤夹闭术。 2例因瘤体巨大在行瘤颈夹闭后行瘤体切除术。术中动脉瘤破裂 3例 ,死亡 1例。治愈率 95 .2 % ,死亡率 4.7%。结论 :显微外科技术对提高颅内动脉瘤手术成功率至关重要。动脉瘤术中破裂出血是手术失败和致死的重要原因。术中采用有效的控制性降压和临时阻断是处理术中动脉瘤破裂出血的重要应急措施。     

颅内巨大动脉瘤的手术治疗

颅内巨大动脉瘤是指最大外径 >2 5mm动脉瘤 ,其约占颅内动脉瘤的 3 %～ 13 % ,平均 5 %左右。发病年龄与普通动脉瘤无明显差别 ,多见于 40～ 60岁之间。好发部位以眼动脉、颈内动脉分叉部、椎基底动脉、大脑中动脉为多见。巨大动脉瘤往往为宽颈 ,甚至所累及的载瘤动脉也增粗 ,由于瘤体巨大而使正常的血管分支发生移位。动脉瘤内发生粥样硬化斑块、硬血栓以及部分钙化也相当常见。动脉瘤形态亦不规则 ,呈半梭状、梭状或蛇形改变的发生率也相当高。巨大动脉瘤的这些特点也正是造成手术困难的主要原因。巨大动脉瘤的手术治疗应基于病史、患者年…     

颅内动脉瘤外科治疗500例经验

目的 总结手术治疗动脉瘤的经验。方法 回顾性总结外科治疗的500例Ⅰ-Ⅴ级颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料,包括动脉瘤的分级、手术时机的选择、控制性低血压麻醉、脑保护剂与载瘤动脉暂时阻断结合应用、经颅多普勒超声动态监测、脑血管痉挛治疗、直接手术中动脉瘤处理技术、血管内动脉瘤栓塞。结果 465例Ⅰ-Ⅳ级颅内动脉瘤患者的手术病死率为27%,1990年前手术的210例病死率为3.8%;1990年后手术的255例病死率为1.9%。35例动脉瘤栓塞的患者无死亡。结论 对颅内动脉瘤采取外科综合治疗措施能有效的改善患者的预后。     

显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的 总结报道显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床效果。方法 回顾分析89例显微外科手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的手术时机、动脉瘤颈的暴露及夹闭技巧。结果 89例显微外科手术，共夹闭动脉瘤95个。术后症状明显好转，剧烈头痛1～5d内消失；有嗜睡表现的19例术后1周内16例完全清醒；对侧肢体瘫痪的41例中，有35例肌力恢复在Ⅳ级以上，其余6例肌力恢复到Ⅱ～Ⅲ级。动眼神经麻痹7例有4例完全恢复，3例眼裂有不同程度增宽。脑膜刺激征阳性的65例有63例1周内转为阴性。按Glasgow预后指标分级：其中1级65例（73。0％）、2级12例（13.5％）、3级6例（6．7％）、4级3例（3.4％）、5级（即死亡）3例（3．4％）。结论 采用显微外科技术治疗颅内动脉瘤，能精确保护穿支动脉，减少术中动脉瘤破裂及术后脑血管痉挛，明显提高颅内动脉瘤手术的临床疗效。     

颅内动脉瘤——颅内外动脉搭桥术在治疗颅内动脉瘤中的价值

显微神经外科技术和血管内治疗技术的进展使越来越多的颅内动脉瘤得以治愈，但是，仍有一部分颅内动脉瘤，主要为颅内巨大动脉瘤，因生长部位、瘤颈宽大或呈梭形生长等原因，难以通过手术或血管内治疗处理。在这种情况下，牺牲载瘤动脉的动脉瘤孤立术就成为治疗的可选方式。但对颅内侧支循环发育不良的病例，牺牲载瘤动脉可能导致术后缺血性脑梗塞。Yasargil等在动物实验的基础上，于1967年与Donaghy等先后推出STA-MCA搭桥术用于颅内闭塞性脑血管病的治疗，     

Association between surgical repair of aortic aneurysms and the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms

ObjectiveAortic aneurysms (AAs) and intracranial aneurysms (IAs) share several clinical risk factors, a genetic predisposition, and molecular signaling pathways. Nonetheless, associations between IAs and AAs remain to be thoroughly validated in large-scale studies. In addition, no effective medical therapies exist for unruptured IAs or AAs.MethodsData for this nationwide, population-based, retrospective, cohort study described herein were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The study outcomes assessed were (1) the cumulative incidence of IAs, which was compared between AA and patients without an AA and (2) the cumulative incidence of IAs in patients with AAs during the 13-year follow-up period, which was further compared among those who underwent open surgical repair (OSR), endovascular aneurysm repair or nonsurgical treatment (NST).ResultsOur analyses included 20,280 patients with an AA and 20,280 propensity score-matched patients without an AA. Compared with the patients without an AA, patients with AA exhibited a significantly increased risk of an IA diagnosis (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.395; P < .001). Furthermore, 6308 patients with AAs were treated with surgical intervention and another 6308 propensity score-matched patients with AAs were not. Patients with an AA who underwent OSR had a significantly lower risk of being diagnosed with an IA than patients with an AA who underwent endovascular aneurysm repair or NST (adjusted HR, 0.491 [P < .001] and adjusted HR, 0.473 [P < .001], respectively).ConclusionsWe demonstrated an association between IAs and AAs, even after adjusting for several comorbidities. We also found that OSR was associated with fewer recognized IAs than NST.     

The surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms based on computer Tomographic angiography alone – streamlining the acute mananagement of symptomatic aneurysms

Summary.  Background: We aimed to prospectively assess the usefulness of computer tomographic angiography (CTA) in streamlining the management of symptomatic intracranial aneurysms in a tertiary neurosurgical unit, from admission to surgery.  Methods: We performed a prospective evaluation over a 2-year period of all symptomatic intracranial aneurysms managed according to a standardized departmental protocol, to assess how CTA has impacted the decision-making process pertaining to the suitability of this investigation to proceed directly to surgery.  Findings: A total of 90 patients with intracranial aneurysms were treated over the 2-year period. 23 (26%) underwent endovascular occlusion while 67 (74%) patients underwent a surgical clipping procedure. In the surgical group, 22 (33%) patients had their aneurysms clipped based on CTA alone, while 45 (67%) required additional conventional angiography prior to surgery. Thus around one quarter of all patients treated for symptomatic intracranial aneurysms in our unit had their aneurysm secured surgically based solely on CTA.  Interpretation: CTA significantly influences the acute management of symptomatic intracranial aneurysms by streamlining the decision-making process during the early and acute management of these lesions. Published online February 10, 2003  Correspondence: W. S. Poon, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.     

Angiographic follow-up after surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms

Summary This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term angiographic outcome of surgically treated aneurysms. In addition, the incidence of recurrent aneurysms, the fate of residual aneurysms and the de novo formation of aneurysms were evaluated. Moreover, morphological conditions such as dilatation, stenosis or irregularity in temporarily clipped vascular segments were analyzed.166 aneurysms were operated on in 136 patients and these 166 aneurysms subsequently underwent late follow-up angiography. Late angiographic follow-up review was obtained at a mean of 46.6±11.5 months postsurgery (range 36–85 months). Out of the 7 aneurysms with known residua, 5 residual aneurysms were determined as unchanged, 1 residual aneurysm as spontaneous thrombosis and 1 residual aneurysm as enlarged. No recurrent aneurysm was found, however two de novo aneurysms were found. During the surgery of 85 anuerysms, 137 vascular segments clipped temporarily were evaluated in terms of morphological changes in postoperative and long-term angiograms. No morphological changes were determined in any vascular segments.These anatomical long-term results confirm the long-term efficacy of aneurysm clipping, when perfect. Small residual aneurysms can be followed with periodically performed angiography.     

HLA antigens and intracranial aneurysms

Summary The frequencies of the HLA-A, -B and -DR were determined in a group of 59 transplant donors who died from subarachnoid haemorrhage within three days following the rupture of intracranial aneurysm (the SAH group) and compared with those of a control group consisting of 389 donors who died from other causes. The only significant difference was in the increased frequency in the SAH group of non-typed (empty) -DR loci in association with the DR7 phenotype.The most probable explanation of this finding is that in the SAH group the frequency of DR7 homozygotes is several times higher than in the general population, and that bearing the DR7 allele in homozygotic form is associated with a very high risk of developing potentially fatal intracranial aneurysmal haemorrhage.     

Microsurgical treatment of intracranial saccular aneurysms

Summary A consecutive series of 200 patients with intracranial saccular aneurysms subjected to surgery with the aid of an operating microscope is presented.Presented in part at the Workshop on Cerebral aneurysms-Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy. Bad Nauheim (Germany), March 4–5, 1977.     

Ruptured de novo intracranial aneurysms

Summary Objective. We describe the actual state of ruptured de novo intracranial aneurysms to contribute to a guideline of follow-up for the patients with treated intracranial aneurysm.Methods. The authors retrospectively investigated 12 cases drawn from 483 consecutive cases of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage at our institute over a period of 22 years, in which a previously undemonstrated (hence de novo) intracranial saccular aneurysm formed and ruptured after successful treatment of a prior aneurysm.Findings. The 12 cases constitute 2.5% of the 483 patients who left our hospital alive. Eleven cases were females and one was a male with a mean age of 55.7 years (range 29–75) at the first subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and an interval between the first and the second rupture of 10.7 years (range: 2.6–23.8, standard deviation: 6.86, 95% confidence interval: 6.39–15.1). Four cases did not have risk factors such as hypertension, family history, smoking, multiple aneurysms, and moyamoya disease. None of these ruptured de novo aneurysms was at the same location as the original lesion. One-third (4 cases) of the de novo lesions in our series were found on the opposite side to each prior lesion.Interpretation. For not only young but also elder patients with a treated aneurysm (from the fifth decade to the sixth), especially for women, late angiography or alternative modalities of less-invasive examination should be considered. To detect de novo intracranial aneurysms before rupture, the search for a de novo aneurysm should be performed within 6.39 years after a previous examination that shows an aneurysm to be nonexistent, in view of the 95% confidence interval of the mean time to de novo aneurysmal rupture (6.39–15.1 years). If applied this survey, 75% (8 cases of 12 cases) of our de novo aneurysms would be detected before rupture.     

Acoustic detection of intracranial aneurysms: A decision analysis

Summary We present a further evaluation of an improved recording method for the acoustic detection of intracranial aneurysms (ADA). A sensor was applied to the patient's eyes. Two measures were derived to summarize the power spectral density functions of the sound frequencies that were obtained from each patient: the power median (PM), the median of the power spectral density function, and the mean difference error (MDE), a measure of the difference between the normalized, logarithmically transformed spectra of the patient and a template, the normal spectrum. The capability of these two measures (alone or combined) to discriminate between patients with and without an intracranial aneurysm was tested in a series of 89 patients harbouring a total of 109 aneurysms and 73 controls, using multiple logistic regression analysis. When PM and MDE were combined, the accuracy of the predictions amounted to 79%. Individualized threshold values of the likelihood ratio of harbouring an aneurysm, for ordering four-vessel angiography are suggested, depending on the prior probability of harbouring an aneurysm, the risks of unnecessary angiography and the risk of living with an undetected aneurysm. Our decision analysis suggests that using these recommendations, employing acoustic detection results in a small gain in quality adjusted life expectancy (0.01 life year) for patients aged between 40 and 60, compared to no diagnostic testing, and 0.02 life year compared to angiography, which cannot be recommended. For patients with a three times increased prior risk of harbouring an intracranial aneurysm, the benefit of ADA compared to angiography increases to 0.05 life year. We conclude that acoustic detection has the potential of becoming a useful tool in the non-invasive diagnosis of occult, asymptomatic intracranial aneurysms.     

Non-invasive diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms

Patients need to be examined for intracranial aneurysms if they have had a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The preferred technique in this situation is CT angiography. Screening can be done for familial forms or for elastic tissue disorders, for which the first line investigation is magnetic resonance angiography. These non-invasive methods have now taken over from conventional angiography that was reserved for the pretreatment phase. A good technical knowledge of these imaging methods, their artifacts and misleading images enables reliable detection of intracranial aneurysms and for an accurate report to be returned to clinicians.     

Moyamoya disease associated with intracranial aneurysms

A case of moyamoya disease associated with multiple intracranial aneurysms is reported. The aneurysms were located at the bifurcation of the basilar artery and at the precommunicating segment of the right posterior-cerebral artery. They were found to be unruptured and clipped successfully through a right frontotemporal craniotomy. Outcome of the operation was satisfactory. We propose the operative indication for these cases on the basis of operative and radiological findings, and also discuss characteristic aspects of this disease.     

锁孔微创入路手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的风险因素及对策分析

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤在锁孔手术中破裂的风险因素、适应证选择、手术难点、预防动脉瘤破裂的方法及应急处理措施.方法 回顾性分析1999年至2005年115例动脉瘤患者的临床资料.将动脉瘤破裂风险较低的43例患者通过锁孔微创入路手术治疗（锁孔组）,其余72例患者采用常规开颅手术治疗（常规组）.锁孔组43例患者手术中翼点锁孔入路20例,眶上锁孔入路18例,纵裂锁孔入路5例.常规组72例患者风险高而采用常规翼点开颅31例,额下开颅11例,纵裂开颅7例,翼点-额下联合10例,翼点-纵裂联合6例,额下-纵裂联合4例,翼点-额下-纵裂联合3例.结果 锁孔组术中动脉瘤渗漏6例,破裂出血3例,发生率为7%,无手术死亡.2例在锁孔手术中无法夹闭动脉瘤而改为常规开颅.常规组术中发生动脉瘤渗漏18例,破裂出血9例,发生率为13%,手术后死亡2例.结论 尽管锁孔手术有微创、伤口美观、术后恢复快等优点,但在风险低的患者中动脉瘤渗漏和破裂的风险仍然不能忽视.