成人新鲜孟氏骨折桡骨小头的手术处理方法探讨

目的探讨手术治疗成人新鲜孟氏骨折术中桡骨小头的处理方法。方法回顾分析本院2000年1月至2009年12月间53例成人新鲜孟氏骨折术中桡骨小头处理方法与术后前臂功能恢复的关系。尺骨骨折均采用切开复位钢板螺钉坚强内固定,其中31例桡骨小头脱位采用闭合复位;22例采用切开复位、环状韧带修复或重建术。结果随访时间4~6个月,平均15.3个月,按B roberg和M orrey评分系统评定,闭合复位组满意率为90.3%,切开复位组满意率为86.4%。结论成人新鲜孟氏骨折术中应先行尺骨骨折切开复位坚强内固定,然后闭合复位桡骨小头,只有在闭合复位失败的情况下再选择切开复位、环状韧带修复或重建术。     

小儿孟氏骨折的修复与重建

报道１９８０年～１９９２年手术治疗６２例小儿孟氏骨折。其中新鲜孟氏骨折１８例，陈旧性孟氏骨折４４例。行桡骨小头及尺骨解剖复位或截骨延长内固定手术，环状韧带重建，桡神经深支修复术。经随访１年～１２年，疗效优良率为９３％。简要介绍了手术方去，讨论了小儿孟氏骨折的早期诊断与及时有效治疗的重要性。尺骨牢固固定和环状韧带修复或重建是防止桡骨小头再脱位的关键。术后缩短外固定时间，积极进行功能练习是提高疗效的重要措施。     

Monteggia骨折150例报告（附文献复习）

小儿高位Ｍｏｎｔｅｇｇｉａ骨折亦称Ｈｕｍｅ骨折。１９８６～１９９１作者采用手法复位、纸塑瓦楞夹板固定法治疗１５０例，平均临床愈合时间４５ｄ。８７例获得随访，平均随访时间４１５月。结果优良率９３８％。作者提出扩大Ｈｕｍｅ骨折的概念范围为：小儿尺骨近段或鹰嘴骨折，合并桡骨头各方向的脱位或半脱位。作者对临床资料分析认为：（１）先整复尺骨骨折，再整复桡骨头，可使变异了的近尺桡间隙得到纠正，为桡骨头的复位创造条件。（２）Ｘ线检查采用前臂中立位投照法和“划点法”，可排除前臂旋转及伤后畸形的干扰，避免漏诊和误诊。（３）前臂中立位固定、置肘关节极度屈曲位，是维持桡骨头稳定的关键。同时还可以预防继发性桡神经损伤     

Colles骨折合并桡腕关节背侧半脱位发生机制的实验研究

作者在２０例尸体标本上通过切断不同的韧带和桡骨远端截骨，并对每一实验拍片记录，研讨Ｃｏｌｌｅｓ骨折中合并桡腕关节背侧半脱位的发生机制及解剖基础。实验研究结果表明：正常情况下桡月角的改变对中点移位是有影响的，但不产生桡腕关节背侧半脱位。产生桡腕关节背侧半脱位的两个主要因素是桡腕关节掌背侧韧带损伤及桡骨远瑞骨折并掌倾角成负角。Ｃｏｌｌｅｓ骨折合成桡腕关节背侧半脱位的患者治疗时要尽量恢复原有的掌倾角，争取解剖复位，复位后在掌屈尺偏位仍有桡腕关节背侧半脱位者，腕关节可固定中立位或轻度背伸位。     

孟氏骨折治疗体会

尺骨上 1/ 3骨折合并桡骨头脱位 (Ｍｏｌｔｅｇｇｉａ)骨折 ,为上肢较复杂的损伤 ,治疗时不易整复及固定。作者 1992～ 1998年采用连贯手法与分段手法整复 ,配合夹板外固定、三期辨证用药、循序渐进功能锻炼等措施治疗孟氏骨折 38例 ,疗效满意。1　临床资料38例中男 30例 ,女 8例 ;年龄 8～ 58岁。单纯型孟氏骨折 2 7例 ,合并复合性损伤 11例。伸直型2 5例 ,内收型 3例 ,屈曲型 6例 ,特殊型 4例。2　治疗方法2 1　整复　对临床较常见伸直型骨折整复 ,采用连贯手法即尺骨骨折、桡骨头脱位同时整复。应用此法时 ,务必先辨清骨折移位方向及脱…     

克氏针固定治疗尺骨中段骨折并桡骨颈骨折（附15例报告）

尺骨骨折并桡骨小头脱位临床多见，但尺骨骨折并桡骨颈骨折较少见。由于桡骨小头骨化中心多在4～5岁出现，16～20岁闭合，极少发生桡骨头骨折，易发生在桡骨颈骨折，骨折在骺线时呈现桡骨小头骨骺分离。我们从1995～2003年用克氏针固定治疗手法整复失败的尺骨中段骨折并桡骨颈骨折15例，取得了满意疗效。现报告如下。     

孟氏骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位一例

笔者于2008年11月收治孟氏骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位1例，报告如下。1病例报告患者，男，14岁。因摔倒右手撑地致前臂肿痛、活动受限2h就诊：查体：右肘部屈曲，前臂旋前，肘部至腕关节均肿胀，尺骨小头向背删翘起，前臂不能旋转，肘关节及腕关节屈伸活动受5艮。X线片示：尺骨上1／3骨折，桡骨小头向前外侧脱位，尺骨小头向背侧脱位。诊断：右孟氏骨折合并下尺桡关节脱位。手法复位失败后手术治疗。     

成人Ⅰ型孟氏骨折诊断、治疗失误病例解析及治疗体会

孟氏骨折是由Monteggia于1814年提出,指尺骨上1/3骨折合并桡骨头前脱位的一种联合损伤。1967年Bado认为桡骨头各方向脱位合并不同水平的尺骨骨折或尺桡骨双骨折都是孟氏骨折,并将其分为4型。I型：任何部位的尺骨骨折向前成角合并桡骨头前脱位,儿童多见。Ⅱ型：尺骨干骨折向后成角,桡骨头后外侧脱位,多见于成年人。III型：尺骨干骺端骨折向外成角,桡骨头向外或前外脱位,多见幼儿和年龄较小的儿童。Ⅳ型：尺桡骨近1/3骨折、桡骨头前脱位,成人、儿童均可发生。对于新鲜孟氏骨折的治疗要重视尺骨的解剖复位。尺骨正常有约6°向后弧度,恢复该弧度对桡骨头复位及维持稳定性至关重要。尺骨轻度的向后成角有利于桡骨头稳定,是良性成角。在孟氏骨折的治理中通常先复位桡骨头再复位尺骨骨折。绝大多数桡骨头脱位是从完整的或部分撕裂的环状韧带脱位,不是环状韧带完全撕裂,通常不影响桡骨头复位。软组织嵌入影响桡骨头复位情况极少,需切开清理,通常不需要重建环状韧带。成人陈旧I型孟氏骨折对于桡骨头脱位的处理应遵循以下原则：功能良好者通常不做处理,以免影响功能;对于功能不好者行手术治疗。手术治疗时应严格选择病例（桡骨头变形不明显,术前按压可部分复位）;对于陈旧I型孟氏骨折功能受限者（如伤后时间短可重新复位固定）恢复甚至加大尺骨向后成角是成功的关键。单纯行环状韧带重建不能成功,甚至严重影响功能。伤后时间长且影响功能者可行桡骨头切除以改善功能。     

闭式复位加克氏针固定治疗小儿孟氏骨折

我科采用闭式手法复位加克氏针固定相结合治疗小儿孟氏骨折 32例 ,结果满意。1　临床资料本组 32例中男 2 1例 ,女 11例 ;年龄 3～ 12岁。均为新鲜骨折。就诊时间2小时～ 9天。损伤类型[1] :Ⅰ型 11例 ,Ⅱ型 2例 ,Ⅲ型 19例。合并骨间背侧神经损伤 5例。2　治疗方法　氯胺酮或臂丛麻醉 ,Ｘ线透视下 ,患儿平卧 ,肩外展 ,肘屈曲 ,前臂中上位。助手分握上臂及腕部 ,对抗牵引 ,纠正前臂侧弯及或角畸形 ,术者反移位方向先整复桡骨头脱位 ,后整复尺骨骨折。 18例复位成功。余 14例复位后 ,桡骨小头有不同程度向前脱出或有脱出倾向时 ,用坎贝尔骨科…     

选择性非手术治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的临床研究

目的 探讨选择性非手术治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折临床效果.方法 采用手法复位背侧单夹板掌屈10～20°位固定治疗背侧倾斜、塌陷且向掌侧成角的桡骨远端新鲜闭合性骨折20例,并在C型臂X线机监视下对整复后腕关节固定位置进行观测.结果 本组20例在腕关节中立位固定时有移位的可能,占45%(9/20);在掌屈位周定均未发生骨折端...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.