儿童少年精神分裂症患者记忆障碍与神经发育异常的关系

目的 探讨儿童少年精神分裂症患者记忆功能与神经发育异常的关系.方法 纳入76例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)标准的首发儿童少年精神分裂症患者和60名正常儿童对照,治疗8周后用躯体异常量表(WS)进行微小躯体异常(MPA)评定,用CT测量脑室的哈氏值、三脑室宽度、脑室指数,侧脑室体部指数、侧脑室宽度指数、前角指数等,用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神症状,用<修订韦氏记忆量表手册>(WMS)评定记忆功能,并进行记忆功能与WS和脑室值之间的相关分析.结果 ①患者组100-1、记图、再认、再生、触摸、理解、背数和记忆智商均低于对照组(t为2.05-6.80,P均小于0.05);②患者组哈氏值与再认、再生和记忆量表总分呈负相关(r分别为-0.25、-0.24、-0.24,P均小于0.05),前角指数与100-1呈正相关(r=0.27;P＜0.05);③MPAs明显组(WS总分t＞4)患者的累加、再认、理解和记忆量表总分低于MPAs不明显组(WS总分≤3),差异有统计学意义(t为2.06、2.19、2.23和2.88,P均小于0.05).患者组WS总分与累加和记忆量表总分呈负相关(r=-0.26,P＜0.05;r=-0.24,P＜0.05).结论 儿童少年精神分裂症患者记忆功能与脑室扩大和微小躯体异常有关,提示该病的记忆损害与神经发育异常有关.     

脑血管病患者认知功能改变与脑室线性结构的相关性研究

目的：探讨脑血管病患者认知功能改变与脑室线性结构的相关性，进一步探讨血管性认知障碍的临床特点。方法：采用CT／MRI技术测量脑梗死、腔隙性脑梗死、脑出血的病灶体积和脑室线性结构；应用简易精神状态智能量表，中国成人智力量表中的词义分辨项、数字背诵项；临床记忆量表中的图像自由回忆、无意义图形再认、人像特点联系回忆项，连线测验A、连线测验B组成的神经心理量表进行认知功能测定。结果：脑梗死组、腔隙性脑梗死组、脑出血组、健康对照组4组之间大多数认知功能无差异，仅在认知功能的回忆力分项中脑出血组与健康对照组之间有差异，脑出血组回忆力成绩低于健康对照组（P〈0．05）。患者哈氏值、脑室指数、前角指数、三脑室宽度与正常值比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。哈氏值和三脑室宽度较正常值增大。脑室指数和前角指数较正常值减小。脑室指数与回忆力呈正相关（r=0．280，P〈0．05）。前角指数与MMSE总分、定向力、回忆力呈正相关（r=0．322、0．337、0．368，P〈0．05），与连线测验A和连线测验B所用时间呈负相关（r=-0．278、-0．334，P〈0．05）。结论：脑血管病可引起认知功能下降。脑血管病患者存在不同程度的脑萎缩，尤以额叶皮质和皮质下深部白质的萎缩明显。     

精神分裂症患者致炎性细胞因子和酪氨酸羟化酶mRNA表达水平的研究

目的探讨精神分裂症的外周神经免疫机制及其与临床症状的关系。方法检测精神分裂症患者致炎性细胞因子白介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）以及酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）的mRNA表达水平，采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应及半定量检测技术，分别检测39例精神分裂症患者（患者组）、25例同胞（同胞组）及30名正常对照（对照组）外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）IL-1β、TNF-α及TH基因表达水平，同时应用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定精神分裂症患者临床症状。结果患者组、同胞组及对照组IL-1β的mRNA表达水平分别为1．52±1．01、1．52±1．09和0．74±0．38；TNF—α的mRNA表达水平分别为1．18±0．99、1．01±0．87和0．70±0．29；TH的mRNA表达水平分别为0．55±0．33、0．61±0．32和0．28±0．20。患者组和同胞组的IL-1β、TNF—α、TH的mRNA表达水平均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。患者组IL-1β（r=0．420）、TNF—α（r=0．430）的mRNA表达水平与PANSS的-般病理症状分呈正相关（P〈0．01）。同胞组与对照组合并统计，IL-1β与TNF-α的mRNA表达水平呈正相关（r=0．847，P〈0．01）；IL-1β与TH的mRNA表达水平呈正相关（r=0．666，P〈0．01）。患者组仅IL-1β与TNF—α的mRNA表达水平呈正相关（r=0．942，P〈0．01）。结论精神分裂症患者PBMC细胞TH、IL-1β和TNF—α的mRNA表达水平高于正常，且与精神分裂症的-般病理症状显著相关。     

儿童精神分裂症患者脑源性神经营养因子基因C270T多态性与脑室扩大及微小躯体异常的关系

目的 调查儿童精神分裂症患者脑源性神经营养因子基因(BDNF)C270T多态性与脑室扩大及微小躯体异常(MPA)的关系.方法 采用横断面研究的方法 ,用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法 ,分析204例儿童精神分裂症患者和210名健康对照的BDNF基因C270T多态性;用CT测量患者的脑室值,采用Waldrop编制的躯体异常量表(WS)修改版评定MPA发生情况.结果 ①患者组BDNF基因C270T多态性的C/T和T/T基因型频率及T等位基因频率均高于对照组(X2=24.56,P＜0.01;X2=24.04,P＜0.01);②不同基因型患者组之间各脑室值比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);T/T与C/T基因型患者合并后哈氏值高于C/C型患者(t=2.28,P＜0.05);③T/T和C/T型合并后与C/C型患者比较,两组患者手部WS评分及WS总分的差异均具有统计学意义(Z=2.34.P＜0.05;t=2.10;P＜0.05);④WS总分与哈氏值及三脑室宽度存在正相关(r=0.26,P＜0.01;r=0.29;P＜0.01),与前角指数存在负相关(r=-0.18,P＜0.05).结论 儿童精神分裂症患者BDNF基因C270T多态性与微小躯体异常有关,并可能与脑室扩大也有关.     

慢性束缚应激对大鼠行为及前额叶皮质细胞外信号调节激酶磷酸化的影响

目的 探讨慢性束缚应激模型大鼠的行为及前额叶皮质中磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK1／2）表达的变化。方法 将雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组和束缚应激组，每组8只。将束缚应激组大鼠放入特制的束缚器中限制其活动，6k／d，连续21d。比较应激前后大鼠旷场行为和Morris水迷宫行为学的改变，用蛋白免疫印迹技术和免疫组织化学方法观察应激后大鼠前额叶皮质P—ERK1／2表达的变化，并与正常对照组比较。结果 （1）行为学改变：应激后，束缚应激组大鼠的水平活动度[（4265±864）mm]少于正常对照组[（8562±502）mm]，中央停留时间[（39．1±4．3）s]长于正常对照组[（24．6±1．6）s]，均P〈0．01；束缚应激组大鼠在Morris水迷宫实验的目标象限活动时间[（57．2±1．7）s]和穿越站台次数[（2．0±0．8）次]均少于正常对照组[分别为（70．7±3．6）s和（6．2±1．0）次；均P〈0．01]。（2）p-ERK1／2蛋白水平：应激后束缚应激组吸光度（A）值[（0．767±0．006）]低于正常对照组[（0．813±0．015）；P〈0．05]。（3）p-ERK1／2阳性细胞数：应激后束缚应激组[（76±5）个]少于正常对照组[（110±14）个；P〈0．05]，且树突染色浅淡。结论 慢性心理应激明显影响动物的活动度和记忆能力；前额叶皮质中p-ERK1／2表达的减少，提示ERK信号转导通路可能参与了应激发生的机制。     

氟西汀对慢性应激大鼠海马S100B和糖基化代谢终产物受体表达的影响

目的 探讨氟西汀对慢性应激大鼠海马S100B和晚期糖基化代谢终产物受体（RAGE）含量的影响。方法 将雄性sD大鼠4J0只随机分为正常对照组（以下简称对照组）、抑郁组、氟西汀（10mg·kg^-1，腹腔注射）＋抑郁组（F＋抑郁组）、氟西汀（10mg·kg^-1，腹腔注射）＋对照组（F＋对照组），每组各10只。采用21d不可预见性中等强度应激造成大鼠抑郁模型，于应激前及应激第22天观察大鼠行为（体质量、24h饮用1％蔗糖溶液量、旷场实验）；以Western blotting和激光共聚焦显微镜测定药物对各组大鼠海马S100B及RAGE表达水平的影响。结果 （1）在应激第22天，抑郁组大鼠体质量、蔗糖溶液消耗量、直立次数均低于对照组（P〈0．05），水平运动格子数低于对照组（P〈0．01），粪便颗粒数多于对照组（P〈0．05）；F＋抑郁组体质量、蔗糖溶液消耗量、水平运动格子数、直立次数均高于抑郁组（P〈0．05）。（2）抑郁组大鼠海马S100B[荧光强度18±5，吸光度（A）值3．24土0．45]、RAGE（荧光强度16±5，A值2．89±0．24）水平较对照组S100B（荧光强度25±7，A值5．28±0．48）、RAGE（荧光强度24±6，A值5．68±0．29）明显降低（P〈0．05），F＋对照组S100B（荧光强度31±5，A值7．34±0．29）、RAGE（荧光强度30±4，A值7．43±0．32）表达水平高于对照组（P〈0．05），而F＋抑郁组S100B（荧光强度23±3，A值5．00±0．34）、RAGE（荧光强度22±4，A值4．93±0．54）表达水平明显高于抑郁组（P〈0．05）。结论 慢性应激下调大鼠S100B，RAGE蛋白表达水平，而氟西汀上调S100B，RAGE的表达水平。     

对立违抗性障碍儿童的临床特征及血清单胺类神经递质水平的研究

目的探讨对立违抗性障碍（ODD）患儿的临床特征及血清单胺类神经递质水平的变化。方法对31例ODD儿童（研究组）和36名正常儿童（对照组）测评Piers—Harris儿童自我意识量表（PHCSS）、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCRED）、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表（DSRSC）及儿童冲动量表（BIS），测量其血清5-羟色胺（5-HT）、多巴胺（DA）等生物胺神经递质的含量。结果（1）研究组PHCSS中的合群性分[（7．36±1．81）分]、幸福与满足感分[（5．45±1．69）分]低于对照组[（8．56±2．50）分和（6．31±1．72）分；P=0．030，P=0．045]。（2）两组SCRED和DSRSC评分的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。研究组BIS的冲动总分[（51．81±9．97）分]、运动分[（8．77±4．11）分]高于对照组[（48．30±11．57）分和（5．19±2．46）分；P=0．020，P：0．000]。（3）研究组血清高香草酸水平[中位数（M）=59nmol／L]、5-HT水平（M=20nmoI／L）低于对照组（M：130nmol／L和168nmoI／L；P=0．024，P=0．033）。（4）血清5-HT水平与冲动总分（r=-0．650）、注意凶子分呈负相关（r=-0．688）；血清DA水平与广泛焦虑冈子呈正相关（r=0．591）；血清5-羟吲哚乙酸水平与分离焦虑因子、社交恐怖因子均呈负相关（r=-0．593，r=-0．535）；血清高香草酸水平与抑郁（r=-0．694）、冲动吲子呈负相关（r=-0．608），均P〈0、05和P〈0．01。结论ODD儿童不合群，缺乏愉快感，冲动性高；其血清5-HT水平降低，而血清儿茶酚歧水平变化不明显。     

抑郁障碍患者五种脑诱发电位指标的临床随访研究

目的探讨抑郁障碍患者5种脑诱发电位指标及其治疗前后的特点。方法应用美国脑诱发电位仪，记录38例抑郁障碍患者（患者组）和33名正常对照者（对照组）的听觉诱发电位（AEP）、视觉诱发电位（VEP）、事件相关电位P300（ERP-P300）、失匹性负波（MMN）和关联性负变（CNV）。对其中18例患者随访至缓解期（治疗第9周末）。结果（1）与对照组相比，患者组出现AEP-N1潜伏期长[对照组（88±18）ms，患者组（104±25）ms]，N1-P2波幅低[对照组（5．3±1．9）μV，患者组（3．7±1．6）μV]；VEP-N1潜伏期长[对照组（125±19）ms，患者组（141±21）ms]，N1-P2波幅低[对照组（8．4±2．9）μV，患者组（6．9±2．6）μV]；P300-P3b潜伏期长[对照组（316±26）ms，患者组（330±21）ms]，P3．和P弘的波幅均低；CNV中的M1和M2波幅低，反应时间（RT）长[对照组（213±81）ms，患者组（306±126）ms]，均P〈0．01和P〈0．05。（2）随访部分患者，AEP中的N1-P2波幅、VEP中的N1潜伏期、P300中的P3b潜伏期，MMN波幅及CNV的波幅和RT等，与治疗前比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。结论抑郁障碍患者的AEP、VEP、P300和CNV，较正常对照组有改变。治疗后随抑郁症状的改善，与认知功能有关的指标也有相应的改善。     

利培酮与舒必利对精神分裂症男性老年患者血清催乳素水平影响的对照研究

目的 探讨利培酮和舒必利对精神分裂症男性老年患者血清催乳素（PRL）水平的影响。方法 将51例精神分裂症男性老年患者随机分为利培酮组[（3．7±0、9）mg／d，24例]和舒必利组[（800±156）mg／d，27例]，采用酶联免疫方法测定两组治疗前后的PRL水平，并与25名正常男性老年人（对照组）进行对照。结果 （1）治疗前，患者组PRL水平[（26±11）彬L]与对照组[（24±14）μg／L]的差异无统计学意义，利培酮组[（26±11）μg/L]与舒必利组[（28±12）μg/L]的差异亦无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。（2）治疗后，患者组PRL水平[（149±59）μg/L]高于治疗前（t=14．53，P〈0．01）；利培酮组[（118±47）μg/L]和舒必利组[（196±73）μg/L]亦均高于治疗前，其中舒必利组高于利培酮组（均P〈0．01）。结论 利培酮和舒必利均能升高精神分裂症男性老年患者的PRL水平，其中以舒必利更为显著。     

精神分裂症患者脑源性神经营养因子水平及其与临床症状的关系

目的探讨脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）在精神分裂症病理生理机制中的可能作用。方法采用横断面病例一对照研究设计。患者组为48例精神分裂症患者，其中发病后从未治疗组31例，停止治疗组17例。正常对照组（以下简称对照组）为与患者组性别、年龄匹配的41名健康人。对患者组用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定病情严重程度。血浆BDNF浓度用酶联免疫吸附试验测定。用多变量方差分析比较组间差异。结果从未治疗组[（4．5±2．2）μg/L]和停药组患者[（3．9±1．4）μg/L]血浆BDNF浓度均低于对照组[（6．5±2．2）μg/L]（F检验，P〈0．01）；而从未治疗组与停止治疗组的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。患者组的血浆BDNF浓度与PANSS阴性症状因子分（r=-0．509；P〈0．01）及总病期呈负相关（r=-0．426；P〈0．01），与发病年龄、PANSS阳性因子分、总分的相关性均无统计学差异。结论精神分裂症患者BDNF浓度低于正常；BDNF可能是参与精神分裂症病理生理机制的一种重要物质。     

Tau-induced neurodegeneration: mechanisms and targets

The accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau is a common feature of several dementias. Tau is one of the brain microtubule-associated proteins. Here we discuss tau’s functions in microtubule assembly and stabilization and with regard to its interactions with other proteins. We describe and analyze important post-translational modifications: hyperphosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycation, glycosylation, nitration, polyamination, proteolysis, acetylation, and methylation. We discuss how these post-translational modifications can alter tau’s biological function. We analyze the role of mitochondrial health in neurodegeneration. We propose that microtubules could be a therapeutic target and review different approaches. Finally, we consider whether tau accumulation or its conformational change is related to tau-induced neurodegeneration, and propose a mechanism of neurodegeneration.     

The effect of risperidone on reward‐related brain activity is robust to drug‐induced vascular changes

Dopamine (DA) mediated brain activity is intimately linked to reward‐driven cerebral responses, while aberrant reward processing has been implicated in several psychiatric disorders. fMRI has been a valuable tool in understanding the mechanism by which DA modulators alter reward‐driven responses and how they may exert their therapeutic effect. However, the potential effects of a pharmacological compound on aspects of neurovascular coupling may cloud the interpretability of the BOLD contrast. Here, we assess the effects of risperidone on reward driven BOLD signals produced by reward anticipation and outcome, while attempting to control for potential drug effects on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). Healthy male volunteers (n = 21) each received a single oral dose of either 0.5 mg, 2 mg of risperidone or placebo in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomised, three‐period cross‐over study design. Participants underwent fMRI scanning while performing the widely used Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task to assess drug impact on reward function. Measures of CBF (Arterial Spin Labelling) and breath‐hold challenge induced BOLD signal changes (as a proxy for CVR) were also acquired and included as covariates. Risperidone produced divergent, dose‐dependent effects on separate phases of reward processing, even after controlling for potential nonneuronal influences on the BOLD signal. These data suggest the D2 antagonist risperidone has a wide‐ranging influence on DA‐mediated reward function independent of nonneuronal factors. We also illustrate that assessment of potential vascular confounds on the BOLD signal may be advantageous when investigating CNS drug action and advocate for the inclusion of these additional measures into future study designs.     

星形胶质细胞对天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶介导β淀粉样蛋白早期突触毒性作用的影响

目的探讨星形胶质细胞(astrocyte,AS)对天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase,caspase)介导β淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid,Aβ)早期突触毒性作用的影响,以期为进一步研究与血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,Va D)的发病机制奠定基础。方法以原代培养大鼠海马纯神经元体系(NE-S)及混合培养体系(MIX-S,主要包含神经元及AS)为研究对象,各体系分为6组:对照组、caspase-8抑制剂组、caspase-9抑制剂组、Aβ处理组、caspase-8抑制剂预处理加Aβ组和caspase-9抑制剂预处理加Aβ组。免疫荧光检测各组近胞体10μm段树突中突触后密度蛋白(postsynaptic density-95,PSD95)表达量的变化。结果 1在NE-S与MIX-S中,与对照组相比,caspase-8抑制剂组、caspase-9抑制剂组PSD95的表达量均无明显差异,Aβ处理组PSD95的表达量均显著降低(P均0.001)。2在NE-S中,与Aβ处理组相比,caspase-9抑制剂预处理加Aβ组PSD95的表达量显著回升至对照组水平,caspase-8抑制剂预处理加Aβ组则无显著改变;在MIX-S中的结果则相反,即caspase-8抑制剂预处理加Aβ组PSD95的表达量显著回升至对照组水平,而caspase-9抑制剂预处理加Aβ组则无显著改变。3MIX-S与NE-S两种培养系统间相比较,对照组间及Aβ处理组间PSD95的表达量均无显著差异,而caspase-8抑制剂预处理加Aβ组间及caspase-9抑制剂预处理加Aβ组间PSD95的表达量差异有显著性。结论在Aβ早期突触毒性作用中,AS参与caspase-8介导的死亡受体通路激活过程,且参与抑制神经元的线粒体通路。     

Ultrastructure of non-myelinated neurons during energy deprivation

Summary This paper examines the neuropathology of oxygen-glucose deprivation uncomplicated by stagnant conditions. Rabbit vagus nerves were pulled into asmulti-compartment perfusion chamber, stimulated five times per second and deprived of energy by substituting nitrogen and deoxyglucose for oxygen and glucose in the Locke's perfusate. After incubation the compartments were perfused with gluteraldehyde solution, and the nerves were prepared for electron microscopy. Fixation in the compartments ensured precise cross and longitudinal sections which permitted quantitative comparisons. Although the action potentials ceased in 45 min, 1 h of energy deprivation did not significantly affect the ultrastructure. After 2 h of deprivation the axons were smaller and flattened and microtubules appeared packed together. In the smallest axons the microtubules were gone, the neurofilaments were compacted and the few mitochondria had a dense, homogenous appearance. By 4 h the shrinking was extreme, yet 8% were swollen much larger than any of the controls. Longitudinal views showed these balloned areas were greatly expanded regions of the smallest axons. Both tiny and huge regions were devoid of microtubules and the swollen axons contained expanded mitochondria.Calcium is indirectly implicated in the pathogenesis by the concurrence of mitochondrial alteration as the microtubules disappear coupled with the known role of mitochondria in calcium regulation and the reported effect of high calcium on microtubual dissociation. In is suggested that axons first shrink as osmotially active molecules are used or washed out. After a time without energy the mitochondria can no longer regulate the intracellular calcium, microtubules dissociate, and calcium-activated phospholipases create osmotically active molecules. Finally, high-amplitude, disruptive swelling occurs.Supported, in part, by a Grant-in-aid from the American Heart Association with funds contributed by the American Heart Association, Kansas Affiliate and by the University of Kansas Biomedical Sciences Support Grant RR0737     

Development of 18F-labeled radiotracers for neuroreceptor imaging with positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an in vivo molecular imaging tool which is widely used in nuclear medicine for early diagnosis and treatment follow-up of many brain diseases. PET uses biomolecules as probes which are labeled with radionuclides of short half-lives, synthesized prior to the imaging studies. These probes are called radiotracers. Fluorine-18 is a radionuclide routinely used in the radiolabeling of neuroreceptor ligands for PET because of its favorable half-life of 109.8 min. The delivery of such radiotracers into the brain provides images of transport, metabolic, and neurotransmission processes on the molecular level. After a short introduction into the principles of PET, this review mainly focuses on the strategy of radiotracer development bridging from basic science to biomedical application. Successful radiotracer design as described here provides molecular probes which not only are useful for imaging of human brain diseases, but also allow molecular neuroreceptor imaging studies in various small-animal models of disease, including genetically-engineered animals. Furthermore, they provide a powerful tool for in vivo pharmacology during the process of pre-clinical drug development to identify new drug targets, to investigate pathophysiology, to discover potential drug candidates, and to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in vivo.     

Norharman-induced motoric impairment in mice: neurodegeneration and glial activation in substantia nigra

Summary. The β-carboline norharman is present in cooked food and tobacco smoke and show structural resemblance to the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. C57BL/6 mice were injected subcutaneously with norharman (3 and 10 mg/kg) twice per day for five consecutive days. Eighteen hours after the last dose an increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and fluoro-jade staining were demonstrated whereas the number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells were unchanged in the substantia nigra. Two weeks after the last treatment a decreased motor activity was observed whereas cognitive functions remained intact. In cultured PC12 cells norharman treatment induced mitochondrial dysfunction and increased the number of caspase-3 and TUNEL-positive cells. The results demonstrate that norharman induced apoptosis in cultured cells as well as early neurodegeneration, glial activation and sustained motor deficits in mice and suggest that exposure to norharman may contribute to idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.     

The ENIGMA‐Epilepsy working group: Mapping disease from large data sets

Epilepsy is a common and serious neurological disorder, with many different constituent conditions characterized by their electro clinical, imaging, and genetic features. MRI has been fundamental in advancing our understanding of brain processes in the epilepsies. Smaller‐scale studies have identified many interesting imaging phenomena, with implications both for understanding pathophysiology and improving clinical care. Through the infrastructure and concepts now well‐established by the ENIGMA Consortium, ENIGMA‐Epilepsy was established to strengthen epilepsy neuroscience by greatly increasing sample sizes, leveraging ideas and methods established in other ENIGMA projects, and generating a body of collaborating scientists and clinicians to drive forward robust research. Here we review published, current, and future projects, that include structural MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI), and that employ advanced methods including structural covariance, and event‐based modeling analysis. We explore age of onset‐ and duration‐related features, as well as phenomena‐specific work focusing on particular epilepsy syndromes or phenotypes, multimodal analyses focused on understanding the biology of disease progression, and deep learning approaches. We encourage groups who may be interested in participating to make contact to further grow and develop ENIGMA‐Epilepsy.     

缺血性卒中并发2型糖尿病患者颈动脉斑块内新生血管分布特点的超声造影研究

目的 应用超声造影观察缺血性卒中并发2型糖尿病患者颈动脉斑块内新生血管分布情况,明确其 斑块内新生血管分布特征。 方法 病例组选取因急性缺血性卒中住院的糖尿病患者40例（入组前未服用降糖药）,卒中同侧颈 动脉斑块形成;对照组为同期门诊就诊的颈动脉斑块形成患者,无卒中病史,性别及年龄匹配的非 糖尿病患者32例。两组患者行弓上计算机断层扫描血管造影（computed tomography angiography,CTA） 检查排除主动脉弓斑块及颅内动脉病变,排除卵圆孔未闭及心房颤动等。对所有患者均行常规超声 及超声造影检查。常规超声观察斑块厚度及内部回声,超声造影观察斑块增强情况,横切面多角度 观察,将超声造影结果分为近内膜处有增强（代表新生血管）及近内膜处无增强两种。 结果 两组患者颈动脉斑块厚度及回声情况差异无统计学意义。超声造影结果显示病例组颈动脉 斑块近内膜处增强者34例（85%）,对照组近内膜处增强12例（37.5%）,差异有统计学意义（χ 2=17.38, P＜0.01）。 结论 未服用降糖药的2型糖尿病并发急性缺血性卒中的患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块内近内膜处新生 血管增生多于无糖尿病患者,提示血糖升高与颈动脉斑块内血管新生有关。     

轻型缺血性卒中静脉溶栓后双重抗血小板疗效观察

目的 观察rt-PA静脉溶栓联合双重抗血小板治疗轻型缺血性卒中的有效性及安全性。 方法 以2013年12月-2016年12月在石家庄市第一医院连续住院治疗的轻型缺血性卒中患者为研究 对象,将其随机分为对照组、溶栓+单抗组和溶栓+双抗组。对照组不进行静脉溶栓,长期口服阿 司匹林（100 mg/d）抗血小板治疗;溶栓+单抗组在rt-PA静脉溶栓（0.9 mg/kg,最大剂量90 mg）基 础上长期单用阿司匹林（100 mg/d）抗血小板治疗;溶栓+双抗组在溶栓后单抗基础上加用氯吡格雷 （75 mg/d）双重抗血小板治疗,双抗治疗21 d后改为阿司匹林长期单抗治疗。随访3个月,有效性指标 为3个月时NIHSS 0～1分、Barthel指数（Barthel index,BI）95～100分和mRS 0～1分的比例,3个月时缺 血性卒中的复发率;安全性指标为治疗24 h出血转化和症状性出血转化的发生率。另外比较三组间 基线和3个月时血清hs-CRP和IL-6的水平差异。 结果 研究共纳入85例患者,对照组28例,溶栓+单抗组28例,溶栓+双抗组29例,全部患者均完 成3个月随访,无死亡患者。对照组、溶栓+单抗组和溶栓+双抗组3个月随访时NIHSS 0～1分比例分 别为46.43%、78.57%和93.10%,BI 95～100分比例分别为53.57%、82.14%和89.66%,mRS 0～1分 的比例分别为50.00%、82.14%和93.10%,三组上述有效性指标差异均有统计学意义,两两比较显 示,溶栓+双抗组高于溶栓+单抗组和对照组,溶栓+单抗组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义;对 照组、溶栓+单抗组和溶栓+双抗组3个月时缺血性卒中复发率分别为32.14%、7.14%和3.45%,差异 有统计学意义。安全性指标方面,三组均无出血转化事件。对照组、溶栓+单抗组和溶栓+双抗组3 个月时的hs-CRP水平分别为11.92±3.58 mg/L、9.04±2.85 mg/L和6.04±2.65 mg/L,IL-6水平分别为 26.18±4.65 ng/L、16.11±6.93 ng/L和12.84±2.57 ng/L,三组上述炎症因子水平差异均有统计学意 义,其中溶栓+双抗组低于溶栓+单抗组和对照组,溶栓+单抗组低于对照组。 结论 对于急性轻型缺血性卒中患者,rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后短期双重抗血小板治疗可显著改善患 者神经功能,降低炎症因子水平,降低复发率,且不增加出血风险。     

Yohimbine increases the binding potential for [11C]flumazenil in the monkey brain

Summary. We evaluated the impact of yohimbine administration on benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor binding in the central nervous system of non-human primates (rhesus monkeys). Estimates of the binding potential (B_max/K_d) of BDZ receptors were made following intravenous administration of yohimbine, an α₂-adrenoceptor antagonist. Positron emission tomography was used in conjunction with [¹¹C]flumazenil (Ro 15-1788), a tracer for central BDZ receptor binding activity. The effects of yohimbine were compared with a control condition in which saline was administered. Yohimbine significantly increased the binding potential in the hippocampus, as assessed using a Student's t-test with Bonferroni correction. The result that the administration of yohimbine readily induces an increase in the binding potential for BDZ receptors in the primate brain suggests that the presence of an anxiety state potentiates the effect of anxiolytics. Accepted August 10, 2001