多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的对照研究

目的探讨多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的效果。方法将80例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组40例（接受多元化治疗）和对照组40例（仅接受药物治疗）,共干预12周。在基线及治疗后第12周末分别进行阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS．RC）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）及治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）测定以评定疗效及不良反应。结果治疗后第12周末研究组PANSS总分、WCST的总测验数、持续错误数、随机错误数评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,WAIS—RC的语言智商量表、操作智商量表、总智商量表、WMS总分评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。两组TESS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论多元化治疗可明显改善首发精神分裂症患者的精神症状及认知功能,安全性较高。     

奥氮平对精神分裂症认知障碍的疗效及糖、脂代谢的影响

目的 观察奥氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能障碍的疗效及其对患者糖、脂代谢影响。方法 将60例接受单一奥氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者，采用修订韦氏记忆量表（WMS-RC）评定记忆功能；威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评定执行功功能；PANSS量表评定精神症状；并检测血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂，分别在治疗前、治疗8周末各进行1次。结果 经过8用的奥氮平治疗后，记忆商数显著提高（P〈0．001）；威斯康星卡片分类测验的总测验次数、持续错误数及随机错误数均显著下降（P〈0，05或P〈0．01）；并且奥氮平对记忆功能、执行功能的改善与阳性症状、阴性症状的下降呈显著正相关。治疗8周末血糖、胆固醇和甘油三脂水平均显著高于治疗前（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 奥氮平能有效的改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍，但应重视其对患者糖脂代谢的副作用．     

抑郁症患者和正常人威斯康星卡片分类测验的比较研究

目的：探讨抑郁症患者认知功能障碍的特点。方法：对67例符合ICD－10抑郁症诊断标准的抑郁症患者和44例正常人进行威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST），并对其中21例经过6周抗抑郁药治疗的患者进行治疗产后比较，观察WCST与HAMD评分变化的关系。结果：抑郁症患者WCST的总测验次数，持续错误数和随机错误数同正常人相比较均有显著差异（P＜0．01），相关分析发现：WCST的总测验次数，持续错误数，随机错误数与年龄，HAMD总分及迟缓，日夜变化两因子分正相关（P＜0．01），正确数和分类数与年龄，HAMD的迟缓因子分成负相关（P＜0．05），WCST在两组按性别及文化程度再分组比较后发现，各组间无显著性差异，对21例患者治疗前后比较发现WCST随病情的好转而改善，而治疗前后WCST的总测验次数、持续错误数，随机错误数的减分率与HAMD减分率正相关（P＜0．05），结论：抑郁症患者存在认知功能缺损，其认知功能缺损与病情的严重程度及抑郁症的迟滞和日夜变化等症状有关，认知功能的降低可能反映病人额叶功能的缺损。     

双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者攻击行为 与执行功能的相关性

目的 探讨双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者攻击行为与执行功能之间的相关性。方法 采用 修订版外显攻击行为量表（MOAS）对2018 年6 月—2019 年2 月在山东省精神卫生中心门诊就诊或者住 院治疗的164例双相情感障碍躁狂发作患者攻击行为进行评定，MOAS评分≥5分为攻击组，MOAS＜5分 为非攻击组。用威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评估受试者的执行功能，用贝克-拉范森躁狂量表（BRMS） 评估受试者的临床症状。结果 双相情感障碍躁狂攻击组患者BRMS总分［（25.78±4.32）分］高于非攻击组 ［（24.69±4.29）分］（P＜0.05），攻击组WCST正确数［（42.52±7.23）分］、分类数［（7.61±3.48）分］低于非攻 击组［（44.29±9.14）、（8.06±2.12）分］；错误数［（43.03±8.43）分］、持续错误数［（29.08±5.55）分］、非持 续错误数［（26.84±5.78）分］均高于非攻击组［（41.32±8.18）、（28.58±7.22）、（25.03±5.80）分］，差异有统 计学意义（P＜ 0.05），双相情感障碍躁狂患者MOAS 评分与WCST错误数、持续性错误数、非持续性错误 数呈正相关（P＜ 0.05），与分类数呈负相关（P ＜ 0.05）。结论 双相情感障碍躁狂患者攻击行为与执行 功能存在相关性，执行功能受损可能与双相情感障碍躁狂攻击行为的发生机制有关。     

无抽搐电休克对抑郁症患者执行功能和生活质量的影响

目的评价无抽搐电休克治疗（MECT）对抑郁症患者执行功能和生活质量的影响。方法将120例抑郁症患者随机分为研究组（MECT合并非典型药物治疗）60例和对照组（单纯非典型药物治疗）60例,同时取60例健康人作为正常组,分别在入组前、治疗3周及6周后对研究组和对照组进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定、威斯康星卡片分类任务（WCST）测验及生活质量调查（SF-36）。对正常组进行威斯康星卡片分类任务（WCST）测定。将研究组和对照组治疗3,6周后的威斯康星卡片分类任务（WCST）测验结果及健康状况调查问卷结果与治疗前比较,研究组和对照组治疗第3周和第6周的生活质量分别进行比较。结果治疗6周后两组HAMD总分较治疗前均有显著下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,WCST中的总应答数、完成分类数、正确数、持续错误数均较治疗前明显改善,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,且治疗3周后研究组在HAMD、WCST方面比对照组改善更为明显,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗3周后研究组生活质量各因子的分值均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t分别为2．23,3．04,4．23,2．56,3．34,2．92,3．65,5．45;P〈0．05）,治疗6周后研究组生理职能（RP）,身体疼痛（BP）,一般健康状况（GH）,社会功能（SF）,精神健康（MH）因子的分值高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（￡分别为2．97,4．37,3．91,5．21,2．93;P〈0．05）。结论合并MECT治疗能快速改善抑郁患者的症状和执行功能,可以更快、更好地改善患者的生活质量。     

改良电抽搐与抗抑郁剂对抑郁症治疗的比较

目的：分析比较改良电抽搐治疗（MECT）和抗抑郁剂治疗对抑郁症患者的疗效、血清皮质醇浓度和认知功能的影响。方法：将60例抑郁症患者随机分为MECT治疗组和常规抗抑郁剂治疗组。MECT组30例,每周1、3、5治疗,连续4周,以后每周一次维持治疗,共治疗12周。药物组30例．应用抗抑郁剂盐酸文拉法辛治疗,剂量在150mg～225mg／d之间,共治疗12周。所有入组病例．在入组时、治疗1周、治疗4周、治疗12周分别测汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）和血清皮质醇浓度。两组在入组时和治疗12周进行威斯康星卡片（WCST）评定,结果：HAMD分比较,在治疗1周、4周两组间有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,在第12周末两组间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。血清皮质醇浓度比较,第1、4周末两组间差异有统计学（P〈0．05）,在治疗12周两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。WCST评定在入组时两组间差异无统计学（P〉0．05）,在第12周末两组内均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,而两组间在治疗12周差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。血清皮质醇浓度与汉密尔顿抑郁量表总分,成斯康星卡片分类测验分类测验结果显示的认知功能情况存在相关性．结论：MECT是一种有效的治疗手段,相比较抗抑郁剂而言起效更快,埘认知功能无不良反应,随病情好转对认知功能有改善。血清皮质醇浓度升高程度可能与抑郁症认知功能损害程度相关。     

左乙拉西坦添加治疗对部分性癫(癎)患者认知功能及生活质量的研究

目的探讨左乙拉西坦（LEV）作为添加治疗对部分性癫痫患者认知功能及生活质量的影响。方法研究分两个阶段进行。第一阶段，采用随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的方法，为期16周；第二阶段为开放性试验，为期24周。在入组时、试验的16周末和24周末分别检测患者认知功能，并进行生活质量量表评价。结果（1）第16周末，LEV组威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）操作时间与入组时基线的差值分别为-110．3和-122．9，延迟逻辑记忆与基线差值为3．4，与入组时比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；与健康相关的生活质量（HRQOL）中认知功能及社会功能均有改善（P〈0．01）。（2）第40周末，与入组时比较，LEV组与安慰剂组连线测验A型、B型时间与基线的差值分别为-13．3、-20．5和-5．2、-15．2，较入组时缩短，WCST持续错误数减少，操作时间减少，延迟视觉记忆增加（P〈0．05），HRQOL中综合QOL、总体健康水平、认知功能、社会功能均有改善（P〈0．05）。结论LEV作为添加治疗在控制癫痫发作的同时可以部分改善癫痫患者认知功能和生活质量。     

老年精神分裂症患者认知功能与社会功能研究

目的探讨老年精神分裂症患者的认知功能及社会功能损害情况。方法采用一系列标准化神经心理测验工具：韦氏记忆测验（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、简易智力状态检查（MMSE）和日常生活能力量表（ADL），测定45例老年精神分裂症患者（研究组）的认知功能和社会功能，并与42例正常老年人（对照组）作对照。结果研究组在WMS中的经历、定向、1→100、100→1、累加、再认、记图、再生、联想、触摸、理解、背数等项成绩均差于对照组（P均〈0．05或0．01）。WCST研究组总正确数和分类次数均小于对照组，而总错误数、持续错误数和持续反应数均高于对照组（P均〈0．01）。MMSE成绩研究组显著低于对照组（P〈0．05），ADL研究组显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论老年精神分裂症患者存在突出的认知功能和社会功能损害。     

喹硫平及其联合丙戊酸钠治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作认知功能损害的对照研究

目的 应用神经心理学方法 评估双相障碍躁狂发作认知损害特点,并探讨丙戊酸钠对双相躁狂认知损害的治疗作用.方法 64例双相躁狂患者随机分为两组:丙戊酸钠联合喹硫平治疗组33侧(联合治疗组),单用喹硫平治疗组31例(单药治疗组),两组于治疗前与治疗6周末均给予威斯康星卡片分类测验( WCST)、言语记忆测验(HVILT-R)、持续操作测验(CPT)、扬氏躁狂评定量表(YMRS)、临床总体疗效量表(CGI- S)评定.对照组为30名健康人.结果 (1)两个患者组治疗前WCST操作的完成分类数、错误应答数、持续应答数、持续错误数以及HVILT-R、CPT的操作分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),两个患者组间的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).6周治疗后两个治疗组WCST和HVILT-R的操作分仍低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).CPT的操作得分三组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(2)治疗后与治疗前比较,联合治疗组WCST的完成分类数增加,错误应答数、持续错误数减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).单一治疗组的完成分类数增加、错误应答数减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).两个治疗组的HVLT—R操作分与治疗前的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CPT操作分与治疗前比较明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 双相障碍躁狂发作时存在执行功能、学习和记忆能力、注意力等神经认知领域损害;病情稳定后,执行功能和言语记忆功能损害仍持续存在;6周的丙戊酸钠联合喹硫平或单一喹硫平治疗均能有效地改善双相躁狂患者的部分认知功能.     

亚综合征性抑郁患者认知功能初探

目的：探讨亚综合征性抑郁（SSD）患者的认知功能。方法：45例SSD患者，以31例抑郁症患者和28名正常人作为对照。SSD组和抑郁症组均使用抗抑郁剂治疗12个月以上。采用韦氏成人智力量表、临床记忆量表、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）于治疗前后分别评定3组患者的认知状况;采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）评定抑郁症状的严重度。结果：治疗3个月，SSD组和抑郁症组的言语智商、操作智商、总智商、记忆商数均较治疗前明显提高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;WCST总应答数显著减少，分类数显著提高（P〈0.01）;两组SDS评分较治疗前显著下降（P〈0.01）。治疗12个月，两组上述认知指标进一步显著改善，SDS评分与对照组相比差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;但两组指向记忆、联想学习、WCST正确百分数、随机错误数与对照组相比仍未恢复正常（P〈0.01）。结论：SSD患者存在认知功能障碍，治疗后症状虽有缓解，但部分认知功能仍不能完全恢复。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.