应用鼻内自体材料在内镜下重建鼻颅底缺损治疗脑脊液鼻漏的研究

目的:探讨利用鼻内自体材料在内镜下重建鼻颅底缺损治疗脑脊液鼻漏的方法及可行性。方法:内镜下应用鼻内自体组织对96例患者进行颅底缺损重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏。根据颅底骨缺损的部位、大小决定修复的材料和方法,18例缺损直径<0.5 cm,取游离中鼻甲黏骨膜外置法重建;35例缺损位于筛顶和筛板,缺损直径0.5~<1.0 cm,应用带蒂中鼻甲外置法重建;12例缺损位于蝶鞍斜坡,缺损直径0.5~<1.0 cm,应用带蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣外置法修复;19例缺损直径1.0~<1.5 cm,应用游离鼻中隔软骨-黏骨膜瓣修复;7例缺损位于筛顶和筛板,缺损直径1.5~2.5 cm,应用筛骨垂直板加带蒂中鼻甲重建;5例缺损位于蝶鞍斜坡,缺损直径1.5~2.5cm,则应用筛骨垂直板加带蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣重建颅底。结果:随访6个月~6年,2例患者分别于术后1年和2年再次出现脑脊液鼻漏,1例经保守治疗后脑脊液漏停止,1例患者经再次手术治愈;3例患者于术后出现短暂性脑脊液漏,未经特殊处理自愈;其余患者未再出现脑脊液漏。结论:应用鼻内自体材料在内镜下进行颅底重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏具有取材方便、手术成功率高等优点;不同大小和不同部位的颅底缺损宜选择不同的鼻内自体材料进行重建。     

鼻中隔及下鼻道黏骨膜瓣修复前颅底缺损的解剖学研究

目的　利用鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣对前颅底部分骨质缺损和脑脊液鼻漏进行修补的研究。方法在 2 0具尸头上测量鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜相关径线的数值和面积。结果　鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣面积为 17.0 6cm2 ,下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 6 .16cm2 ,鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 2 3.2 2cm2 ,即可覆盖前颅底约 5cm× 4 .5cm以下的骨质缺损。结论　在鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤侵蚀到前颅底的手术病例中 ,对于骨质缺损较大和 /或形成脑脊液鼻漏时 ,可据此数据转移适当的鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣同步修补前颅底骨质缺损 ,若缺损过大可将鼻中隔骨与软骨一并转移或联合下鼻道黏骨膜     

额筛窦肿瘤及前颅底外科手术

目的探讨额筛窦肿瘤累及前颅底时的切口选择及肿瘤切除后的修复方法.方法对29例额筛窦肿瘤累及前颅底的患者施行倒U形切口,正反S形切口,额瓣开颅+Weber-Fergusson切口,鼻内镜下径路,暴露肿瘤切除,切除后根据前颅底骨质、硬脑膜、脑组织的缺损情况,分别采用鼻中隔黏膜-软骨瓣、额骨骨瓣、骨水泥修补骨缺损;额部骨膜瓣、鼻中隔黏软骨膜瓣、鼻甲黏膜瓣修补硬脑膜;手术后对恶性肿瘤予以放疗和化疗.结果术后颅面部切口愈合良好,脑脊液鼻漏1例,局部处理后愈合.良性肿瘤经随访未见复发,恶性肿瘤总5年生存率为54.55%(6/11).结论根据额筛窦肿瘤累及前颅底的情况采用不同的切口,选择合适的组织瓣修补前颅底,恶性肿瘤采用放疗和化疗,能提高患者的生存质量和生存率.     

鼻科学

20050153 鼻中隔及下鼻道黏骨膜瓣修复前颅底缺损的解剖学研究 /贡振扬… //中国耳鼻咽喉颅底外科杂志 2004, 10(4) 204~206目的:利用鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣对前颅底部分骨质缺损和脑脊液鼻漏进行修补的研究。方法:在 20具尸头上测量鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜相关径线的数值和面积。结果:鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣面积为17 06cm2,下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 6 16cm2,鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 23 22cm2,即可覆盖前颅底约 5cm×4 5cm以下的骨质缺损。结论:在鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤侵蚀到前颅底的手术病例中,对于骨质缺损较大和 /或形成脑脊液鼻漏时,可据此数据转…     

内镜下带血管蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣修复颅底缺损

目的 探讨内镜下应用带血管蒂的鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣修复颅底硬膜缺损的方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2008年7月至2010年3月间收治的8例应用带血管蒂的鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣鼻内镜下修复术后颅底硬膜缺损及创伤性脑脊液鼻漏患者的临床资料及随访结果.8例患者均为男性,年龄28～60岁,平均年龄41岁.其中前颅底血管外皮瘤1例、嗅神经母细胞瘤1例(Kadish C型)、筛窦癌1例、鼻咽癌放疗后局部复发3例、颅底类癌1例、脑脊液鼻漏伴反复颅内感染1例.其中前颅底缺损6例,中颅底缺损2例.手术采用内镜经鼻入路,直视下获取以鼻后动脉为蒂的一侧鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣.组织瓣覆盖硬膜缺损后,周缘敷以明胶海绵,并用生物蛋白胶固定,鼻内以碘仿纱条、水囊及膨胀海绵支撑.术后5～7 d撤除全部鼻内支撑物.结果 1例鼻中隔瓣部分坏死,其余7例鼻中隔瓣全部成活.1例术后7 d有脑脊液鼻漏,再次手术探查以腹部脂肪封堵漏口成功,术后随访6～24个月,颅底组织愈合良好,无延迟性脑脊液漏及颅内感染发生.结论 内镜经鼻入路采用带血管蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣修复颅底硬膜缺损是一种可靠的颅底重建方法.

Abstract：

Objective To introduce a method and the clinical effects of repairing skull base defects and dural defects using vascular pedicled nasoseptal mucoperiosteal flaps through an endoscopic endonasal approach. Methods The clinical and follow-up data for 8 patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal reconstruction of skull base defects and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with a vascular pedicled nasoseptal mucoperiosteal flap between July 2008 and March 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were male. The age of these patients ranged from 28 to 60 years (average 41 years). The diagnosis for these patients included one hemoangiopericytoma of the anterior skull base one olfactory neuroblastoma (type of Kadish C) , one ethmoid sinus cancer, three local recurrent cancers of the nasopharynx after radiotherapy,one carcinoid of skull base and one traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with recurrent intracranial infection. There were six anterior skull base defects and two middle cranial fossa defects. An endoscopic endonasal surgical approach was used for the repair. A pedicled flap using the nasal septal mucoperiosteum based on the posterior nasal artery was harvested from the ipsilateral side. The tissue flap was used to cover the dural defects. The margin was covered with gelatin sponge and fixed with fibrin glue. The nasal cavity was packed with iodoform gauze, a Foley catheter balloon and Merocel in this sequence to secure the flap in place. Nasal packing was removed 5 to 7 days postoperatively. Results Partial septal flap necrosis was found in one case, but the flaps in the other 7 cases survived. A postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred in one case 7 days after surgery. This was re-explored and successfully repaired with abdominal fat.All cases healed well, with no delayed cerebrospinal fluid leaks or intracranial infections during the 6 to 24 months follow-up period. Conclusion The vascular pedicled nasoseptal mucoperiosteal flap is a reliable choice for endoscopic endonasal skull base reconstruction.     

带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣在侵及前颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤切除术颅底重建中的应用

目的　回顾性分析应用带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣修复内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤术后颅底缺损的效果。方法　2008年9月～2016年5月内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤31例,应用以鼻后中隔动脉和筛前-筛后动脉为供血的两种类型带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣,修复重建前颅底切除后较大颅底缺损。结果　31例患者前颅底重建均一次性修补成功。1例肿瘤复发二次手术患者术后发生脑脊液漏,给予椎管置管引流1周愈合;1例术后10 d撤出鼻腔填塞物后出现脑脊液鼻漏,颅内感染3例,余无颅内出血或血肿等并发症发生。术后随访3～66个月见黏膜瓣愈合良好,无移植瓣膜坏死和脑膜脑膨出发生。结论　血管化带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣是内镜颅底外科的一种首选的、可靠的前颅底修补用材料。     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复鼻中隔穿孔和脑脊液鼻漏

目的探讨鼻内镜下鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣用于修补鼻中隔穿孔和脑脊液鼻漏的疗效。方法2005年8月～2008年2月北京同仁医院鼻科共11例鼻中隔穿孔和8例脑脊液鼻漏患者。鼻中隔穿孔位于鼻中隔前部,穿孔大小0.8 cm～2.0 cm,在鼻内镜下采用邻近穿孔后上方的鼻中隔带蒂黏骨膜瓣(黏软骨膜瓣)向前下反转覆盖于鼻中隔穿孔黏膜缺损处,对侧采用穿孔前下方带蒂黏骨膜瓣(黏软骨膜瓣)和鼻底黏膜瓣或下鼻甲带蒂黏膜瓣覆盖修补穿孔。8例脑脊液鼻漏患者,2例漏出部位在嗅裂,5例漏出部位在筛顶,1例漏出部位位于嗅裂延续至后筛顶,面积大小为0.1 cm×0.8 cm～0.3 cm×0.8 cm。采用邻近的鼻中隔带蒂黏骨膜瓣反转覆盖于缺损处,必要时黏膜瓣中间夹层钩突或中鼻甲骨片,外覆邻近的鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修补漏出部位。结果11例鼻中隔穿孔和8例脑脊液鼻漏均一次修补成功,随访3个月～3年,未见复发。鼻中隔黏膜转瓣后供区黏膜缺损区在2周后基本上皮化。结论鼻中隔带蒂黏骨膜瓣(黏软骨膜瓣)自身有血供,成活率高,获取容易,取材区域广泛,转蒂距离充足,是修补鼻中隔穿孔和嗅裂和筛顶脑脊液鼻漏的良好材料。     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔软骨瓣重建鼻颅底缺损

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻中隔软骨瓣转位重建鼻颅底缺损的可能性.方法 对30具成人湿性尸头标本进行解剖学测量,对5具冰冻保存的成人新鲜尸头标本进行鼻内镜下重建鼻颅底缺损的模拟手术实验.结果 鼻中隔软骨瓣上边长38.17～49.95 mm,平均(x±x,以下同)为(44.19±5.82)mm,鼻中隔软骨瓣下边长50.85～63.16mm,平均为(56.83±6.65)mm,鼻中隔软骨上下径长23.52～31.74 mm,平均为(27.93±3.48)mm,鼻中隔软骨前后径长16.55～24.83mm,平均为(20.83±2.12)mm.模拟手术显示以鼻中隔软骨瓣重建鼻颅底缺损的操作可行.结论 鼻颅底缺损在长(27.22±4.91)mm、宽(13.03±3.44)mm的范围时,可在鼻内镜下应用鼻中隔软骨瓣转位进行修复.     

鼻内镜下前颅底重建经验分享：附94例分析

目的 介绍鼻内镜下前颅底重建的方法及经验。方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院2012年1月～2021年12月间行单纯鼻内镜入路前颅底病变切除及重建的患者94例,重建时根据前颅底缺损的面积,选择大腿阔筋膜、人工硬膜、带蒂鼻中隔-鼻底黏膜瓣或游离中鼻甲黏膜瓣进行修复。结果 94例单纯鼻内镜下前颅底肿瘤切除加颅底重建患者中,除1例术后因黏膜瓣移位仍有大量脑脊液鼻漏,于次日再次鼻内镜下重新铺置黏膜瓣,其余患者颅底重建均一次成功;1例术后随访发现脑膜脑膨出。结论 鼻内镜下前颅底重建成功的关键在于根据颅底缺损分级选择合适的重建方法及材料,并且要确保修复材料填塞在位。     

内镜下颅底重建的动物实验研究

目的 研究鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复颅底缺损及放疗对愈后的影响。方法 对10例新鲜白兔尸体的鼻中隔黏膜血供行解剖学研究。将20只健康新西兰大白兔作为实验动物,建立颅底缺损-脑脊液鼻漏模型并利用鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复颅底缺损,术后7、10d在鼻内镜下观察切口愈合及脑脊液鼻漏情况,术后21d随机抽出10只接受手术治疗的兔子作为实验组行颅脑放疗,其余10只作为对照组,放疗后1、14d实验组和对照组分别于鼻内镜下观察修复区域。 结果7例鼻中隔黏膜瓣血供由鼻中隔后下端进入,2例血供由近鼻中隔后端约1cm处进入,1例未见明显血管分布,成功构建了颅底缺损-脑脊液鼻漏模型并成功实施鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复颅底缺损手术20例,均全部存活,切口愈合良好,无脑脊液鼻漏,无组织膨出及神经功能缺失等并发症;10只接受术后放疗的兔子及对照组的10只兔子均全部存活,放疗组兔子切口愈合较慢。结论 鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复颅底缺损的动物实验模型设计可行,放疗对带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣有延迟愈合的影响。     

核磁共振与内镜检查在带血管蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣颅底重建术后管理中的意义

目的:探讨核磁共振(MR)与内镜检查在带血管蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣颅底修复术后管理中的意义。方法:回顾性分析8例应用带血管蒂的鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣内镜下修复颅底硬膜缺损的资料。其中7例术后(术后5～7d)和近期随访(术后3～7个月)MR和内镜检查资料完整,1例因金属植入物而行CT和内镜检查。2种检查方法配合应用,掌握与颅底重建成败相关的信息,包括术后颅内及颅底修复局部、组织瓣供区和鼻腔鼻窦黏膜术后转归状况,以掌握愈合规律,提高重建成功率。结果:MR结合内镜检查可以准确获取带血管蒂鼻中隔瓣重建颅底术后颅内和修复局部的关键信息。MR可以排除术后常见的颅内并发症如颅内血肿、脑水肿或气颅,显示颅底缺损的位置及大致范围,提示组织瓣的位置及其与硬膜缺损边缘之间的重叠覆盖状态,定位术后脑脊液漏口。在术后和近期随访加强MR中,中隔瓣在颅底大致呈"C"形,7例中隔瓣均匀强化明显,提示血供佳。术后内镜检查证明7例中隔瓣无缺血坏死。6例组织瓣同颅底骨质愈合佳,1例内镜检查发现MR提示的脑脊液漏口并处理。中隔瓣在术后有一定程度的水肿和充血,近期随访时消失,组织瓣有缩小、变薄的征象,1例行CT和内镜检查者,中隔瓣发生坏死,因内衬人工硬膜完好,颅底一期愈合。内镜随访鼻腔鼻窦黏膜水肿在术后近期随访时明显减轻或消失,中隔瓣供区处裸露的中隔软骨在2个月左右被黏膜覆盖。结论:MR结合内镜检查可获取血管化中隔瓣重建颅底术后颅内外关键信息。排除术后并发症,掌握与修复成败密切相关的信息如组织瓣位置,血供及缺损处愈合情况,定位术后脑脊液漏的位置等,为及时处理并发症提供准确信息。所得结果可以提高外科和放射科医师对中隔瓣修复颅底缺损术后康复过程的认识,提高对修复失败情况的辨识和处理能力。     

Improving the design of the pedicled nasoseptal flap for skull base reconstruction: a radioanatomic study

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the skull base after an expanded endonasal approach (EEA) is critical to achieve a good outcome. A novel technique based on the use of a pedicled nasoseptal flap has proven to be a reliable and versatile reconstructive option for extensive defects of the skull base. Data regarding the potential dimensions of a nasoseptal flap are lacking in the literature. This pilot study was developed to help optimize the design of the nasoseptal flap and to ensure that when harvesting the flap, its width and length are adequate to reconstruct the defects that are created by various EEAs. METHODS: We analyzed the computed tomographic (CT) scans of four patients who underwent EEAs for skull base lesions. Sagittal and coronal CT reconstructions were generated from axial images. The measurements were divided into skull base measurements, flap dimensions required to cover skull base defects resulting from various EEAs, and potential maximal dimensions of the nasoseptal flap. Measurements were studied for three different EEAs: sellar/transplanar, transclival, and transcribiform/anterior skull base. We measured the potential defects for each of these EEAs and the nasoseptal flap dimensions that would be required to reconstruct them. We estimated all dimensions based on the most extensive defect that could result with each EEA. We then compared these with various modifications of the nasoseptal flap. RESULTS: Two male and two female patients were studied. Twenty-seven measurements were taken to compare the different skull base defects and nasoseptal flaps. CONCLUSIONS: The length of the nasal septum comprises sufficient mucoperichondrium and mucoperiosteum to allow the harvesting of a nasoseptal flap that could cover any defect resulting from an anterior skull base, a transsellar/transplanar, or a transclival EEA. Similarly, the height of the nasal septum has the potential to yield a nasoseptal flap with a width that is adequate to cover the laterolateral aspect of any defect of the anterior skull base and clivus. Skull base defects resulting from combined EEAs, such as those that would create a defect that comprises the skull base from sella turcica to frontal sinus, are beyond the potential dimensions of a single nasoseptal flap. This and other defects resulting from a combination of EEAs require other strategies, such as the use of bilateral nasoseptal flaps, or the use of other reconstructive options.     

以筛前动脉为蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣在额窦后壁缺损重建中的应用

 目的介绍一种以筛前动脉为血管蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣应用于额窦后壁缺损修复重建的新方法,并总结其疗效和初步应用体会。方法回顾性分析应用带蒂鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣修复15例额窦后壁脑脊液鼻漏病例,其中男12例,女3例,年龄12~51岁,平均年龄32岁,均为外伤引起的颅底骨折、术前均经过至少1个月保守治疗无效的脑脊液鼻漏患者。采用内镜下DrafIIB型额窦开放+上方带蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣进行颅底修复。结果所有病例均一次性重建成功,术后1个月拔除填充物后无脑脊液鼻漏发生,随访1~3年,无脑脊液鼻漏和颅内感染发生,额窦及上颌窦均引流通畅,上皮化好。主要副反应为鼻腔干燥结痂。结论以筛前动脉为血管蒂的鼻腔外侧壁黏膜瓣取材方便,应用于额窦后壁颅底缺损修复疗效满意,该术式有创新性。     

神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科中的应用

目的回顾性分析神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科手术中的应用。方法收集70例颅底疾病患者神经内镜经双鼻孔入路行颅底手术治疗的临床资料。其中垂体腺瘤40例,鞍结节脑膜瘤11例,嗅沟脑膜瘤、脊索瘤、脑脊液鼻漏修补及视神经管减压各3例,颅咽管瘤、齿状突畸形各2例,眶内海绵状血管瘤、表皮样囊肿及鼻咽癌各1例。术后观察患者临床疗效。结果手术切除肿瘤62例,完全切除54例(87.1%),次全切除8例(12.9%);其中3例脑脊液鼻漏修补完全治愈,3例视神经管减压后视力好转,2例齿状突切除术后神经症状明显改善。结论神经内镜经双鼻孔入路能充分暴露鞍区等颅底结构,有效避免因空间狭窄所引起的操作不便,值得临床推广应用。     

颅内外沟通性嗅神经母细胞瘤8例显微手术治疗分析

目的讨论颅内外沟通性嗅神经母细胞瘤（ONB）的临床特点及显微手术策略。 方法湘雅医院神经外科2013年1月—2019年6月收治的颅内外沟通性ONB患者8例,男5例,女3例,年龄13~65岁;病程7 d至5年,平均12个月。其中手术选择双侧扩大经额底入路5例,联合经鼻内镜3例。全部患者术后行放疗,2例辅助化疗。观察患者的手术策略和临床疗效。结果8例患者颅内外沟通性ONB全切除,术后头痛及鼻腔疼痛全部改善,随访7个月至6年,存活4例,失访2例,2例术后4~10个月肿瘤广泛复发导致死亡。结论双侧扩大经额底入路及联合经鼻内镜显微手术有助于颅内外沟通性ONB的全切除,可提高患者生存率,值得临床推广。     

鼻内镜下鼻颅底相关手术临床体会

目的探讨基层医院开展鼻内镜下颅底外科手术的可行性及手术范围。方法回顾性分析2006年5月-2012年8月收治的41例鼻颅底肿瘤患者临床资料,其中外伤性视神经病7例,脑脊液鼻漏11例,颅底肿瘤12例,蝶窦巨大囊肿8例,翼腭窝肿瘤4例,均在鼻内镜下手术治疗。结果11例脑脊液鼻漏修补获得成功,视神经减压5例有效,2例无效,1例术后出现脑脊液鼻漏,保守治疗愈合;12例颅底肿瘤手术,术中均能很好暴露肿瘤,1例术中损伤海绵窦,经处理后出血得到控制,顺利完成手术,1例术后出现脑脊液鼻漏,保守治疗愈合,所有病例无颅内感染并发症发生。肿瘤患者均随访3年以上,无复发。结论在合理选择适应证的条件下,基层医院开展鼻内镜下颅底手术是安全、可行的。     

Endoscopic reconstruction of anterior and middle cranial fossa defects using acellular dermal allograft

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience in reconstructing defects of the anterior and middle cranial fossa skull base using endoscopic placement of acellular dermal allograft (AlloDerm, LifeCell Corp., The Woodlands, TX). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: In all cases, the skull base repair was completed with a similar technique. After identification of the defect boundaries, endoscopic transnasal repair was performed through placement of a layered reconstruction of acellular dermal allograft, septal bone/cartilage, and acellular dermal allograft, which were all placed on the intracranial side of the defect. A mucosal free graft was draped over the reconstruction. Fibrin glue was used to hold the mucosal graft in place, and the reconstruction was supported by both absorbable and nonabsorbable nasal packing. RESULTS: Eight patients with nine skull base defects underwent the procedure for repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. All defects were successfully repaired. One patient underwent successful reconstruction of bilateral ethmoid roof defects that resulted from endoscopic resection of ethmoid adenocarcinoma. Twenty-four patients underwent primary resection of hypophyseal adenomas. Twenty-three patients had macroadenomas, and intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks were noted in 11 patients. Sellar repairs after trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy were successful in 22 of 24 patients. One patient with hypophysectomy required reoperation (1 of 24 [4%]) for secondary closure of a cerebrospinal fluid leak. Serious complications were avoided in all patients. Patients were followed for a period ranging from 5 to 57 months (mean period, 34 mo). CONCLUSIONS: Acellular dermal allograft can be successfully used for the reconstruction of anterior and middle cranial fossa skull base defects. This allograft, which is easy to manipulate endoscopically, provides an effective seal and barrier in skull base reconstruction and avoids the need for a donor site.