Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice*

Exchange transfusion for severe neonatal jaundice is a tedious and expensive procedure with high morbidity and mortality rates, and is followed by a prompt and marked bilirubin rebound. It has largely been replaced by phototherapy, which though more gradual in its effect results in a prolonged reduction of the bilirubin concentration. Its efficacy is influenced by the gestational age, birthweight and postnatal age of the infant, the aetiology of the jaundice, and the spectral emission and intensity (dose) of the light; its dose-response relationship enables it, at the optimal dose, to control very severe jaundice or a rapidly rising bilirubin concentration, including severe haemolysis. Its relative freedom from complications together with its non-invasive nature, ease of usage and convenience has resulted in widespread acceptance in virtually all neonatal units.     

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目的探讨全自动换血术对高胆红素血症新生儿血液学指标的影响,评估其疗效与安全性以及间接胆红素和白蛋白比值的临床意义。方法 2008年1月至2010年5月南方医科大学南方医院对74例重症高胆红素血症患儿均采用周围动静脉同步换血术,监测换血前后胆红素、白蛋白、间接胆红素与白蛋白比值、电解质、血常规。结果血中胆红素、白蛋白、间接胆红素与白蛋白比值、电解质(Na+、K+、Cl-、Mg2+)、血常规换血后均较换血前明显下降,但Ca2+、P3+浓度换血后较换血前升高,差异均有统计学意义。换血术后无患儿发生不良反应。结论换血对胆红素、白蛋白、间接胆红素与白蛋白比值、Na+、K+、Cl-、Mg2+、Ca2+、P3+、白细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、血小板均有影响,应注意监测。特别要注意监测间接胆红素与白蛋白比值,该比值是评估胆红素毒性的危险指标。比值越高,其危险性越高,越需要输注白蛋白。     

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目的探讨换血治疗对高胆红素血症新生儿血清白细胞介素(IL-1b)、IL-6,肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)及皮质醇(Cor)含量的影响,旨在判断换血治疗是否将引起患儿应激反应,影响疾病的恢复。方法 2009年8月至2009年12月在湖南省儿童医院新生儿科住院诊断为新生儿高胆红素血症,并进行了外周动静脉双通道同步换血治疗的足月新生儿共56例,均留取换血治疗前所抽出的第一管血以及换血治疗结束后24h、168h的血标本,测定血清IL-1b、IL-6、TNF-α及Cor含量。结果治疗后24h与治疗前比较,血清Cor浓度明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);血清IL-1b、IL-6、TNF-α浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后24h与治疗后168h比较,各细胞因子血清浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后168h与治疗前比较,血清IL-6、TNF-α浓度差异无统计学意义,IL-1b浓度增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Cor浓度降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论换血治疗技术成熟,严格规范操作的换血治疗对机体不会产生重大的应激,是治疗新生儿高胆红素血症比较安全有效的方法。     

‘Halving the heel pricks’: Evaluation of a neonatal jaundice protocol incorporating the use of a transcutaneous bilirubinometer

Aim: This study aimed to assess the impact of implementing a new jaundice protocol incorporating the use of the Konica Minolta/Air Shields JM 103 Jaundice Meter (JM103) (Konica Minolta Sensing Inc., Osaka, Japan) in the setting of an Australian post‐natal ward. Methods: A before‐and‐after study was completed following the introduction of a protocol integrating the use of the JM103 monitor on to the post‐natal ward. Eligible infants were ≥36 weeks gestation, >24 h and <8 days of age. The number of Total Serum Bilirubin tests (TSBRs) were compared for the 12 months prior (T1) with a 6‐month period and 6 months after protocol introduction (T2). Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcBR) results were also collected in T2. Rates of phototherapy and peak TSBRs at commencement were also compared as measures of safety. Results: Four hundred and twenty‐six of the 2197 live births in T1 required one or more TSBRs compared with 119 of the 1169 live births in T2. This represents an odds ratio of 0.47 (95% confidence interval 0.38–0.58) for infants in T2 having ≥1 TSBR compared with T1. There was no difference between the groups for rates of phototherapy (3.8% vs. 3.0%; P= 0.2) nor any difference between the groups for peak SBR during phototherapy (301.9 µmol/L (standard deviation, SD 58) for T1 vs. 303.2 µmol/L (SD 54) for T2; P= 0.45). The estimated cost saving per year is $6966.00. Conclusion: TcBR measurement in conjunction with our protocol significantly reduces painful procedures and costs without increasing the risk of delaying treatment with phototherapy.     

The impact of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: comparison of historical cohorts

To quantitatively assess the impact of phototherapy (PT) in the prevention of kernicterus we calculated the rate of exchange transfusion (ET) in two large historical cohorts of Greek neonates (birthweight ≥2.5 kg), one before (period I: 1957–61) and one after (period II: 1980–92) the introduction of PT. Overall, the introduction of PT was associated with a reduction of the rate of ET from 0.43% in period I to 0.05% in period II. The reduction was observed in all etiological categories but was more marked in the ABO-incompatible group. With an estimated rate of kernicterus without treatment of 0.085% (excluding rhesus hemolytic disease of the newborn and prematurity) we estimated that 4.2 and 0.36 infants were treated by ET for each spared kernicterus in periods I and II, respectively. Finally, in period II 185 infants were treated with PT or PT and ET for each spared kernicterus.     

新生儿不同浓度红细胞换血治疗疗效及对内环境的影响

目的探讨新生儿换血治疗时不同红细胞和血浆比例对疗效及内环境(血细胞计数、电解质、血糖及酸碱平衡)的影响。方法回顾分析2015年1月至2018年12月经换血治疗的149例高胆红素血症新生儿的临床资料,根据换血时红细胞与血浆的比例分为2:1组(红细胞2 U﹕血浆100 mL,62例)和3:1组(红细胞3 U﹕血浆100 mL,87例)。探讨两组换血当时至12小时的血清总胆红素(TSB)下降程度、换血后继续光疗时间及再次换血比例的差异,比较换血前后两组新生儿血常规、电解质、血糖及血气分析的变化。结果两组新生儿的胎龄、出生体质量、性别及换血日龄等差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);两组在换血结束时及换血后12小时TSB的下降程度,继续光疗时间及再次换血比例的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。换血后,3:1组的RBC(3.7±0.4 vs 4.7±0.3)与Hb(118.9±12.1 vs 157.8±14.3)显著上升;同时,换血后两组新生儿的WBC、PLT、血清钠、HCO~-_3水平降低,而血清钾、血清钙、血糖浓度升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);但两组间各指标的变化差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组新生儿间常见换血并发症以及急性胆红素脑病和核黄疸的发生率差异无统计学意义(P_均0.05)。结论红细胞与血浆以2:1或3:1混合均可有效治疗新生儿高胆红素血症。3:1比例混合血可有效纠正贫血,且未加重换血后机体内环境的紊乱。     

Fibreoptic phototherapy in the management of jaundice in low birthweight neonates

A fibreoptic phototherapy device has been compared with conventional white and special blue fluorescent phototherapy lamps to evaluate its efficacy in lowering serum bilirubin levels in low-birthweight neonates. Fibreoptic phototherapy was found to be as effective 21s white light and less effective than blue light, as assessed by (i) the bilirubin concentration after 24 h of phototherapy and at the end of phototherapy, (ii) the duration of phototherapy, (iii) the percentage daily decline rate and (iv) the overall percentage decline rate ( p < 0.05). There were no failures of phototherapy and the need for re-exposure was low (4.7% of the total sample), with no difference between groups. The fibreoptic approach represents a promising way to aggregate synergically the most recent optical technologies and develop a modern, efficient and caring phototherapy system for low-birthweight infants.     

Adverse events associated with neonatal exchange transfusion for hyperbilirubinemia

To estimate the incidence of blood exchange and determine causes and complication of blood exchange and identify strategies for risk reduction of Kernicterus in newborn with jaundice. From march 2004 to march 2006 in neonatal Department in children hospital, medical center Tehran, Iran,346 neonates were admitted as neinatal jaundice without sign and symptoms of infections. We identified causes and complications of exchange. Of 346 infants with jaundice who received phototherapy. 50, 14.45 percent cases underwent exchange transfusion with mean age 9.38+5.75 days. The mean total Serum billirubin level was 29.39+6.13mg/dl. ABO incompatibility was the most common cause for hyperbillirubinemia.the incidence of apnea was 12% there was no direct death from exchange transfusion. To make payment women aware to cbserve jaundice regularly after birth of their child and short breast feeding to control dehydretion.     

Randomised controlled trial: comparison of colloid or crystalloid for partial exchange transfusion for treatment of neonatal polycythaemia

AIM—To compare the efficacy of using isotonic saline (crystalloid) or 5% albumin (colloid) as replacement fluid in partial exchange transfusion (PET) for the treatment of neonatal polycythaemia.
METHODS—One hundred and two polycythaemic full term infants were randomly allocated to receive PET with either isotonic saline or 5% albumin. The criteria for PET were: (a) venous haematocrit ⩾ 0.7; or (b) venous haematocrit 0.65-0.69 with symptoms or signs attributable to polycythaemia.
RESULTS—PET with either saline (n=53) or 5% albumin (n=50) resulted in a significant and sustained decline in haematocrit up to 24 hours after PET. Although the immediate haemodilution effect of isotonic saline was statistically smaller than that of 5% albumin (decline in haematocrit 19.3% vs 22.8% of pre-PET value), the difference was too small to be of any clinical significance, and the haematocrit at 4 or 24 hours after PET did not differ significantly between the two groups. PET with either replacement fluid was not associated with any complication. The serum sodium and potassium concentrations were not significantly affected by the PET in either group.
CONCLUSIONS—Both isotonic saline and 5% albumin are effective when used as replacement fluid in PET for the treatment of neonatal polycythaemia. Isotonic saline, which is cheaper and free of infection, should be the replacement fluid of choice.

     

Cord blood transferrin/alpha-fetoprotein ratios: a predictive index for neonatal jaundice

Cord blood transferrin/α-fetoprotein ratios (TRANS/AFP) were determined in 152 samples taken from neonates delivered at 38–40 weeks gestation. 32 neonates who subsequently developed jaundice 48 h after delivery had significantly lower TRANS/AFP ratios than the non-jaundice group (jaundice group mean 1.01 ±0.41 mg/1; non-jaundice group mean 4.87 ±2.12 mg/1, P < 0.001). Significant correlation coefficients were obtained when the TRANS/AFP ratios were compared with peak bilirubin concentrations (r = -0.868) and advancing gestation (r=0.885). These results indicate that the TRANS/AFP ratio could be a useful predictive index for identifying neonates who will subsequently develop jaundice in the neonatal period.     

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目的探讨不同比例成分血对新生儿母子ABO血型不合溶血病(HDN)换血治疗后内环境的影响。方法对2009年1月至2010年4月湖南省儿童医院40例HDN达到换血指征的患儿,采用不同比例成分血行换血术,血源均采用O型浓缩红细胞及AB型血浆。治疗组16例,换血时采用O型浓缩红细胞及AB型血浆的比例为3:1(即O型浓缩红细胞300mL:AB型血浆100mL);对照组24例,采用的比例为2:1。两组换血量均按150～180mL/kg双倍量换血,换血结束后对照组常规输注O型浓缩红细胞15～20mL/kg(总量约60mL),治疗组则不再输血,换血前后其他治疗相同。监测换血前后血清总胆红素、胆红素置换率、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、血清电解质、血气等指标变化。结果两组换血后血清总胆红素均较换血前明显下降,但治疗组下降较对照组更明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组换血前后血红蛋白、红细胞压积比较显示,治疗组换血前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),对照组比较则差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。换血后两组血气指标pH、BE值及电解质如K+、Na+、Ca2+、Cl-较换血前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采用O型浓缩红...     

控制成分输血输注速率提高新生儿换血疗效

目的探讨序贯调节悬浮红细胞和血浆输注速率进行新生儿换血的有效性及安全性。方法选择2006年10月至2013年9月我科收治的需要进行换血治疗的严重高胆红素血症患儿,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组将所需红细胞与血浆按1∶1等速输注进行换血;观察组换血总量前1/3时,输注血浆速率为红细胞的两倍,中1/3时二者输注速率相等,后1/3时输注红细胞速率为血浆的两倍。换血前、中、后检测血常规、电解质、血糖及血胆红素等指标,并密切观察和记录患儿生命体征及经皮血氧饱和度(Sa O2)。结果对照组纳入40例,观察组纳入42例。两组患儿换血治疗后胆红素水平均明显降低[对照组:(222.1±30.3)μmol/L比(455.5±52.3)μmol/L,观察组:(207.3±27.8)μmol/L比(451.2±48.6)μmol/L,P<0.001],与对照组比较,观察组换血后胆红素水平更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组换血后血红蛋白含量明显高于对照组[(151±22)g/L比(135±26)g/L,P<0.01]。两组患儿换血相关并发症,如高血糖、血小板减少、低钙血症和低钠血症等均可在短时间内恢复正常。结论采用序贯调节悬浮红细胞和血浆的输注速率进行换血,在不增加用血量基础上,能明显降低胆红素水平和贫血的发生,且安全有效。     

A comparative study on the value of exchange and blood transfusion in the management of severe neonatal septicemia with sclerema

This study comprised of 60 neonates with severe septicemia with sclerema. The infants were divided into three groups of 20 each. All of them received conventional treatment including antibiotics and steroids. Infants in groups II, in addition were given a simple transfusion (whole blood 20 ml/kg), and those in group III an exchange transfusion (160–190 ml/kg of fresh blood). Morbidity and mortality was significantly less in children who were given exchange transfusion in addition to the conventional treatment (p < 0.05).     

Development of jaundice in Korean neonates after Cesarean section

The aim of the project was to determine the physiologic mechanisms of later- and higher-peak transitional plasma bilirubin levels in Korean infants. Blood carboxyhemoglobin, corrected for inhaled CO (COHbc), as an index of bilirubin production, and plasma total bilirubin levels in 40 healthy term Korean infants delivered by Cesarean section were measured throughout the first week of life. The COHbc levels were significantly higher in the Korean neonates than in previously studied Caucasian neonates. Moreover, COHbc levels decreased by 28% during the first 7 days of life from 0.85 ± 0.20 to 0.61 ± 0.34% (P < 0.025). This pattern parallels a 15% decrease in total hemoglobin from 181 ± 23 to 154 ± 53g/L (P < 0.05). In contrast, plasma bilirubin concentrations more than doubled from 80 ± 32 to 172 ± 48 μmol/L (4.7 ± 1.8 to 10.0 ± 2.8 mg/dL; P < 0.001), remaining unchanged between days 4 and 7. Both increased production and decreased elimination of bilirubin contribute to physiologic jaundice in Korean infants.     

Neonatal jaundice is a risk factor for childhood asthma: a retrospective cohort study

Background: The association between neonatal jaundice and childhood asthma is a new finding of two reports. The purpose of the study was to verify their results. Methods: Data from 11,321 children were collected from the National Health Insurance Research Database. Their claims data were evaluated from birth to 10 yr old. Children were analyzed as case (those with neonatal jaundice) and controls (those without neonatal jaundice). The diagnostic criteria for asthma were as follows: at least four asthma diagnoses at outpatient services and emergency department (ED), or one asthma diagnosis during an admission. In children fitting the asthma criteria, those with no asthma diagnosis after 1 yr of age were excluded. Mantel–Haenszel’s odds ratios were calculated after adjustment for the following confounders: preterm/low birth weight, neonatal infection, other respiratory conditions, other birth conditions, and gender. Asthma rate, onset time, the use of drugs, upper respiratory infection and lower respiratory infection (LRI) rates, hospital admission/ED visit rates, and the effect of phototherapy were evaluated. Results: After adjustment for the confounding factors, the rate of asthma was higher in icteric children (OR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.36–1.98, p < 0.001), and the influence in females was stronger. There still was an association between neonatal jaundice and late onset asthma (asthma onset after 3 yr of age). In asthmatic children, those with neonatal jaundice have increased asthma onset rate before age 6, increased use of inhalant steroids, LRI rates, and ED visits for respiratory disease. Conclusions: Neonatal jaundice increased the rate and severity of childhood asthma in subjects aged up to 10 yr and may be a risk factor for childhood asthma.     

Follow-up study of auditory brainstem responses in hyperbilirubinemic newborns treated with exchange transfusion

Changes in auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were studied and followed in hyperbilirubinemic newborns before and after exchange transfusion (ET), in order to check their usefulness in the early detection of acute and chronic bilirubin encephalopathy. ABR were measured in 10 newborns with marked hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin concentration [TBC] ≧ 20 mg/dL, direct bilirubin concentration < 2 mg/dL) before and after ET. The means of birthweight, gestational age, and day of life on admission were 3267 g, 38.2 weeks and 3.4 days, respectively. The ABR measurements were performed before ET and 6.0 days (the mean) after the ET. The follow-up of ABR was performed at 3 months of life. In comparison with the control values, the mean latencies of ABR were significantly prolonged (I, I-III, and I-V: P < 0.05) and the mean amplitudes were significantly decreased (I, III and V: P < 0.001) before ET. Significant improvement of ABR was noticed after the ET, especially in the shortening of the latency of wave I (P < 0.02) and in increasing the amplitudes of wave III and V (P < 0.02 and (P < 0.01, respectively), though the recovery of the latency of I-V (P < 0.02) and the amplitudes of I, III and V wave (P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) were delayed in comparison to the control. The follow-up data of ABR showed that, in two of nine infants (one was lost from the follow-up), there were still abnormal findings at 3 months of age. Only one of these, who prolonged the recovery of ABR until 5 years of age, developed a border intelligence. Though ET is effective for improvement of acute bilirubin encephalopathy with impaired ABR, a complete recovery of the ABR might be delayed in marked hyperbilirubinemia. The delay in improvement of ABR abnormalities might be possibly used as an early predictor for following chronic bilirubin encephalopathy.     

蓝光照射治疗新生儿黄疸的护理体会

目的采用蓝光照射治疗新生儿黄疸，精心护理使疗效提高，避免发生副作用。方法对198例新生儿高胆红素血症患儿采用蓝光治疗，进行细心观察与护理。结果198例新生儿黄疸经蓝光治疗均痊愈出院，无不良后遗症。结论蓝光照射能有效降低新生儿黄疸患儿的血清胆红素，而正确、精心的护理则是蓝光治疗的关键。