酰胺质子转移成像和扩散加权成像鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变

目的 观察MR酰胺质子转移成像（APTWI）和扩散加权成像（DWI）鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值，并分析不同参数间的相关性。方法 对65例乳腺病变患者行APTWI及DWI，测量并比较乳腺良恶性病变间平均ADC（ADC_mean）、最小ADC（ADC_min）及非对称磁化转移率[MTRasym（3.5 ppm）]值的差异；采用ROC曲线评估各参数鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的诊断效能，并分析良恶性病变中各参数间的相关性。结果 共70个病灶纳入研究，包括32个良性（良性组）和38个恶性病灶（恶性组）。良性组ADC_mean、ADC_min及MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值均高于恶性组（t=－5.63、－5.94、－0.24，P均<0.05）；ADC_min、ADC_mean及MTRasym（3.5 ppm）鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的AUC分别为0.850、0.827及0.729（P均<0.01）；ADC_min的AUC大于MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值（Z=1.990，P=0.046），其余各参数AUC差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。恶性组MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值与ADC_mean（r=－0.325，P=0.046）和ADC_min值（r=－0.384，P=0.017）均呈负相关；良性组MTRasym（3.5 ppm）值与ADC_min值呈负相关（r=－0.357，P=0.045）。结论 APTWI及DWI均可用于鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变；相比DWI，APTWI的诊断效能有待进一步提高。     

不同方法测量扩散峰度成像和体素内不相干运动模型DWI参数诊断乳腺肿块性病变

目的 探讨不同方法测量扩散峰度成像（DKI）及体素内不相干运动（IVIM）模型DWI参数鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性肿块性病变的价值。方法 收集经病理或随访证实的59例乳腺肿块性病变患者（62个病变）。MR检查包括动态增强MRI、IVIM DWI和DKI。分别于动态增强MRI强化最明显处设置ROI,测量其标准扩散系数（ADC_stand）、慢速扩散系数（ADC_slow）、平均峰度值（mean kurtosis,MK）和平均扩散系数（mean diffusion,MD）;于病灶实性部分最大层面沿病变边缘勾画ROI,测量病灶整体的ADC_stand-max、ADC_slow-max、ADC_fast-max、MK-max、MD-max,比较乳腺良恶性病变间各参数的差异,并绘制ROC曲线,比较AUC。结果 62个病变中,良性36个,恶性26个。良恶性病变间ADC_stand、ADC_stand-max、ADC_slow、ADC_slow-max、MK、MK-max、MD、MD-max差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。ROC曲线结果显示ADC_slow联合MK的AUC最大（0.915）,诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度和特异度分别为88.9%和84.6%。ADC_stand与ADC_stand-max（Z=1.465,P=0.143）、ADC_slow与ADC_slow-max（Z=1.013,P=0.311）、MK与MK-max（Z=1.021,P=0.307）、MD与MD-max（Z=1.428,P=0.153）间AUC差异均无统计学意义。结论 各DKI和IVIM DWI参数对鉴别乳腺良恶性肿块具有较高诊断价值,不同测量方法之间鉴别诊断效能无明显差异。     

月 经 状 态 对 不 同 病 理 类 型 宫 颈 癌 表 观 弥 散 系 数 值 的 影 响

目的 观察月经状态对不同病理类型宫颈癌表观弥散系数（ADC）值的影响。方法 回顾性分析352例经病理证实的宫颈癌患者的MRI及DWI资料，其中317例鳞癌和35例腺癌；177例未绝经，175例已绝经。于ADC图像宫颈癌病灶最大层面测量并记录病灶的ADC最大值（ADC_max）、最小值（ADC_min）和平均值（ADC_mean）。比较宫颈鳞癌与腺癌ADC值差异、绝经与未绝经患者宫颈鳞癌和腺癌ADC值差异；分别比较宫颈鳞癌及腺癌中绝经与未绝经患者ADC值差异。结果 宫颈鳞癌ADC_mean和ADC_min均低于腺癌（t=-2.05，-2.28，P均<0.05）。未绝经患者中，宫颈鳞癌ADC_mean和ADC_min均低于腺癌（t=-4.40，-5.40，P均<0.05）；而绝经患者中，宫颈鳞癌ADC_mean、ADC_min和ADC_max均与腺癌差异无统计学意义（t=0.82，1.57，0.45，P均>0.05）。宫颈鳞癌及腺癌中，未绝经患者的ADC_mean、ADC_max和ADC_min均高于绝经患者（t=-3.96，-2.53，-2.78及t=-3.71，-1.15，-5.01，P均<0.05）。结论 不同病理类型宫颈癌的ADC值不同，且受患者月经状态影响；未绝经患者中腺癌的ADC值高于鳞癌，绝经患者中腺癌ADC值与鳞癌相仿。未绝经患者宫颈癌病灶ADC值均高于绝经患者。     

3.0T磁共振体素内不相干运动扩散加权成像鉴别诊断脊柱不典型血管瘤与溶骨性转移瘤

目的 探讨3.0T MR体素内不相干运动（IVIM）成像对脊柱不典型血管瘤与溶骨性转移瘤的鉴别诊断价值。方法 回顾性收集18例脊柱不典型血管瘤患者（19个病灶）和25例脊柱转移瘤患者（69个病灶）。对所有患者均行3.0T MR扫描,包括常规序列和IVIM DWI序列,采用单指数模型后处理软件获得ADC值,采用双指数模型后处理软件获得IVIM参数,包括慢速扩散系数（ADC_slow值）、快速扩散系数（ADC_fast值）及快速扩散分数（f值）。采用独立样本t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验比较各参数值的差异。结果 脊柱不典型血管瘤和转移瘤的ADC值分别为（1.16±0.30）×10^-3 s/mm²、（0.80±0.27）×10^-3 s/mm²,差异有统计学意义（t=5.00,P<0.001）;ADC_slow中位数分别为0.78×10^-3 s/mm²、0.55×10^-3 s/mm²,差异有统计学意义（P=0.02）;ADC_fast分别为（63.06±33.89）×10^-3 s/mm²、（70.78±39.62）×10^-3 s/mm²,差异无统计学意义（t=0.77,P=0.44）;f分别为（40.65±14.75）%、（32.49±11.50）%,差异有统计学意义（t=2.57,P=0.01）。结论 IVIM可定量评估脊柱不典型血管瘤和溶骨性转移瘤的水分子扩散及微血管灌注特性,ADC、ADC_slow值对脊柱不典型血管瘤和溶骨性转移瘤具有一定的鉴别诊断价值。     

比较PET/CT显像中肝脏18F-FDG摄取半定量分析方法

目的 探讨PET/CT显像中影响肝脏¹⁸F-FDG摄取的因素,分析常规体质量（BM）、瘦体质量（LBM）及体表面积（BSA）校正最大标准化摄取值（SUV_max-B、SUV_max-L、SUV_max-S）的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析行¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像的67名健康受检者。测量肝脏SUV_max-B、SUV_max-L及SUV_max-S,分析年龄、空腹血糖水平、体质量指数（BMI）、肝脏CT值、性别、脂肪肝对上述参数的影响。结果 空腹血糖水平与肝脏SUV_max-B、SUV_max-L、SUV_max-S均呈正相关（r=0.329、0.336、0.353,P=0.012、0.010、0.007）。BMI与肝脏SUV_max-B （r=0.543,P<0.01）、SUV_max-L （r=0.328,P=0.07）呈正相关BMI与SUV_max-S无相关性（r=0.026,P=0.833）。受检者年龄、肝脏CT值与肝脏SUV_max-B、SUV_max-L、SUV_max-S均无相关性（P均>0.05）。男性肝脏SUV_max-B （t=2.608,P=0.011）、SUV_max-L （t=5.272,P<0.001）明显高于女性,男性与女性肝脏SUV_max-S无统计学差异（t=0.759,P=0.450）。脂肪肝受检者与非脂肪肝受检者肝脏SUV_max-B、SUV_max-L、SUV_max-S均无统计学差异（P=0.646、0.775、0.068）。结论 空腹血糖水平、BMI、性别是PET/CT显像中影响肝脏摄取¹⁸F-FDG的因素。BMI较大的受检者可采用SUV_max-L或SUV_max-S代替SUV_max-B,此外SUV_max-S可弥补性别间的差异,但校正技术无法减弱血糖水平对肝脏SUV_max的影响。     

DWI和动态增强MRI定量参数诊断子宫内膜癌肌层浸润

目的 探讨DWI和动态对比增强MRI（DCE-MRI）定量参数诊断子宫内膜癌浸润深度的价值。方法 回顾性分析45例经手术病理证实为子宫内膜样腺癌患者的资料,均于术前1~2周接受常规MRI及DWI、DCE-MRI。根据病理结果按子宫内膜癌肌层浸润深度分为无或浅肌层浸润组（n=25）和深肌层浸润组（n=20）,比较2组间ADC值及DCE-MRI定量参数值（K^trans、K_ep、V_e）的差异;绘制ROC曲线,评价有统计学差异的参数诊断子宫内膜癌肌层浸润深度的效能。结果 子宫内膜癌深肌层浸润组K^trans值高于无或浅肌层浸润组,差异有统计学意义（P=0.016）,2组间ADC值、K_ep、V_e差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。K^trans诊断子宫内膜癌肌层浸润深度的ROC曲线下面积为0.735（P=0.007）,以K^trans=0.355/min为临界值,诊断子宫内膜癌肌层浸润深度的敏感度、特异度分别为80.0%、60.0%。结论 DCE-MRI定量参数中,K^trans值有助于评估子宫内膜癌肌层侵犯深度。     

常规MRI表现及表观弥散系数直方图分析鉴别Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型上皮性卵巢癌

目的 观察常规MRI表现及表观弥散系数（ADC）直方图分析鉴别Ⅰ、Ⅱ上皮性卵巢癌（EOC）的价值。方法 回顾性分析44例经病理证实EOC患者,比较Ⅰ、Ⅱ型EOC常规MRI定性指标及ADC直方图定量指标的差异;绘制差异有统计学意义指标的鉴别Ⅰ、Ⅱ型EOC的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,比较曲线下面积（AUC）的差异。结果 44例EOC中,20例Ⅰ型及24例Ⅱ型,其形态及内部成分差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。Ⅰ型EOC的ADC直方图定量值均高于Ⅱ型（P均<0.01）。常规MRI指标及ADC直方图指标鉴别Ⅰ、Ⅱ型EOC的AUC为0.65~0.97,其中第50百分位数（ADC_50th）及第90百分位数（ADC_90th）的AUC最高,均为0.97;病灶形态与成分的AUC差异无统计学意义（Z=0.54,P>0.05）;病灶形态与ADC最大值（ADC_max）的AUC差异无统计学意义（Z=1.39,P>0.05）,肿瘤成分AUC与ADC_max、ADC_99th差异均无统计学意义（Z=0.89、1.60,P均>0.05）,二者AUC均小于其余ADC直方图定量参数（P均<0.05）;定性指标的联合AUC小于平均ADC值（ADC_mean）及第10百分位数（ADC_10th）、ADC_50th及ADC_90th（Z=2.71、2.37、2.74、2.87,P均<0.05）。结论 ADC直方图分析有助于直观显示EOC内部特性,其定量参数鉴别诊断I、Ⅱ型EOC的效能优于常规MRI。     

18F-FDGPET/MRI评估宫颈癌大小、分化程度、肌层浸润深度和周围组织受累

目的 观察¹⁸F-FDG PET/MRI病灶最大标准摄取值（SUV_max）和最小表观弥散系数（ADC_min）评估宫颈癌大小、分化程度、肌层浸润深度和累及周围组织的价值。方法 回顾性分析45例宫颈癌患者的PET/MRI,根据术后病理将其分为中-高分化组（n=20）和低分化组（n=25）;测量病灶长径和短径,并计算病灶平均径、SUV_max及ADC_min,观察SUV_max和ADC_min评估宫颈癌大小、分化程度、肌层浸润深度及周围组织受累的效能。结果 45例宫颈癌病灶平均径为（27.67±11.53）mm,中-高分化组病灶平均径[(27.68±2.71)mm]与低分化组[(27.67±2.26)mm]差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。MRI显示15例宫颈肌层浸润深度≤ 1/2肌层,其中11例与病理结果一致;30例浸润深度>1/2肌层,其中28例与病理结果一致;MRI与病理符合率为86.67%（39/45）。病理结果显示10例宫颈癌累及子宫体、3例累及子宫旁脂肪组织、8例累及阴道、3例累及附件;PET/MRI检出率分别为80.00%（8/10）、66.67%（2/3）、75.00%（6/8）和66.67%（2/3）。宫颈癌SUV_max与其平均径呈中度正相关（r=0.536,P<0.01）,且中-高分化组SUV_max与低分化组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。宫颈癌ADC_min与其平均径呈中度负相关（r=-0.525,P<0.01）,且中-高分化组ADC_min明显高于低分化组（P<0.05）。结论 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/MRI观察病灶SUV_max和ADC_min有助于评估宫颈癌大小、分化程度、肌层浸润深度及周围组织受累,尤以ADC_min价值较高。     

同时多层分段读出平面回波弥散加权成像

目的 评价同时多层（SMS）分段读出平面回波（RS-EP）弥散加权成像（DWI）用于乳腺的可行性及全肿瘤直方纹理分析参数鉴别乳腺良、恶性肿瘤的价值。方法 纳入185例经病理证实的女性乳腺肿瘤患者,均为单发病灶,根据肿瘤性质分为良性组（n=58）及恶性组（n=127）;采集SMS RS-EP DWI图像,提取全肿瘤直方图参数及纹理参数,采用组内相关系数（ICC）评价观察者内及观察者间的可重复性,并对比组间各参数差异。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,计算曲线下面积（AUC）评价定量参数鉴别乳腺良、恶性肿瘤的效能。结果 观察者内及观察者间ADC_Kurtosis、观察者间ADC_Entropy一致性中等（ICC均 ≤ 0.75）,其余参数均一致性较好或极好（ICC均>0.75）。除ADC_SD和ADC_Kurtosis外,其他参数组间差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。直方图参数中,ADC_Median鉴别乳腺良、恶性肿瘤的AUC最高（0.879）;纹理参数中,ADC_Entropy的AUC值最高（0.764）;二者联合诊断的AUC为0.911,敏感度和特异度分别为90.55%和81.03%。结论 SMS RS-EP DWI可用于乳腺检查;联合全肿瘤直方纹理分析有助于鉴别乳腺良、恶性肿瘤。     

非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤的DWI及动态增强MR表现

目的 探讨非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤(MB)的DWI及动态增强MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析23例经病理证实的非小脑蚓部MB患者的DWI及动态增强MR图像。分别测量病灶ADC值(ADC_MB)和相同层面脑白质ADC值(ADC_白质),获取时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)。计算并比较各类型TIC的达峰时间(T_max)、增强峰值(EP)、最大对比增强率(MCER)。结果 MB的DWI均呈相对高信号,ADC呈相对低信号。TIC曲线类型为流入型4例(4/23,17.39%),平台型19例(19/23,82.61%)。流入型T_max为(112.33±8.33)s,平台型T_max为(81.18±13.12)s,差异有统计学意义(t=3.84,P=0.02)。结论 DWI和动态增强MRI对诊断非小脑蚓部MB有重要临床价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。