不同商品规格的甘肃大黄的综合质量考察

大黄具有泻热通肠、凉血解热、逐瘀通经之功效，药用历史悠久，在中成药处方中广泛使用。大黄即是甘肃的大宗道地药材，又是甘肃的传统出口商品，产量大，质量好。甘肃大黄在历代诸家本草均有记载，因其质量优异，早在公元前114年即向欧洲出口，13世纪马可波罗《东方见闻录》中写到“中国甘肃凉州产大黄甚丰”。由于大黄药材野生资源有限，现甘肃境内广泛栽培，仅礼县、庄浪大黄种植面积约6666．67hm^2，年产大黄5万吨。因大黄药材商品规格种类繁多，各种规格的大黄药材综合质量考察至今未见文献报道。我们深入甘肃各道地大黄产区采集收购不同商品规格的大黄样品，测定其芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚这五种蒽醌类化合物含量、浸出物含量及水分、干燥失重、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分检查，并按照国际市场对绿色无公害药材的要求对甘肃不同产地的大黄药材进行农残、重金属检测，及人体必需微量元素测定，为甘肃不同产地、不同商品规格的道地药材大黄综合质量评价提供科学依据。     

大黄的炮制及有效成分分析

本文叙述了大黄的炮制方法，炮制上的大黄性状、化学成份及药理作用，炮制后的有效成分为蒽甙衍生物３．５％，游离状态的甙元，其余则为葡萄糖结合为甙，甙元主要有：大黄素、大黄酸、芦荟大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚。大黄具有杀虫作用，利胆作用，止血作用，抗感染作用，泻下作用。     

同一制剂中虎杖、大黄的薄层鉴别

目的 学会用TLC鉴别同一制剂中的虎杖、大黄。方法 以虎杖、大黄为对照药材，采用TLC鉴别我司“清肝颗粒”中的虎杖、大黄。结果 在TLC色谱中能明显区别虎杖和大黄，从而确定制剂中同时古有虎杖和大黄。结论 方法可靠，重现性好，斑点清晰明显。     

大黄碳酸氢钠片中大黄及薄荷油的质量控制研究

]目的：应用现代色谱方法对大黄碳酸氢钠片中大黄及薄荷油的质量控制进行研究，为补充完善现有质量控制标准提供参考。方法：采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，以Agilent XDB C18(4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm)为色谱柱，甲醇-0.1%磷酸水（85∶15）为流动相，在254 nm的波长下测定大黄中4种游离型蒽醌（大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚）的含量。采用薄层色谱法，对薄荷油进行定性鉴别。结果：应用HPLC含量测定方法操作简单，精密度、稳定性、重复性实验结果良好，大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚值线性关系良好（r＞0.999 5），平均加样回收率好，测得3个不同厂家大黄碳酸氢钠片中大黄的含量有显著性差异；薄层色谱的定性鉴别方法操作简便，结果准确。结论：大黄碳酸氢钠片的现行质量控制标准应进行修订，建议增补关于大黄的定量考察项目，且应更新优化其项下薄荷油的定性鉴别方法，以增加鉴别实验结果的可靠性。     

大黄酸的结构修饰及其生物活性研究进展

大黄酸是大黄素型羟基蒽醌，主要存在于大黄等中药中。大黄酸具有抗癌、抗炎、抗菌、抗阿尔茨海默病等广泛的药理活性，但由于其水溶性差、生物利用度低等缺点，限制了其临床应用。为了克服这些缺点，研究者通过对其进行结构修饰研究，设计并合成了大量生物活性更为突出的大黄酸衍生物。本文综述了近年来大黄酸的结构修饰及其生物活性研究进展，为大黄酸类衍生物的进一步研究提供参考依据。     

大黄与伪品大黄的简易鉴别

大黄是常用中药。中国药典1995年版收载有掌叶大黄RheumpalmatumL，唐古特大黄RheumtanguticumMaximexBait或药用大黄RheumofficinaleBaill的干燥报及根茎，除去细报，刮去外皮，切瓣或段，干燥而成。它具有泻热通肠，凉血解毒，通瘀通经的作用（以下简称正品大黄）。近来发现有同属植物藏边大黄R·emodiwall，河套大黄R·hotaoenseC．Y．chengetC．T．Kao，华北大黄R．fnanzenbachiiMiint天山大黄R·WittrochiiLundstr等的根和根茎做大黄使用（以下简称伪品大黄），这些品种虽然也含有葱配衍生物成份，但不含双总配式和番泻忒类，…     

生大黄在皮肤科的应用

大黄为蓼科植物的掌叶大黄Rheum Pahmatuml、唐古特大黄R.tanguticum Maxim exreg或药用大黄ROfficinale Baill的根和根茎，其性味苦、寒，人胃，大肠、肝、脾、心径，其功效为攻里通下、活血祛瘀、清热解毒，既可内服，也可外用。大黄分为生大黄和熟大黄，生大黄广泛用于临床，可治疗乙型病毒型肝炎，上消化道出血，小儿病毒性心肌炎、肝裂、便秘、胃炎、痔疮、急性重症胆管炎、急性痛风性关节炎、中风、慢性肾功能衰竭、急性肠梗阻等等，现将其在皮肤科的应用介绍如下。     

生地大黄汤加味治疗血小板减少性紫癜

生地大黄汤加味治疗血小板减少性紫癜张秀荣（周口地区中医院内科４６６０００）药物组成：生地黄、生大黄。药仅两味，但药简意深，配伍精当。地黄甘寒毓阴，凭凉营以止血；大黄苦寒直折，藉涤荡以祛瘀。地黄补其虚，大黄泻其实。地黄守而不走，大黄走而不守。两者配伍，...     

大黄注射液的制备及含量测定

大黄注射液的制备及含量测定芦喜珍，刘焱文，何再安，李景荣，金远俊（湖北中医学院武汉４３００６１）大黄（ＲｈｅｕｍＰａｌｍａｔｕｍＬ．）为传统中药。药理实验表明大黄具有抗菌、抗病毒、泻下等作用。罗军等人用大黄注射液进行了体外和体内（肌肉注射感染疱疹病毒...     

大黄、丹参炮制品的药效学研究

目的探讨炮制工艺（白酒与黄酒炮制）对丹参、大黄活血祛瘀作用的影响。方法采用肾上腺素致怒及寒冷造成大鼠血瘀模型，比较丹参、大黄的炮制品对血液流变学指标及对血小板功能、抗凝血指标的影响。结果丹参各炮制品均有明显的活血作用，酒制大黄、生大黄与白酒都有一定的作用，但生大黄与白酒作用较弱。结论丹参、大黄酒制后药效学作用明显加强。     

黄花蒿发根的液体培养及青蒿素合成的动态特征研究

目的:探讨黄花蒿发根生长及青蒿素生物合成的动态特征,建立高效、稳定的黄花蒿发根液体培养体系。方法:测定不同培养基以及MS培养基中不同营养元素对黄花蒿发根生物量和青蒿素含量的影响。结果:筛选出优化的黄花蒿发根液体培养基,获得拟合的黄花蒿发根生长和青蒿素合成的Logistic方程。结论:在优化的MS培养基中黄花蒿发根生长迅速且能稳定合成青蒿素,为工业化大规模生产青蒿素提供了可能。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白对黄芪甲苷生物合成的调控作用

为了研究透明颤菌血红蛋白(Vitreoscilla hemoglobin,VHb)对黄芪甲苷生物合成的调控作用,本文运用农杆菌介导法,将透明颤菌血红蛋白基因(Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene,vgb)导入黄芪毛状根中,经PCR特征性引物扩增得到54个转基因株系。Southern blot分析,证明vgb基因已经整合到转基因黄芪毛状根基因组中。RT-PCR分析结果表明,vgb基因在转录水平获得表达。转基因黄芪毛状根培养15天,其生长量和增长倍数皆比非转基因黄芪毛状根高;黄芪甲苷含量测定结果显示,转基因黄芪毛状根黄芪甲苷含量是非转基因黄芪毛状根的5～6倍,是山西产黄芪药材的10～12倍。研究结果表明,vgb基因的表达促进了转基因毛状根的生长,提高了黄芪甲苷含量。     

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation: root cultures as a source of alkaloids

Hairy roots, transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, have been found to be suitable for the production of secondary metabolites because of their stable and high productivity in hormone-free culture conditions. A number of plant species including many medicinal plants have been successfully transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Transformed root cultures have also been found to be a potential source of high-value pharmaceuticals. In this article the most important alkaloids produced by hairy roots are summarised. Several different methods have been used to increase the alkaloid accumulation in hairy root cultures. The selection of high productive root lines based on somaclonal variation offers an interesting option to enhance the productivity. Elicitors and modification of culture conditions have been shown to increase the growth and the alkaloid production in some cases. Genetic engineering is a modern tool to regulate the secondary metabolism also in hairy roots. However, our knowledge on biosynthesis of many alkaloids is still poor. Only a limited number of enzymes and their respective genes which regulate the biosynthetic pathways are fully characterised.     

Influence of Agrobacterium rhizogenes Strains on Biomass and Alkaloid Productivity in Hairy Root Lines of Hyoscyamus muticus and H. albus *

Using leaf explants of IN VITRO grown HYOSCYAMUS ALBUS and H. MUTICUS plantlets, hairy roots were induced following inoculation with AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES strains A (4) and LBA-9402. The transformed roots, appearing after 14 - 17 days incubation on hormone-free MS medium containing 1 g/L cephalexin, were excised and maintained in the same medium. Ten randomly selected hairy root lines from each bacterial treatment of the two plant systems were compared for growth and alkaloid production in half-strength, hormone-free MS medium on 25 (th) day of culture. A. RHIZOGENES strain - A (4) induced hairy root lines of both H. ALBUS and H. MUTICUS were comparatively faster growing than those induced by strain LBA-9402. In contrast to earlier reports, some of the hairy root lines of H. ALBUS induced by A. RHIZOGENES strain A (4) were as fast growing as the hairy root lines of H. MUTICUS. The atropine yields of A (4) induced lines of H. ALBUS were significantly higher (3.5 fold) than the LBA-9402 induced lines. No such relationship between the bacterial strain and alkaloid productivity could, however, be obtained in case of hairy root lines of H. MUTICUS.     

Tropane alkaloid production and shoot regeneration in hairy and adventitious root cultures of Duboisia myoporoides-D. leichhardtii hybrid

Co-culture conditions for Duboisia myoporoides-D. leichhardtii hybrid hairy root induction were investigated using leaf explants and Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834. The bacteria density and duration of co-culture greatly affected the induction rate; the highest rate of 50% was obtained when the leaf explants were co-cultured for 2 d with 10(6) bacteria. One hairy root clone that showed the fastest root growth was selected and used for comparison study with adventitious roots cultured with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The hairy roots cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium grew well and yielded much more tropane alkaloids (35 mg/l scopolamine and 17 mg/l hyoscyamine) than adventitious roots cultured in 0.5 mg/l IAA after 6 weeks of culture at 25 degrees C in the dark. The hairy and adventitious roots (2.5 cm) grown in liquid media were divided into 5 parts (each 0.5 cm) along the root axis. Distribution of scopolamine and IAA was then determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Inverse relationship between contents of scopolamine and IAA was observed in the hairy roots; increase of scopolamine and decrease of IAA were proportional to the distance from the root meristem. In contrast, the contents of scopolamine and IAA were relatively constant in the adventitious roots. In shoot regeneration experiments, the hairy and adventitious root segments (1 cm) were placed onto 1/2 MS solid medium containing various concentrations of IAA and BA cultured at 25 degrees C under 16 h light. In adventitious roots, the shoots regenerated on media containing 6-benzyladenine (BA) (0.5 to 5 mg/l), and 100% regeneration was observed in medium with 0.1 mg/l IAA and 2 mg/l BA. On the other hand, shoot regeneration was only observed in 33% of hairy roots cultured on medium containing 5 mg/l BA.     

Growth and ginsenoside production in hairy root cultures of Panax ginseng using a novel bioreactor

We tested the effect of three variables: the bioreactor system (Wave or Spray reactor), medium exchange and culture period, on the capacity of a selected hairy root line of Panax ginseng to produce ginsenosides. Among the reactors, the Wave bioreactor appeared to be the most efficient in promoting hairy root line growth. Periodic exchanges of the medium and a longer culture period increased the growth rate of cultured hairy root line and, consequently, its capacity to produce ginsenosides. Under established optimum conditions (medium exchange every 14 days over a culture period of 56 days using the Wave bioreactor), the initial root fresh weight was enhanced more than 28-fold, giving a root biomass of 284.9 g L(-1) and a ginsenoside content of 145.6 mg L(-1). It is noteworthy that this ginsenoside production exceeded by almost 3-fold that obtained during the shake flask culture of our hairy root line, although it often happens that the scale-up from shake flask to a bioreactor culture results in reduced productivities. To our knowledge this is the first time that a Wave bioreactor has been used for hairy root culture.     

甘草毛状根中甘草总黄酮和甘草酸的检测和分析

目的检测甘草毛状根中总黄酮和甘草酸的含量。方法采用紫外分光光度法检测甘草总黄酮含量,采用HPLC检测甘草酸含量。结果甘草毛状根中的总黄酮含量在不同根系中有很大差异,最高可达0.803%,接近生药根;大多数根系高于正常组培根;总黄酮含量随着培养时间的延长呈增加趋势,至9周时增加了68.5%。不同甘草毛状根系中的甘草酸含量差异显著,部分根系未检出甘草酸,能检出的根系最高干重含量为0.69mg·g^-1,远低于生药根（干重含量32.13mg·g^-1）,且含量不受培养时间影响。结论甘草毛状根在目前情况下不适于作为甘草酸的获取资源,但作为甘草总黄酮获取的新资源,是值得进一步研究的。     

Impact of nutrient components on production of the phytoestrogens daidzein and genistein by hairy roots of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psoralea corylifolia</Emphasis>

Transformed hairy roots of Psoralea corylifolia were established by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA 9402. The aim of this work was to elucidate the effects of media constituents on production of the phytoestrogenic isoflavones daidzein and genistein. A. rhizogenes strain LBA 9402 harboring Ri plasmid was used to transform stem segments of in vitro seedlings. The resultant hairy roots were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and exhibited Ri T-DNA. Transformed hairy root clones were cultured in Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium altered with different concentrations of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻ and their growth and production of isoflavones were assessed. Biomass and productivity increased when MS medium was supplemented with NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻ at a ratio of 20:10. Increased yield of daidzein was obtained when sucrose level in the culture medium increased, whereas decreased level of sucrose favored genistein production. The hairy roots produced the highest levels of daidzein (2.06% dry wt.) and genistein (0.37% dry wt.) in the presence of low concentrations of PO₄ ³⁻. Hairy roots secreted trace amounts of daidzein and genistein into the culture medium. The present results demonstrated that the productivity of daidzein was 2.2-fold more than that of untransformed roots.     

Polyacetylenes in hairy roots of a panax hybrid

From the hairy roots of an interspecific hybrid ginseng ( Panax ginseng x P. quinquefolium) known as Pgq, three polyacetylenes were isolated: panaxynol, panaxydol and 1,8-heptadecadiene-3,10-diol. These compounds isolated from the hairy roots were used for quantitative analysis to investigate the polyacetylene production of the hairy roots cultured in Gamborg B5 (B5) and 1/8 Murashige-Skoog (MS) liquid media. Maximum growth of the hairy roots was observed (ca. 5.4 g fresh weight/100 mL flask) at 8 weeks of culture in B5 medium. The highest total content of total polyacetylenes was 0.18 % of dry weight at week 8 when cultured in 1/8 MS medium. In addition, we compared the yields of polyacetylenes and ginsenosides in hairy roots cultured in B5 with those in 1/8 MS media and found the highest yields were obtained in the hairy roots cultured in B5 medium (1.24 mmol/flask polyacetylenes and 4.45 mmol/flask ginsenosides at week 8).     

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of Artemisia annua: production of transgenic plants

Transgenic hairy roots were induced in the leaves of Artemisia annua by treatment with the LBA 9402 strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The axenic hairy root cultures were found to produce the sesquiterpenes artemisinic acid and arteannuin B. The hairy root cultures were observed to spontaneously regenerate into plantlets on solid hormone-free MS medium. The regenerated plants had phenotypic characteristics typical to the transformed plants. Among the plants of the age of one month in culture, the transgenic plant was bigger (2.643 g/plant) than the normal (0.856 g/plant). Both these kinds of in vitro plants carried sesquiterpenes-artemisinic acid and arteannuin B.