丁基苯酞对大脑中动脉阻断后皮层组织中花生四烯酸释放及磷脂酶A2基因表达的影响

目的　研究丁基苯酞（dl-NBP), d-NBP和 l-NBP对大脑中动脉阻断(MCAO) 6 h后缺血区皮层中花生四烯酸(AA)释放及磷脂酶A₂（PLA₂）基因表达的影响。方法　阻断大脑中动脉起始部造成局灶性脑缺血模型。HPLC检测AA。Northern blot检测皮层中PLA₂基因表达。结果　MCAO后6 h,皮层中AA释放明显增加。于脑缺血后5 min 和120 min,给dl-NBP(10或20 mg.kg^-1) 和尼莫地平(0.5 mg.kg^-1) 可显著抑制AA的释放。d-NBP和l-NBP作用比较,显示d-NBP有与dl-NBP相似的作用,而l-NBP则无明显影响。Northern印迹结果表明,脑缺血6 h,皮层中PLA₂的基因表达增强。 dl-NBP和d-NBP(10, 20 mg.kg^-1,ip)皆可使表达降低,而l-NBP对缺血脑组织中PLA₂的基因表达的升高无明显影响。结论　dl-NBP和d-NBP可抑制MCAO后脑组织中AA释放和PLA₂的基因表达。     

丁基苯酞对线粒体呼吸链复合酶活性的影响

目的：阐明正丁基苯酞(dl-3-n-butylphthalide, dl-NBP)改善缺血脑能量代谢的机制。方法：用分光光度法测定局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑线粒体呼吸链复合酶I,II,III和IV活性的改变,并观察dl-NBP对这些变化的影响。结果：缺血时复合酶II活性升高,IV的活性显著降低;再灌后, 复合酶I活性升高,II的活性降低。在缺血前10 min给予dl-NBP(5 mg.kg^-1或10 mg.kg^-1, ip)能逆转缺血-再灌引起的上述复合酶活性改变,尤其是使缺血后急剧降低的复合酶IV活性得到明显提高。同时NBP(d-,l-,dl-)还能逆转低糖低氧造成的原代培养大鼠皮质细胞呼吸链复合酶IV活性降低。结论：NBP能够改善缺血脑内能量状态是直接作用于脑线粒体的结果,而d-NBP起着主要作用。     

丁基苯酞对局灶性脑缺血大鼠软脑膜微循环障碍的影响

目的：观察消旋、左旋及右旋丁基苯酞（dl-,l-,d-3-n-butylphthalide,dl-,l-,d-NBP）对局灶性脑缺血大鼠软脑膜微循环障碍的影响。方法：用插线法造成大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型,并用体外显微摄像技术及微循环图象处理系统观察大鼠软脑膜微动脉管径及红细胞流速的变化。结果：dl-,l-和d-NBP对正常大鼠脑微动脉管径无明显影响,MCAO术前1 h预防给药,dl-,l-NBP和尼莫地平可明显增加局灶性脑缺血大鼠软脑膜微动脉管径及血流速度,而d-NBP则加重软脑膜微循环障碍。MCAO术后20 min治疗给药,dl-和l-NBP仍可明显逆转局灶性脑缺血大鼠软脑膜微循环障碍,而d-NBP及尼莫地平作用不明显。结论：改善脑微循环状态是 dl-和l-NBP发挥抗脑缺血作用的重要药理机制之一。     

溴泰君(W198)在大鼠和比格狗体内的药代动力学

目的研究溴泰君(W198)在大鼠和比格狗的药代动力学。方法采用HPLC紫外检测方法测定大鼠及比格狗注射W198后血清药物浓度。结果大鼠iv W198 10,20和40 mg·kg^-1 3个剂量的T_1/2β分别为6.60,7.36和6.77 h,AUC_0-24h分别为3.797,7.371和15.192 mg·h·L^-1,V_d分别为7.14,4.33和4.13 L·kg^-1,CL分别为2.83,2.60和2.71 L·(kg·h)^-1。大鼠im W198 20 mg·kg^-1后T_1/2β为11.61 h,AUC_0-24h为4.191 mg·h·L^-1,im的生物利用度为56.9%。比格狗iv W198 5 mg·kg^-1,T_1/2β为11.72 h,AUC_0-24h为12.646 mg·h·L^-1,V_d为0.70 L·kg^-1,CL为0.46 L·(kg·h)^-1。W198与人血浆蛋白的结合率平均为78.0%。结论W198 im的T_1/2β比iv的略长,其生物利用度为56.9%。在10～40 mg·kg^-1剂量内的吸收呈现一级动力学特征。     

去甲肾上腺素能系统对埃必定镇痛作用的影响

在大鼠电刺激甩尾测痛模型上,sc或icv埃必定(ipalbidine,Ipa)均具有剂量依赖性的镇痛作用,而脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射Ipa人产生镇痛作用;预先给予利血平可以取消scIpa的镇痛作用,这一作用可被icv补充NE所翻转;电解损毁大鼠叹侧蓝斑,ip二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠200mg·kg^-1,酚妥拉明ip10mg·kg^-1或icv150μg和sc哌唑嗪5mg·kg^-1均能使Ipa的镇痛作用明显减弱或消失,而sc育亨宾5mg·kg^-1和ip普萘洛尔10mg·kg^-1对Ipa的镇痛作用无明显影响。上述结果提示Ipa在中枢有镇痛作用,其部位主要在脊髓以上的神经结构,Ipa的镇痛作用可能与去甲肾上腺素能系统的a₁受体有关,而与a₂和β受体无明显关系。     

脑5-HT1A/1B、α2受体及腺苷酸环化酶参与了胍丁胺的抗抑郁作用

为了在单胺受体及受体后腺苷酸环化酶(adenylate cyclase,AC)水平探讨胍丁胺(agmatine,AGM)抗抑郁作用的精细机制,采用小鼠悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验观察AGM抗抑郁行为改变。采用放射免疫方法测定大鼠前额皮层突触膜蛋白AC活性。结果表明,AGM(5～40 mg·kg^-1,ig)在小鼠悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验模型上均有显著抗抑郁活性。同时伍用β受体/5-HT_1A/1B受体阻断剂吲哚洛尔(pindolol, PIN, 20 mg·kg^-1, ip)、 α₂肾上腺素受体拮抗剂育亨宾(yohimbine, YOH, 5～10 mg·kg^-1, ip)或咪唑克生(idazoxan, IDA, 4 mg·kg^-1, ip)对AGM(40 mg·kg^-1, ig)的抗抑郁活性具有显著拮抗效应; 而β受体阻断剂普萘洛尔(propranolol, PRO, 5～20 mg·kg^-1, ip)或5-HT₃受体拮抗剂曲匹西隆(tropisetron, TRO, 5～40 mg·kg^-1, ip)对AGM(40 mg·kg^-1, ig)的抗抑郁活性无显著影响。AGM(0.1～6.4 μmol·L^-1)与大鼠前额皮层提取的突触膜共孵可剂量依赖地激活AC活性, 而PIN(1 μmol·L^-1)或YOH(0.25～1 μmol·L^-1)均显著拮抗AGM(6.4 μmol·L^-1)对AC的激活作用; 慢性给予大鼠AGM(10 mg·kg^-1, ig, bid)或氟西汀(fluoxetine, FLU, 10 mg·kg^-1, ig, bid) 2 w也显著增强大鼠前额皮层基础及Gpp(NH)p 预激活的AC活性。本研究表明, 调节脑内5-HT_1A/1B和α₂等受体功能, 并激活前额皮层AC可能是AGM抗抑郁活性的重要机制之一。     

丁基苯酞对正常及局部脑缺血大鼠纹状体脑血流影响

应用氢清除法连续测定大鼠一侧纹状体脑血流量(rCBF), 并观察丁基苯酞(NBP)对其影响. 结果表明, NBP 40或80 mg·kg^-1 ig均能显著增加大脑中动脉阻断后纹状体的rCBF(与溶剂对照组相比P<0.01), 作用持续3 h. 此外, 5-20 mg·kg^-1 ig时, 也可增加正常大鼠纹状体脑血流, 各剂量组NBP对平均动脉压均无明显影响; 尼莫地平(Nim)0.5 mg·kg^-1 ip也能明显增加纹状体脑血流, 同时轻度降低动脉平均压, 其增加脑血流作用与NBP 5 mg·kg^-1的作用相当. 提示NBP不仅能增加正常大鼠纹状体的脑血流, 还能增加大脑中动脉阻断后纹状体的血流量, 其抗脑缺血作用可能与该作用有关.     

小檗碱对2型糖尿病大鼠视网膜PPARα/δ/γ表达的影响

糖尿病视网膜病是最常见的糖尿病并发症之一，是导致失明的主要原因，因此有必要寻找新的治疗药物。给大鼠腹腔注射链脲菌素(35 mg·kg^-1) 2周后用高糖高脂饲料喂养14周，之后连续16周每天分别拌食给予小檗碱75、150及300 mg·kg^-1、非诺贝特100 mg·kg^-1和罗格列酮4 mg·kg^-1。用HE染色检查视网膜结构和免疫组化检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs) α/δ/γ的表达。结果发现，正常对照组大鼠的视网膜厚度大于其他各组，经小檗碱(150及300 mg·kg^-1)和罗格列酮(4 mg·kg^-1)的治疗能增加糖尿病大鼠视网膜的厚度，但视网膜的结构在各组间无差别；小檗碱(150及300 mg·kg^-1)和罗格列酮(4 mg·kg^-1)能明显降低糖尿病大鼠视网膜中PPARγ蛋白表达，小檗碱(150及300 mg·kg^-1)和非诺贝特(100 mg·kg^-1)能显著增加糖尿病大鼠视网膜中PPARα和PPARδ的表达。小檗碱调控视网膜PPAR α/δ/γ蛋白表达可能是其改善糖尿病视网膜病的机制之一，可能成为比罗格列酮和非诺贝特更有效的用于治疗糖尿病视网膜病的药物。     

丁基苯酞对大鼠血栓形成及血小板功能的影响

目的研究消旋、左旋和右旋丁基苯酞(dl-,l-和d-NBP)对血栓形成及血小板功能的影响。方法利用半体外血栓形成术及比浊法,观察dl-,l-和d-NBP及阿司匹林(Asp)对大鼠血栓湿重和血小板聚集率的影响,并用放免法、荧光分光光度法测定其对血小板内cAMP和TXB2的水平以及血小板5-HT释放率的影响。结果ip,dl-NBP和l-NBP可剂量依赖性地抑制大鼠血栓形成,且l-NBP作用与Asp相似,d-NBP对半体外血栓形成无显著作用;dl-,d-和l-NBP可显著抑制胶原、ADP、花生四烯酸诱导的血小板聚集。结论NBP有抗血栓作用,l-NBP作用最强,dl-NBP作用较弱,其抗栓作用与升高血小板内cAMP的含量及抑制5-HT释放有关。     

双环醇对四环素诱发小鼠急性脂肪肝的保护作用

研究双环醇对四环素诱发小鼠急性脂肪肝的影响。小鼠一次腹腔注射四环素(180 mg·kg^-1) 24 h后，收集血样和肝组织，采用生化法测定肝脏甘油三酯(triglyceride，TG)、胆固醇(cholesterol，CHO)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione，GSH)含量，以及血清脂质和转氨酶水平；光谱法测定小鼠线粒体脂肪酸β-氧化速率以及肝脏极低密度脂蛋白(very low density lipoprotein，VLDL，TG)分泌速率。结果表明，双环醇(150及300 mg·kg^-1)连续灌胃给药3次可以不同程度地保护四环素引起的小鼠肝脏TG和CHO升高以及血清谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase，ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase，AST)升高和脂质异常。双环醇(300 mg·kg^-1)还可减轻四环素诱发小鼠肝脏丙二醛(malondialdehyde，MDA)生成增加和GSH水平降低，并能抑制肝线粒体脂肪酸β-氧化速率下降。双环醇(300 mg·kg^-1)可部分逆转四环素所致小鼠肝脏VLDL(TG)分泌速率的减少。由此可见，双环醇对四环素诱发小鼠急性脂肪肝具有明显的保护作用，其作用机制与保护肝线粒体β-氧化功能、改善肝脂蛋白分泌及转运以及抑制肝脏脂质过氧化密切相关。     

基苯酞改善大鼠实验性蛛网膜下腔出血后局部脑血流

目的：探讨丁基苯酞对大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血的可能治疗作用。方法；侧脑室注射自体动脉血造成多膜下腔出血模型，氢清除法测定尾核局部脑血流。结果：蛛网膜下腔出血后１５ｍｉｎ，ｒＣＢＦ即快速降至注血前的５２％，并且在１８０ｍｉｎ内基本上维持在该水平。     

丁基苯酞对大脑中动脉阻断后皮层组织中花生四烯酸释放及磷脂酶A2基因表达的影响

目的　研究丁基苯酞 (dl NBP) ,d NBP和l NBP对大脑中动脉阻断 (MCAO) 6h后缺血区皮层中花生四烯酸 (AA)释放及磷脂酶A2 (PLA2 )基因表达的影响。方法　阻断大脑中动脉起始部造成局灶性脑缺血模型。HPLC检测AA。Northernblot检测皮层中PLA2 基因表达。结果　MCAO后 6h ,皮层中AA释放明显增加。于脑缺血后 5min和 12 0min ,给dl NBP(10或 2 0mg·kg- 1)和尼莫地平 (0 5mg·kg- 1)可显著抑制AA的释放。d NBP和l NBP作用比较 ,显示d NBP有与dl NBP相似的作用 ,而l NBP则无明显影响。Northern印迹结果表明 ,脑缺血 6h ,皮层中PLA2 的基因表达增强。dl NBP和d NBP(10 ,2 0mg·kg- 1,ip)皆可使表达降低 ,而l NBP对缺血脑组织中PLA2 的基因表达的升高无明显影响。结论　dl NBP和d NBP可抑制MCAO后脑组织中AA释放和PLA2 的基因表达。     

莽草对大鼠大脑中动脉血栓所致局部脑缺血性损伤的拮抗作用

目的：研究莽草酸（ＳＡ）对大脑中动脉血栓所致局部脑缺血的影响。方法：用三氯化铁局部涂抹损伤血管形成的大鼠大脑中动脉血栓模型（ＭＣＡＴ）观察ＳＡ对行为障碍程度、脑梗塞范围、脑水肿和缺血区脑血流的影响。结果：ＳＡ２５、５０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１ｉｐ于ＭＣＡＴ前连续红药３ｄ可分涉及了梗塞范围５１％、４２％,使脑含水量由８０．７％降致７９．８％、７９．９％,并可改善行为障碍程度和缺血区脑血流量的降低,病理检查显     

尼莫地平对弥散性轴索损伤大鼠血脑屏障通透性的影响研究

目的:研究尼莫地平对弥散性轴索损伤(DAI)大鼠血脑屏障(BBB)通透性的影响。方法:取大鼠随机分为DAI组和尼莫地平组,每组40只,2组大鼠建立DAI后,尼莫地平组腹腔注射给药0.5mg·kg-1·d-1,分别于建模前和建模后0.25、1、3、7d检测脑组织含水量和伊文蓝(EB)含量以考察脑水肿情况和BBB通透性变化。结果:DAI后,2组大鼠脑组织含水量和EB含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,峰值分别出现在建模后1d和3d;与DAI组比较,尼莫地平组脑组织含水量和EB含量的峰值均明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:尼莫地平可以有效减轻DAI后脑水肿情况,降低BBB的通透性。     

Effects of various antipsychotic drugs upon the striatal concentrations of para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and meta-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the mouse.

The endogenous concentrations of p- and m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the mouse caudate nucleus were determined by a gas chromatographic or a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique and the concentrations were about 30 and 11 ng g-1 respectively. The subcutaneous administration of (+)-butaclamol (1 mg kg-1), haloperidol (5 mg kg-1), molindone (100 mg kg-1), sulpiride (50 mg kg-1) or chlorpromazine (20 mg kg-1) increased the concentration of mouse striatal p- and m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; the effects were observed at 2 h after drug administration. Lower doses of chlorpromazine (2 mg kg-1), haloperidol (0.2 mg kg-1) and molindone (2 mg kg-1) did not affect p- or m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations. The time course for the concentration changes produced by chlorpromazine (20 mg kg-1) revealed that the formation of the metabolites occurred within 30 min after its administration and that their efflux from the caudate nucleus took at least 4 h for p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and more than 8 h for m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. Promethazine and (-)-butaclamol which have chemical structures related to chlorpromazine or (+)-butaclamol respectively but which lack antipsychotic activity, produced no effect on striatal p- or m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations. The results suggest that antipsychotic drugs increase the utilization of mouse striatal p- and m-tyramine and that after use the amines are metabolized by monoamine oxidase to form p- or m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. The synthesis of the acid metabolites occurs within 30 min after chlorpromazine administration and their efflux from the caudate nucleus takes from 4-8 h.     

人参皂苷Rg_1对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤及内皮细胞粘附作用的影响(英文)

目的研究抑制白细胞浸润和粘附分子表达是否为人参皂苷Rg1改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用机理之一。方法大鼠给予人参皂苷Rg125,50和100 mg·kg-1ig,7 d。末次给药1 h后采用右侧大脑中动脉阻断制备缺血再灌注模型。缺血2 h,再灌注22 h后,分别用Longa等的计分法和TTC染色法测定大鼠神经功能及脑梗死面积;用伊文思蓝法测定脑缺血2 h再灌注4 h后对血脑屏障的损伤程度。缺血2 h再灌注22 h后测定髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,并用蛋白质印迹法测定大脑缺血区粘附分子细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)和E-选择素的表达。结果缺血再灌注前给予人参皂苷Rg1(50和100 mg·kg-1)可明显改善神经功能症状,减少脑梗死面积,减轻血脑屏障的损伤,降低缺血再灌注所致脑组织内MPO活性及ICAM-1和E-选择素的表达增高。结论人参皂苷Rg1可通过抑制白细胞浸润和粘附分子表达的途径改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

咪苯嗪酮对花生四烯酸诱导的大鼠脑血栓形成的影响

花生四烯酸(AA)0.25～1 mg·kg~(-1)经颈内动脉注射能诱发大鼠同侧大脑半球脑内血栓形成,明显增加伊文思蓝通过血脑屏障渗入脑实质的量,峰值为205±s 50 mg·kg~1脑组织,相应对照组为10±s 5mg·kg~1,咪苯嗪酮0.25～0.5mg·kg~1 iv能对抗AA引起的大鼠脑血栓形成,显著降低脑实质内伊文思蓝的含量,作用呈剂量依赖性,且强于哒唑氧苯     

Substance P in sensory nerve fibres contributes to the development of oedema in the rat hind paw after thermal injury.

Immersion of the hind paws of anesthetized rats in hot water for 5 min induced massive plasma protein leakage as indicated by extravasation of Evans blue dye in the skin. The threshold temperature which caused noticeable plasma extravasation was 45 degrees C, a maximal response was obtained between 55 degrees C and 60 degrees C. Pretreatment of rats 2 days after birth with 50 mg kg-1 capsaicin significantly reduced the Evans blue extravasation induced by hot water at 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C, whereas guanethidine pretreatment 24 h before the experiment caused a significantly increased response at 40 degrees C, 45 degrees C and 50 degrees C. When Evans blue was injected between 10 and 120 min after immersion of the paw in hot water, a significant extravasation of the dye was no longer detectable. However, the weight of the paw as well as the weight of the piece of skin taken for Evans blue quantification increased during this period indicating the progressive development of oedema in the skin and underlying tissues. In rats treated with capsaicin as neonates, the increase in paw weight after immersion in water of 50 degrees C for 5 min was significantly delayed during the first hour, but there was no difference after two hours. In rats pretreated with D-Arg1,D-Pro2-,D- Trp7 ,9, Leu11 -substance P, a substance P (SP) antagonist, the Evans blue extravasation was significantly reduced. However, the response, which remained in rats treated with capsaicin as neonates was not blocked by the SP-antagonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

丁基苯酞对缺血脑组织中MDA形成及超氧阴离子自由基产生的抑制作用(英)

局灶性脑缺血6小时再灌注1小时后,缺血脑组织中脂质过氧化产物雨二醛（MDA）的含量明显增加,表明再灌注导致了脂质过氧化损伤。丁基苯酞（dl－NBP,20mg·kg-1,ip）可显著降低缺血皮层组织中MDA的含量。进一步研究表明,dl－NBP,d－NBP和l－NBP皆可抑制黄嘌呤-黄嘌呤氧化酶反应系统中超氧阴离子自由基的形成,此作用可能与其抑制了黄嘌呤氧化酶活性有关。     

Absence epilepsy and regional blood-brain barrier permeability: the effects of pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions.

This study was designed to evaluate the blood-brain barrier permeability characteristics of the WAG/Rij strain of rats that are an ideal model for human absence epilepsy, in controls and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures conditioned to Evans blue-albumin. For this, WAG/Rij and Wistar rats were treated with either saline or 55 mg kg-1 pentylenetetrazole i.v. after the rats were injected with 3 ml kg-1 of 2% Evans blue. Total duration of seizure activity and regional blood-brain barrier permeability changes were determined and compared with control Wistar rats. The duration of convulsive activity which was induced by pentylenetetrazole was significantly longer in WAG/Rij rats than in Wistar rats. The blood-brain barrier opening to Evans blue was not the case in saline- injected WAG/Rij or Wistar rats, but this was clearly seen in both strains after pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions. EB leakage was mainly seen in the cortical areas, cerebellum, pons, thalamus, hypothalamus and corpus striatum of WAG/Rij rat brain, whereas this was recorded in the preoptic area, bulbus olfactorius, midbrain, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and inferior colliculus of the Wistar rats brain. As a result, the WAG/Rij rats were more susceptible than Wistar rats to PTZ-induced generalised tonic-clonic convulsions, and a different pattern in PTZ-induced changes in BBB permeability was observed between WAG/Rij rats and Wistar rats.