子宫小叶样分割性平滑肌瘤的超声特征分析

目的总结子宫小叶样分割性平滑肌瘤（CDL）的超声影像学特征及鉴别诊断要点。 方法分析2011年1月至2016年12月在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院超声检查并经手术及病理证实为CDL患者的超声影像学特征,总结CDL超声鉴别诊断要点。 结果6例CDL术前超声显示肿物局限于子宫肌层5例,表现为子宫肌层内边界不规则、内部回声不均匀的实性肿物;彩色多普勒血流成像（CDFI）示肿物内部血流信号丰富;1例肿物突破子宫浆膜层,宫外部分表现为胎盘小叶样分格状的低回声肿物,彩色多普勒示肿物内部血流信号丰富。术前超声诊断为子宫肌瘤3例,误诊为子宫平滑肌肉瘤1例,子宫内膜间质肉瘤1例,子宫腺肌瘤1例。 结论因子宫CDL有分割性生长方式及宫外扩张性生长的特点,术前超声易误诊为子宫恶性肿瘤,需仔细辨识。术前超声正确诊断有利于手术方式的选择,避免过度治疗。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声诊断子宫腺肌瘤

目的：探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声技术（TVCDS）对子宫腺肌瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断价值。方法：对46例患者进行术前经腹超声和TVCDS检查，并与术后病理结果对比分析。结果：46例术前TVCDS与术后对照，超声诊断符合率93%，超声特点子宫腺肌瘤无包膜，内部回声多呈粗大颗粒状，后方常伴有放射状细淡声影；其内多见星点闪烁状彩色 血流信号，频谱显示低速高阻动脉或静脉低速血流。结论：TVCDS能清晰地反映子宫腺肌瘤的超声特征，在同子宫肌瘤的鉴别上有较好的可比性。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声在子宫腺肌瘤诊断中的应用

目的：探讨经阴道彩色多普勒超声技术对子宫腺肌瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断的应用。方法：对46例患者进行术前经腹和经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查，并与术后病理结果对比分析。结果：例术前经阴道彩色多普勒超声与术后对照，超声诊断符合率。超声特点子宫腺肌瘤无包膜，内部回声多呈粗大颗粒状，后方常伴有放射状细淡声影，其内多见星点闪烁状彩色血流信号，频谱显示低速高阻动脉或静脉低速血流。结论：经阴道彩色多普勒超声能清晰地反映子宫腺肌瘤的超声特征，在同子宫肌瘤的鉴别上有较好的可比性。     

体表软组织脂肪肉瘤的超声图像研究

目的：探讨研究体表软组织脂肪肉瘤超声图像特征．以提高超声诊断和鉴别准确性。方法：对临床患进行反复多次超声扫查以获取图像资料。结果：1.超声显示包块一般较大。2.边界具有大多数恶性肿瘤的共同表现。3.内部回声与肿块的大小和部位有密切关系．较小内部回声较密集，以实性中等细小光电为主．镶嵌不规则的片状低弱回声。较大出现范围较大的沼泽样低弱暗区。4．肿块后方声衰特征不明显。5．肿块质软有压缩性。6.肿块内血流信号极丰富呈低阻状频谱。结论：超声图像表现有一定的特征．对脂肪肉瘤的诊断有一定指导价值，与临床诊断符台率为71.43％。准确诊断必需结合病理检查，须与脂肪瘤、肢体血管瘤、软组织纤维肉瘤等鉴别。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声对宫腔病变的鉴别诊断

目的：分析子宫腔内四种宫腔病变的声像图特征．以达到早期明确诊断和鉴别诊断的目的。方法：收集1998年1月～2002年9月间经阴道彩色多昔勒超声诊断并经手术病理证实的80例宫腔病变资料进行回顾性分析。结果：1．子宫粘膜下肌瘤：显示为宫腔内均质低回声区，彩色多普勒血流图像(CDFI)表现为环状血流信号．呈彩球征；2．子宫内膜息肉：显示为宫腔内高回声区内夹杂小无回声区。CDFI表现为周边见星点状血流信号；3．子宫内膜癌：宫腔内病灶呈不均质回声，以增强回声为主。CDFI表现为血流信号成网状、团块状；4.子宫内膜增生过长：宫腔内显示为均匀一致的高回声区，与子宫肌层边界清晰。CDFI显示血流信号稀少。结论：上述四种常见宫腔病变的声像图特征及CDFI表现可作为对其早期诊断和鉴别诊断的依据。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声对子宫腺肌瘤和子宫肌瘤的鉴别诊断

目的探讨经阴道彩超技术对子宫腺肌瘤与子宫肌瘤的鉴别诊断要点。方法对42例疑及子宫肌瘤患者术前行经腹部超声和经阴道彩超检查,并与术后病理结果对比分析。结果 42例经阴道彩超检查均诊断子宫腺肌瘤,40例与术后病理诊断相符,2例病理诊断子宫肌瘤,超声诊断符合率95%。腺肌瘤声像图特征为无包膜,内部回声多呈粗大颗粒状,后方常伴有放射状细淡声影,其内多见星点闪烁状彩色血流信号,频谱显示低速高阻动脉或低速静脉血流。结论经阴道彩超检查可清晰显示子宫腺肌瘤的声像特征,与子宫肌瘤的鉴别诊断较为准确。     

彩色多普勒能量图在诊断盆腔实性肿物中的应用

目的 探讨CDPI对盆腔良恶性实质性肿物血流特点的诊断价值。方法 应用CDPI对67例盆腔肿物血流进行检测及对比分析。结果 卵巢良性实质性肿物内血流特点为周边见环状及星点状血流信号。卵巢恶性肿瘤内血流信号表现不一,多以内部血流为主,呈树枝状或网状分布,血流频谱为低阻力型。子宫肌层肌瘤以瘤体周围短棒状及条状血流信号为特征。浆膜下肌瘤以蒂部血流信号丰富。子宫内膜癌肿瘤内血流呈弥散分布伴低阻力型血流。绒毛膜癌内部呈“火球样”血流并伴低阻力高流速为特征。结论 CDPI能清晰显示肿瘤内部的血管分布,在盆腔良恶性肿物的血流形态学分布的显示各有其特征,是鉴别盆腔良恶生肿物的一种有价值的方法。     

经阴道超声与经腹部超声诊断异位妊娠的比较

目的比较经阴道超声(TVS)与经腹超声(TAS)在异位妊娠诊断中的价值。方法对109例异位妊娠患者以双盲法分别进行经腹部和经阴道超声检查。结果子宫清晰显示率、子宫内膜测定率、盆腔肿块显示率、盆腔肿块清晰显示率、肿块内检出孕囊样结构及原始心管搏动率,以及肿块内彩色血流信号检出率,TVS均明显高于TAS。结论TVS比TAS诊断异位妊娠更准确。临床诊断疑为异位妊娠的患者,应首选进行TAS或TVS检查,有条件的医院应常规进行TVS检查。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声在宫腔内残留物鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨经阴道超声检查对宫腔内残留物的鉴别诊断价值。方法78例流产后阴道流血超过2周患者,经阴道超声检查发现宫内异常团状回声,观察其二维声像图和团块内、子宫肌壁的彩色血流及多普勒频谱;根据清宫组织病理结果分为绒毛组织、变性的绒毛织组和蜕膜组织,共3组。结果残留绒毛组织为不均匀低回声,变性绒毛组织和脱膜组织为不均匀高回声;残留绒毛组织内部及相邻的子宫肌壁血流信号丰富;变性绒毛组织内部少血流信号,相邻子宫肌壁血流信号丰富;蜕膜组织内部和相邻子宫肌壁少或无血流信号,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。频谱多普勒显示频谱形态以及阻力指数无明显差异(P>0.05),频谱为类滋养血流频谱,阻力指数在0.37~0.45。结论经阴道超声对早孕流产后的宫内残留物可以做出比较明确的诊断,具有鉴别诊断意义。     

腹膜后肿物的二维图像及双功能多普勒超声诊断

本文报告了１７例经二维及双功能多普勒超声诊断的腹膜后肿物，其中良性肿物３例（１７．６％），恶性肿瘤１３例（７６．５％），有恶性倾向的肿瘤１例。恶性组中原发性肿瘤６例，转移性肿物７例。在二维图像上，除脂肪肉瘤及横纹肌肉瘤外，大多数腹膜后肿物为低回声团块，但良性肿物外形规整，内部回声均质，而恶性肿瘤外形不规整，内部回声不均质。在双功能多普勒超声中，恶性肿瘤内部血流更为丰富，阻力指数（ＲＩ）较高。作者认为患者年龄较小，肿瘤内部回声不均质，血流丰富，阻力指数较高（ＲＩ＞０．６５）可作为原发性恶性腹膜后肿瘤的特征。转移性肿物以无血流者多见，其原发肿瘤的病史及其他部位的转移灶可助诊断。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.