ASIA脊髓损伤分类标准在颈髓损伤患者神经功能评定中的应用

目的：探讨ASIA标准在颈髓损伤患者神经功能评估中的意义。方法：应用ASIA标准对139例急性颈髓损伤患者的神经功能情况进行回顾性评估。结果：82例完全性脊髓损伤患者中5例逆转为不完全性损伤，77例无逆转者随访时ASIA感觉、运动评分有明显增加。57例不完全性颈髓损伤患者感觉、运动功能改善明显优于完全性损伤患者。结论：完全性颈髓损伤患者可能逆转为不完全性颈髓损伤，并且可有明显节段性神经功能恢复。在脊髓损伤神经功能评定中，ASIA感觉、运动评分具有重要意义。     

颈髓损伤的物理治疗

颈髓损伤的物理治疗廖显亮颈髓损伤经必要的手术整复后，经临床常规治疗，改善了受报颈髓的病理状态。此时辅以物理康复治疗，对脊髓功能的恢复，减少残废程度及并发症，有肯定的疗效。报告如下：临床资料本组男５５例，女３５例；年龄１９～６０岁，平均３８岁；车祸伤５...     

颈髓损伤早期死亡影响因素与时间分布

目的探讨颈髓损伤患者的早期死亡率和影响因素，了解颈髓损伤患者早期死亡的时间分布及其影响因素。方法收集整理1991年1月至2005年12月伤后20天内入院的1185例颈髓损伤患者的临床资料，统计早期死亡率，通过logistic回归分析考查年龄、性别、工作性质、受伤原因、颈髓损伤程度、颈髓损伤节段、治疗期间营养状况、手术与否及气管切开等因素对于患者早期死亡率的影响；统计患者早期死亡的时间分布，通过Cox多元逐步回归分析考查影响颈髓损伤患者早期死亡时间分布的因素。结果106例患者发生早期死亡，死亡率为8．95％；男92例，女14例。年龄、颈髓损伤程度、颈髓损伤平面、手术与否、气管切开等因素与早期死亡率明确相关。64例患者在伤后10天内死亡，85例患者在伤后半个月内死亡，颈髓损伤节段对患者早期死亡时间分布有明确影响。结论高龄、颈髓完全性损伤、颈髓高位损伤是颈髓损伤患者早期死亡的危险因素；积极的手术治疗有助于降低颈髓损伤患者的早期死亡率；不适当、不必要的气管切开将增加颈髓损伤患者早期死亡的危险性。伤后3-6天是颈髓损伤患者早期死亡的高峰期，80％早期死亡的患者死于伤后15天内；颈髓损伤节段越高，患者早期死亡的时间越早。     

颈髓完全性损伤治疗方法的选择

报告了４２例颈髓完全性损伤非手术治疗的结果。平均年龄２９．７岁。骨折分类：屈曲型２５例，压缩型１０例，过伸型７例。损伤椎节为Ｃ_４～Ｃ_７，平均观察时间为７．８个月。按Ｆｒａｎｋｅｌ分级，仅有４例（９．５％）进步到Ｂ级；按胥少汀对完全性颈髓损伤的修正疗效标准，神经功能改善率为５２．３％。损伤当时截瘫平面高于或等于骨折节段者有较好的恢复率，而低于者无恢复。分析对比了文献报道的早期手术治疗结果，认为：颈髓完全性损伤早期手术与非手术治疗结果无明显差异。强调对完全性损伤早期判断的重要性，建议制定统一的疗效评定标准，并就相关问题进行了讨论。     

过伸性颈髓损伤有关因素探讨(附23例临床分析)

目的：探讨无骨折脱位过伸性颈髓损伤的病理基础及损伤机制。方法：回顾10年来收治23例无骨折脱位颈髓过伸性损伤患，对临床症状、体征和影像学资料进行分析。结果：19例有额面部擦伤，11例有发育性颈椎管狭窄，16例有间盘突出和后缘骨刺，2例后纵韧带骨化。本组病例首次就诊均采取保守治疗，除5例前臂及手背残留部分浅感觉障碍外均恢复良好，1例3月后行颈椎后路融合术，2例平均1．5年后行椎管成形术。结论：椎管狭窄等因素是颈髓过伸性损伤病理基础，提出高危因素的概念；分析慢性压迫和瞬间压迫的创伤机制，认为过伸性损伤是瞬间压迫，致脊髓中央管周围微循环痉挛，脊髓组织缺血水肿，而出现以中央管周围损伤重的神经症状。     

前路减压治疗下颈椎颈髓损伤并截瘫

目的探讨下颈椎颈髓损伤手术及疗效以及影响疗效的因素。方法采用颈椎前路减压自体腓骨植骨融合治疗下颈惟颈髓损伤高位截瘫36例。结果18例随访2～8年．平均5年7个月按ASIA损伤分级，Ⅰ级14例，术后无效1例，术后恢复至Ⅱ级4例．Ⅲ级3例，Ⅳ级4例．Ⅴ级2例；Ⅱ级4例，术后恢复至Ⅲ级Ⅰ例，Ⅳ级2例．Ⅴ级1例；Ⅲ级6例．术后恢复至Ⅳ级3例．Ⅴ级3例；Ⅳ级4例．术后全部恢复至Ⅴ级。提示伤后8h内手术最佳时机。结论采用颈椎前路减压植骨融合治疗下颈惟颈髓损伤效果肯定。     

过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤的诊断和治疗

报道４３例过伸性颈椎颈髓伤。所有病例均进行了ＭＲＩ检查，结果示颈椎损伤的ＭＲＩ改变主要为：（１）椎前血肿形成和前纵韧带断裂；（２）椎体前缘撕脱性骨折；（３）椎间盘突出。颈髓损伤的ＭＲＩ改变包括：（１）水肿；（２）出血；（３）受压。大多数病（３４／４３）采用颈前路减压术。经６～６５个月，平均３８个月随访，获得满意疗效。作者指出，急性颈椎间盘突出是过伸性颈椎损伤后多见的颈椎结构损伤，除了脊髓中央综合征外，前脊髓损伤和严重脊髓损伤也可见于过伸性颈髓损伤。ＭＲＩ对过伸性颈髓损伤的诊断和治疗方法选择具有重要价值。文中根据临床表现和ＭＲＩ检查结果，提出了在治疗方法选择方面应掌握的基本原则。     

急性颈髓损伤后的低钠血症

[目的]探讨急性颈髓损伤后低钠血症的病因、发病机制、诊断和治疗。[方法]回顾性分析2004年-2006年收治的急性颈髓损伤后低钠血症患者15例的临床资料。[结果]全组患者入院24—72h内血钠低于130mmol／L，其中5例低于120mmol／L。14例尿钠40—68mmol／L，1例尿钠为148mmol／L；尿渗透压420～980mmol／L，12例患者经适当的补盐和限制水摄入量治疗，低钠症状2～3周内改善；2例发热患者因发热不能严格限制水摄入，其中1例2个月后恢复，另1例失访；1例患者补盐限水后病情加重，调整治疗方案后恢复。[结论]颈髓损伤越重，损伤后低钠血症发生率越高；颈髓损伤后低钠血症多由抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征引起；血钠浓度，血、尿渗透压等是诊断依据；适当补充钠盐和液体量是有效的治疗方法。     

跳水致颈髓损伤早期综合治疗的疗效评价

[目的]探讨跳水致颈髓损伤早期综合治疗的临床效果。[方法]2001～2005年27例跳水致颈脊髓损伤患者，其中脊髓完全性损伤15例，脊髓不完全性损伤12例。早期综合治疗方案包括：（1）全身治疗：维持呼吸道通畅和有效循环血容量，保证收缩压在90mmHg以上；血氧饱和度在90％以上；（2）早期应用大剂量甲基强的松龙或地塞米松等药物治疗；（3）颅骨牵引制动或颈椎复位；（4）早期进行手术减压植骨融合内固定术；（5）术后早期行高压氧治疗。术后定期复查x线片观察损伤节段的稳定性和植骨融合率以及有无内固定并发症。以ASIA分级标准和感觉、运动评分判定脊髓神经功能恢复情况。[结果]27例患者随访6～36个月，平均28个月；本组病例无术中、术后并发症，切口愈合良好；术后3个月复查x线片，损伤节段稳定，植骨融合良好，无钢板断裂、螺钉松动脱落等现象。13例患者神经功能获得改善，总有效率为48．1％，其中完全性损伤组有效率为20％，不完全性损伤组有效率为83．3％。完全性损伤患者ASIA分级变化不明显，但其评分较入院时可有相应的增加，不完全性损伤患者ASIA分级和感觉运动评分均有明显的提高。[结论]颈髓损伤后早期综合治疗可以促进脊髓神经功能恢复。     

兔颈髓牵张性损伤早期脊髓血流变化的特点及意义

目的 观察兔颈髓不同程度牵张性损伤早期脊髓血流的动态变化，探讨其特点和意义。方法 构建颈髓牵张性损伤模型，应用激光多普勒血流仪按不同时相点检测颈5、6段脊髓血流变化，同时取相同节段颈髓行组织病理检查。结果 对照组A脊髓血流量平均基线值和B组、C组、D组牵张前无统计学差异。随着牵张距离的不断增加，颈髓血流量呈进行性下降。当颈髓牵张损伤程度超过脊髓微血管自我调节能力时，则脊髓血流不能恢复。各组颈髓组织病理学检查结果与相应的颈髓血流量变化趋势一致。结论 脊髓血流量的降低是颈髓牵张性损伤继发神经功能障碍的基础，与颈髓的牵张程度呈正相关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.