MELANOCYTES IN THE NASAL CAVITY and PARANASAL SINUS Incidence and Distribution in Japan

Random, nonselected tissue specimens from 99 Japanese-20 cylindrically cut nasal blocks removed during autopsy (A.C., Autopsy Cases) and 79 cases removed during surgery, consisting of 32 chronic sinusitis cases (G.S.) and 47 nasal polyp cases (N.P.)-were examined histopathologlcally and electronmi-croscopically with respect to distribution and frequency of melanocytes in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Malignant melanoma cases were excluded. The overall incidence of positive cases for melanocytes revealed 21.2% (21 of 99 cases), with an incidence ratio of male to female of 0.9:1.0. Melanocytes were found beginning in the under 19 age group with incidence increasing proportionately with age. Peak incidence was in the 50-year age group at 50%. Melanocytes and melanotic cell foci were distributed in the stroma of the propria mucosa beneath the pseudostratifled columnar epithelium and focused around the nasal and paranasal glands and sinuses. In 2 of the 21 cases positive for stromal melanocytes, intraepithelial melanocytes with dendritic processes were found. The histogenesis of malignant melanoma arising from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus are also discussed in this study. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 37:1105–1114, 1987.     

Melanocytes and melanosis of the oesophagus in Japanese subjects — analysis of factors effecting their increase

Summary Normal oesophagus specimens taken from 65 autopsy cases and surgical specimens from 127 oesophageal carcinoma cases were examined histopathologically to determine melanocyte incidence and distribution. Melanocytes were found in the epithelio-stromal junction in 7.7% of normal oesophagus specimens examined at autopsy, and in 29.9% of surgical cases with oesophageal carcinoma. Positive specimens in the latter groups, especially from pre-operatively irradiated individuals, showed a more remarkable increase of melanocytes than was evident in any of the normal oesophageal samples. There were no significant differences in incidence between males and females, or between age groups. In cases where the cancer invaded into deeper stroma, the melanocytes were mainly observed in the normal epithelium around the carcinomas. Epithelial and stromal elements of the melanotic mucosa commonly showed hyperplastic changes such as acanthosis or basal cell hyperplasia, and chronic oesophagitis. Melanocytes were observed most commonly in the lower part of the oesophagus, the site where malignant melanoma of the oesophagus, most often originates. These results strongly suggest that the melanocyte increase observed in areas of hyperplastic epithelium and chronic oesophagitis may play an important role as a precursor lesion for malignant melanoma in the oesophagus.     

鼻内窥镜下结合鼻腔解剖手术治疗鼻腔内翻性乳头状瘤

目的　探讨鼻内窥镜下结合鼻腔解剖手术治疗鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的应用价值并分析其手术治疗效果。 方法　对26例鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤经鼻内窥镜手术的患者进行回顾性分析,根据其病变范围,按照Krouse分期法：其中Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级15例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级0例。单纯鼻内窥镜手术者11例,鼻内窥镜+柯-陆氏手术者12例,鼻内窥镜+鼻侧切开+柯-陆氏手术者3例。 结果　26例术后患者随访,有3例复发,再次经鼻内窥镜手术后未见复发,其余患者均未见复发,除个别患者有轻微鼻干外,其余患者无并发症出现。 结论　对Ⅰ级内翻性乳头状瘤患者,单纯鼻内窥镜手术即能彻底切除,对Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级患者需鼻内窥镜结合柯-陆氏手术,个别还需结合鼻侧切开术,术前须对病情作出正确的评估,鼻内窥镜手术视野清晰、创伤小、对于Ⅰ、Ⅱ及Ⅲ级内翻性乳头状瘤患者可彻底切除肿瘤,降低复发率。     

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the sinonasal region: histologic subtypes and their clinicopathologic features

The authors describe 11 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma arising in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Seven were men and four were women. The median age of the women was 76 years; the median age of the men was 45 years. The most common presenting symptoms were nasal obstruction and unilateral facial swelling. The most frequent sites of disease were maxillary antrum (ten cases), nasal cavity (eight cases), and ethmoid sinus (seven cases). Eight patients had involvement of multiple sinuses. Six patients were clinical stage I E, two were II E, one was stage III E, and two were stage IV. Histologic subtypes included diffuse small cleaved cell (1 case), diffuse large cell (4 cases), and diffuse large cell immunoblastic (6 cases). Three patients having immunoblastic lymphoma had longstanding sinusitis, rhinitis, and allergies. Overall, 55% of patients died of disease. Three of four patients with the diffuse large cell subtype were free of tumor (mean follow-up 50 months). Five of six patients having immunoblastic lymphoma died of disease from 1 to 13 months following diagnosis (mean 6.4 months).     

CT findings of the nose and paranasal sinuses in chromium intoxication

We performed computed tomography (CT) of the nose and paranasal sinuses in 21 patients with chromium induced septal perforation or thinning. Twenty patients showed various magnitudes of septal perforation. Twelve of 20 had perforation at the mid portion of the cartilaginous nasal septum. One patient had a sheet-like thinning of septal cartilage. Sixteen patients had mucosal thinning of the nasal conchas. In most cases, unilateral involvement of the inferior concha was seen. Eleven of 21 cases showed paranasal sinus mucosal thickening and one patient had a cyst or polyp in the sinus cavity. The main finding was nodular thickening of mucosa. Septal perforation by inhalation of chromic acid was located in the cartilaginous septum and there was no destruction of the bony septum and wall of the sinuses.     

Paranasal sinus fungus ball: epidemiology, clinical features and diagnosis. A retrospective analysis of 173 cases from a single medical center in France, 1989-2002.

Over the last decade, we have observed a high frequency of Aspergillus rhinosinusitis in french medical centers. The epidemiological data, clinical presentations, radiology, mycology and histology results of 173 consecutive patients with paranasal sinus fungus balls who were admitted from 1989 to 2002 have been reviewed. The most common symptoms included purulent nasal discharges and nasal obstructions, with the maxillary sinus being the most common site of infection (152 cases, 87.8%). Computed tomography scans (CT scan) were performed in 92% (159/173) of the cases and heterogeneous opacities were observed in 132 patients (83%). Histology examinations were performed in all cases and proved positive in 162 patients. Fungi were recovered, mainly Aspergillus fumigatus, from samples of 50 patients, while specimens from the remaining 123 patients were negative. Since no specific clinical sign could be found, a diagnosis of fungus ball is frequently made after a long term symptomatic period. CT scan findings of metallic or calcified densities within an opacified sinus cavity are highly suggestive of a fungus ball, but mycological and histological studies are essential to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment consisted of functional endonasal sinus surgery and was successful in 172 out of 173 cases.     

鼻腔及鼻窦非霍奇金淋巴瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨鼻腔及鼻窦非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）的CT特点,提高诊断准确性。方法：回顾性分析24例经病理证实的鼻腔及鼻窦NHL的CT表现。结果：24例中16例位于单侧,8例累及双侧。原发于鼻前庭2例、鼻腔6例、鼻窦9例、鼻腔鼻窦7例。病灶肿块表现15例,浸润表现9例。24例中22例病灶密度相对均匀,2病灶密度相对不均,增强后部分强化。原发于鼻腔的淋巴瘤1例见骨质破坏,原发于鼻窦和鼻腔鼻窦的有6例见骨质破坏;常累及邻近结构。结论：鼻腔鼻窦NHL的CT表现缺乏特征性征象,但有一些相对特异性征象有助于鼻腔鼻窦NHL的诊断。根据CT的相对特征性表现,结合临床,有助于及时诊断该类疾病。     

Angiomatoid change in polyps of the nasal and paranasal regions: an underrecognized and commonly misdiagnosed lesion—report of 45 cases

We present 45 patients with angiomatoid polyps of the nasal and paranasal regions (APNPRs), which are underrecognized lesions which may cause considerable diagnostic difficulties. There were 32 men and 13 women in our series. The average age at diagnosis was 49 years in men and 54.3 years in women. Locations were known in 41 cases and included the nasal septum (14), maxillary sinus (12), ethmoid sinuses (5), lateral wall of the nasal cavity (5), sphenoid sinus (1), and nasal cavity, not otherwise specified (4). X-ray or computed tomography was performed in 19 cases and revealed bone erosions/deviations in four cases. Initial misdiagnoses submitted by referring pathologists were reported in 20/32 of the consultation cases. Our study confirms that APNPRs are benign lesions which often recur and sometimes multiple recurrences are seen. APNPRs sometimes cause severe changes of the skeletal bones especially in recurrent lesions. Awareness of the above described features and familiarity with the clinical presentation of APNPRs is the best way to avoid a misdiagnosis.     

Distinct chromosomal aberrations in sinonasal mucosal melanoma as detected by comparative genomic hybridization

Sinonasal mucosal melanomas are the most frequent mucosal melanomas and arise from melanocytes located in the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses. The melanoma types, cutaneous melanoma, uveal melanoma, and mucosal melanoma, differ in etiology, geographic distribution, and clinical behavior. Genetic alterations have been previously studied in cutaneous and uveal melanomas but, to the best of our knowledge, not in mucosal melanomas. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was performed on 14 routinely processed sinonasal mucosal melanomas. Furthermore, ploidy analysis was performed on 11 tumors to provide complementary data on the DNA index. The CGH profiles of sinonasal mucosal melanomas show remarkably consistent alterations: chromosome arm 1q is gained in all tumors and gains of 6p and 8q are present in 93 and 57%, respectively. Comparison of CGH data with both the common variants of cutaneous melanoma and uveal melanoma revealed that sinonasal mucosal melanomas harbor a distinct pattern of chromosomal abnormalities. Ploidy analysis also showed that diploid tumors exhibit gains of 1q and alterations of chromosome 6 (3 of 3 cases tested), whereas clear-copy gains and high-copy gains were seen only in triploid and tetraploid tumors (6 of 8 cases tested). This indicates that alteration of chromosomes 1 and 6 may precede polyploidization and formation of clear-copy gains and high-copy gains.     

术前鼻窦CT Lund-Mackay评分对功能性内镜鼻窦手术后鼻腔填塞物选取的预测价值

目的 探讨功能性内镜鼻窦手术(FESS)术前鼻窦CT Lund-Mackay评分对术后鼻腔填塞物选取的预测作用。方法 回顾性队列研究。纳入2015年5月—2020年1月蚌埠市第一人民医院耳鼻咽喉科鼻窦炎患者50例,其中男27例、女23例,年龄4~70(32.2±4.0)岁。50例患者均采用Messerklinger术式行FESS治疗,术后予以鼻腔填塞止血。根据鼻腔填塞材料的不同将患者分为凡士林填塞组和明胶海绵填塞组,每组25例。分别于手术前24 h和术后48 h行主观感受视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、鼻窦CT Lund-Mackay评分以及术后鼻腔填塞止血效果评价(以填塞期间出血＜5 mL为填塞止血满意)。对影响明胶海绵填塞效果的因素进行logistic回归分析。根据鼻窦CT Lund-Mackay评分绘制预测适合明胶海绵填塞效果的受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线,以最佳截断值预测明胶海绵填塞的效果。结果 两组患者性别构成、病变侧别、术前各项VAS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。止血满意率凡士林组100%(25/25)、明胶海绵组92%(23/25),两组差异无统计学意义(χ²=3.615, P＞0.05)。两组患者术后填塞期总出血量及术后流涕VAS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05);明胶海绵组术后鼻塞、头面部胀痛及嗅觉障碍VAS评分均低于凡士林组,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.324、4.861、5.207, P值均＜0.05)。明胶海绵组患者术前鼻窦CT总评分以及筛窦CT总评分[(8.2±3.1)分、(3.1±1.9)分]均较凡士林组分值[(15.0±4.4)分、(6.5±1.4)分]更小,差异均有统计学意义(t=6.383、7.171, P值均＜0.05)。logistic回归分析结果提示,鼻窦CT总分[比值比(OR)=1.366(95% CI 1.004~1.860)]及筛窦CT总分[OR=2.155(95% CI 1.155~4.021)]是明胶海绵填塞止血满意的危险因素(P值均＜0.05),两者对于明胶海绵填塞止血满意均具有高度预测价值(AUC值分别为0.91、0.92,P值均＜0.05)。当鼻窦CT总分＜9.5分时,约登指数为0.80,预测适合明胶海绵填塞止血满意的敏感度为84.0%,特异度为96.0%;当筛窦总分＜4.5分时,约登指数为0.68,预测适合明胶海绵填塞止血满意的敏感度为76.0%、特异度为92.0%。结论 术前鼻窦CT Lund-Mackay评分,对于FESS术后鼻腔填塞物种类的恰当选择具有一定意义;鼻窦CT Lund-Mackay总分及筛窦CT总分较低时,选择明胶海绵进行术腔填塞,既能有效止血,又能提高患者舒适度。     

Granulomatous lesions in nasal biopsies

A series of 19 cases has been reviewed in which biopsy of an intra-nasal lesion revealed a granulomatous pathology. These have been classified on an aetiological basis. They include infections, Wegener's granuloma and neoplasms with a granulomatous stroma. One patient with sarcoidosis first presented with lesions in the nasal cavity. Cholesterol granulomata were seen in four lesions removed from the paranasal sinuses. In six cases clinical and histological examination failed to show a cause for the granulomata; in all of these patients the nasal cavity was free from disease at a subsequent examination.     

40例原发性粘膜恶性黑色素瘤临床病理分析

目的：观察粘膜黑色素瘤的临床及病理形态学特性并探讨其组织发生，方法：对４０例粘膜黑色素瘤进行了光镜观察，并对部分病例作组化及免疫染色，结果：４０例粘膜恶黑中，发生于鼻腔１６例，肛管直肠８例，口腔７例，眼结膜４例，阴道２例，鼻咽部，宫颈及尿道各１例，发病年龄３３～７５岁（平均５７岁）镜下改变与皮肤黑色素瘤类似，免疫线化染色Ｓ－１００阳性率为９５％，ＨＭＢ４５为９０％，结论：粘膜黑色素瘤的临床病理特点     

Melanocytes in the human parotid gland

A review of the literature yields about 20 reported cases of purportedly primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland, but no convincing examples of pre-existent melanocytes in the salivary glands. The present paper reports the existence of melanocytes In the interlobular duct of the parotid gland observed during an autopsy case of a Japanese male. Melanocytes with long cytoplasmic processes were distributed in the basal and suprabasal layers of hyperplastic duct epithelium, and melanin granules were sparsely scattered in the duct epithelial cells. This is the first report of melanocytes in the human salivary gland.     

鼻腔副鼻窦肿瘤的“靶中靶”适形治疗计划研究

目的：探讨“靶中靶”三维适形治疗计划在提升复杂鼻腔副鼻窦癌靶区剂量和优化剂量分布的作用。方法：以6例鼻腔副鼻窦肿瘤病例的CT定位数据图像资料为研究对象。在同一软件上分别进行常规方法和“耙中靶”方法的二维适形治疗计划设计．并对剂量分布和体积剂量直方图（DVH）结果进行分析。常规计划为单一等中心．3—5个共面或非共面适形野。靶中靶计划由一个简单化的常规计划和一个补丁计划融合而成。结果：总体上靶剂量分布及DVH靶中靶计划优于常规计划。V90（被90％等剂量包络的靶体积的百分率）和D50（包络90％靶体积的剂量百分率）靶中靶计划均高于常规计划。6／6靶中靶计划和3／6常规计划达到CTV平均剂量〉66Gy、危及器官的平均受照剂量〈54Gy的目标。分别有3／6靶中靶计划和1／6常规计划出现小范围高剂量区，1／6靶中靶计划和5／6常规计划出现低剂量区。结论：靶中靶方式适形治疗计划可以适用于比较复杂的鼻腔副鼻窦肿瘤，能有效改善靶区剂量分布和提升靶区剂量。     

The appearance, density and distribution of melanocytes in human embryonic and fetal skin revealed by the anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody, HMB-45

Summary The presence, densities, and patterns of distribution of melanocytes in the epidermis of human embryos and fetuses, ranging in age from 40 d to 140 d estimated gestational age (EGA), were studied using the HMB-45 monoclonal antibody that recognizes an antigen in melanoma cells and fetal melanocytes. Immunostained sections of skin and epidermal sheets revealed dendritic melanocytes within the basal or intermediate layers of 50 d EGA and older skin. Melanocytes could not be identified by immunostaining or electron microscopy in younger (40–50 d EGA) epidermis or in cultured epidermal cells from these specimens. However, skin from a 45 d EGA embryo grown in organ culture for 11 d stained positively with HMB-45, suggesting that melanocytes are present at that age either in the epidermis or dermis of the explant. Double-labeling experiments using ATPase and HMB-45 confirmed the specificity of HMB-45 for melanocytes and demonstrated that melanocytes and Langerhans cells are nonoverlapping populations. Melanocytes were present in the embryonic epidermis in relatively high numbers (mean value of 1050 cells/mm²); they increased in density to 2300 cells/mm² during the late first trimester and early second trimester, then declined during later stages of development to a density of 800 cells/mm², within the range of values for the newborn child and young adult. Equivalent numbers of melanocytes were recognized by silver staining and with the HMB-45 antibody in an 87 d EGA test sample, indicating that HMB-45 reacted with the total melanocytic population. Melanocytes appeared to be distributed in epidermal sheets in a regular pattern. Statistical tests used to evaluate the randomness of a population revealed a tendency toward a non-random distribution in specimens younger than 80 d EGA, just prior to appendage formation and epidermal stratification into multiple layers, however there was variability in the degree of randomness for any given age. The results of this study have closed the gap in timing between the conclusion of neural crest formation and migration (around 6 weeks) and the appearance of melanocytes in the skin between 40–50 d EGA.Portions of this work were presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Investigative Dermatology, May, 1987 and at the 37th Annual Symposium on the Biology of Skin, October, 1987     

A case of amelanotic melanoma of the nasal cavity

A 68-year-old male visited Hospital A for treatment of epistaxis, his chief complaint. He was told that he had an easily-bleeding tumor in the nasal cavity. Based of biopsy, a diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma was made. Operation was performed for removal of the tumor. About 8 months after discharge, he visited Hospital B with complaints of lumbar pain and epistaxis. After biopsy at Hospital B, malignant lymphoma (diffuse large cell) was diagnosed, and the patient was referred to our hospital. On bone marrow puncture and biopsy, tumor cell infiltration was observed. Flow cytometric surface marker analysis revealed that these tumor cells were negative for CD45. Results of HE staining of the nasal cavity tumor were insufficient for diagnosis, and staining by immunohistochemistry was necessary to confirm the diagnosis. On immunohistochemical staining of the nasal cavity tumor tissue and bone marrow biopsy tissue, LCA, L26 and UCHL-1 were negative, and S-100 and HMB-45 positive. Recurrence of amelanotic melanoma accompanied by bone marrow infiltration was therefore diagnosed. The incidence of amelanotic melanoma with primary lesions in the nasal cavity is low. However, in making the diagnosis of a nasal cavity lesion, the possibility of such a melanoma should be kept in mind. In many cases, it is difficult to diagnose amelanotic melanoma with HE staining alone, and immunohistochemistry must be used.     

鼻内镜下重建鼻内结构治疗鼻源性头痛

目的探讨鼻内镜下重建鼻内结构治疗鼻源性头痛的疗效。方法对82例鼻源性头痛患者采用鼻内镜下鼻内结构重建治疗,比较治疗前和治疗后6个月的VAS评分,统计有效率。结果 82例患者治愈69例(84.1%),显效8例(9.8%),无效5例(6.1%),总有效率为93.9%;黏膜接触性头痛组治疗前VAS评分大于鼻窦性头痛组(P0.05),治疗后2组患者VAS评分均低于治疗前(P0.05),但治疗后2组之间VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论鼻内镜手术解除了鼻腔和鼻窦的挤压以重建鼻腔正常的解剖结构,恢复了鼻腔和鼻窦正常的功能,对鼻源性头痛有良好的治疗效果。     

Cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in Korea

Cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) constitute 3.5-4% of all malignancies. Since the majority of cases are squamous cell carcinomas which are related with epidemiologic factors, a different pattern of UADT cancer might be present between the Western and Asian populations. We performed a pathology based statistical study on UADT cancers in Korean patients. Cases from Korea Cancer Center Hospital, from January 1, 1988 through December 31, 1998, were subjected to the study. Among 2,842 cases, epithelial malignancies accounted for 87.8%, with squamous cell carcinoma as the major type (76.5%). The larynx was the most commonly affected site (26%), followed by the oral cavity (25.1%), oropharynx (13%), nasopharynx (9%), hypopharynx (8.4%), paranasal sinuses (6.4%), nasal cavity (6%) and salivary glands (6.1%). The percentage of squamous cell carcinoma was highest (98.7%) at the hypopharynx, and lowest at the nasal cavity (42.3%), which showed the most diverse tumor entities. Korean patients with UADT cancers presented with a higher incidence of non-epidermoid malignancy including sarcoma (1.5%) and malignant melanoma (1.4%), and a higher frequency of involvement of the sinonasal tract, compared with the Western patients.