骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤的MRI诊断及临床应用

目的 探讨骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤的MRI诊断及其临床意义.方法 1999年10月-2007年10月,对20例Denis Ⅱ型骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤患者采用显示骶神经全长的骶骨斜冠状位MRI扫描,观察神经走行及毗邻关系.其中男17例,女3例;年龄30～55岁.受伤至入院时间1 d～23个月.致伤原因:车祸伤10例,重物砸伤8例,挤压伤2例.合并耻骨骨折8例,尿道断裂4例.行常规骨盆X线片、CT、螺旋CT三维重建检查.X线片示骶骨外侧骨折块向后上方移位,骶孔线模糊、扭曲变形、左右不对称;CT示骶管于不同断面水平存在左右不对称及骨折侧结构紊乱、骶骨外侧骨折块向后上方移位,同时存在压缩且向骶骨中央突入.根据临床表现、美国国立脊髓损伤学会和国际截瘫学会1990年推荐的脊髓损伤神经分类标准、与MRI正常侧对比及Gierada等的研究结果进行临床及MRI诊断,并进行手术验证.结果 临床诊断S1神经根损伤17例,S:神经根损伤14例,S,神经根损伤7例,S4神经根损伤6例;MRI诊断s1神经根损伤17例,S2神经根损伤14例,S3神经根损伤3例,S4神经根损伤2例;手术证实S1神经根损伤17例,S2神经根损伤14例,S3神经根损伤7例,S4神经根损伤1例.骶骨斜冠状位MRI扫描示骶神经全长及周围毗邻关系,骶神经损伤时发现有骨块压迫、神经根走行改变5例,损伤处神经根周围脂肪消失19例,骶管狭窄17例,骶神经出现异常增粗11例.结论 骶骨斜冠状位MRI扫描对于骶神经损伤定位及定性诊断有重要价值.     

骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤的MRI诊断及临床应用研究

目的探讨骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤患者的MRI诊断及其临床应用。方法选择2004年10月～2010年10月,笔者所在医院收治的50例骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤患者,采用MRI行骶骨斜冠状位扫描,另行骨盆X线拍片、CT及螺旋CT检查患者神经走行及其周围神经丛。X线显示骶骨外侧骨折向后移位,骶结节、骶骨线均模糊,且底孔不对称;CT提示滴管不同断面水平不对称以及骨折后结构发生变化,骶骨外侧骨折向后上移位;MRI提示高位（S1～S3）神经根损伤23例33处,低位（S3以下）神经根损伤12例18处。结果经手术验证高位（S1～S3）神经根损伤25例37处,低位（S3以下）神经根损伤12例18处,高位（S1～S3）漏诊2例,且经骶骨冠状位MRI扫描,发现骶神经损伤且有骨块压迫、神经根改变12例,神经根周围脂肪消失者22例,骶神经根增粗15例,漏诊率4%。结论采用MRI能准确定位骶骨及其周围神经的损伤情况,并结合常规影像学资料对于后续治疗具有重要诊断价值。     

陈旧性Denis Ⅱ型骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨陈旧性Denis Ⅱ型骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤的诊断及手术方法。方法：取60具骶骨干标本及26具完整骨盆标本，测量S1棘突与S1后孔同位置关系、骶前区血管、骶神经及梨状肌之间关系；对14例陈旧性DenisⅡ型骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤患者，在常规骨盆X线片，CT，螺旋CT三维重建的同时，又采用显示骶神经全长的骶骨斜冠状位MR扫描，观察神经走向及眦领关系。11例行自行设计的后略骶神经管扩大减压术，3例行非手术治疗。结果：S1棘突于S1后孔中上1/3者占90%，骶前区主要血管有骶外侧动静脉和骶外侧血管、骶正中血管及臀上血管进入骶前孔的分支。血管位于骶丛神经腹侧，骶外侧斑管距离S1前孔大于10mm，S2前孔大于5mm。骶骨斜冠状位MR扫描可以显示骶神经全长及周围眦领关系。骶神经损伤时，发现有神经根走行改变(13例），损伤处神经很周围脂肪消失（11例），神经根管狭窄(10例)。14例均获得随访。随访时间6--12个月。平均7.1个月，术后改善情况，优9例，无变化1例。结论螺旋CT三维重建及骶骨斜冠状位MR扫描对于骶神经损伤的定位及定性诊断有重要价值。后路骶神经管扩大减压术是针对骶神经管、骶前孔处神经损伤的较理想手术方法。     

骶骨骨折的外科治疗

目的:探讨骶骨骨折的外科治疗方法和疗效。方法:对36例骶骨骨折病例作回顾分析,根据Denis骶骨骨折分类法,Ⅰ型15例,Ⅱ型16例,Ⅲ型5例。Ⅰ型骨折中2例伴有L4或L5神经根损伤,1例L4、L5神经根损伤。Ⅱ型12例伴有S1、S2神经根损伤。Ⅲ型3例单侧S1、S2神经根损伤,2例双侧S1、S2神经根及马尾神经损伤。Ⅰ型骨折15例予保守治疗,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折21例均予手术治疗,其中8例无神经损伤或损伤轻微者单纯行骶骨骨折切开复位内固定术,13例伴有严重神经损伤者,予骨折切开复位内固定加神经探查松解术。结果:随访6~36个月,36例骶骨骨折均愈合,神经损伤均有不同程度恢复。3例Ⅰ型,10例Ⅱ型,3例Ⅲ型神经症状完全恢复,2例Ⅱ型残留骶神经损伤症状,2例Ⅲ型残留鞍区感觉减退、排尿乏力及性功能减退等症状。结论:骶骨骨折的治疗方案应取决于骨折类型及骶神经损伤程度。Ⅰ型骶骨骨折保守治疗效果满意,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骶骨骨折需切复内固定手术,有严重骶神经损伤者需神经探查松解术。     

骶骨骨折固定后腹直肌外侧入路神经松解术治疗合并的骶丛神经损伤的效果分析

目的探讨骶骨骨折固定后腹直肌外侧入路神经松解术治疗合并的骶丛神经损伤的效果。方法回顾性分析2022年5月至2023年至5月期间中南大学湘雅医院骨科收治的10例骶骨骨折固定后仍合并骶丛神经损伤患者资料。男2例, 女8例;年龄16.5(15.0,26.3)岁。患者受伤时明确诊断为骶骨骨折伴骶丛神经损伤, 骶骨骨折Denis分型:Ⅱ区7例, Ⅲ区3例;骶丛神经损伤部位:L4 1例, L5 8例, S1 7例, S2 2例。伤后2周内均经后方入路行骨折复位内固定治疗, 术后患者仍持续存在骶丛神经损伤表现, 并通过CT、磁共振成像及神经肌电图明确诊断。内固定后(4.0±2.3)个月所有患者采用腹直肌外侧入路神经松解术治疗。记录患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、末次随访时Gibbons神经损害评分及神经功能恢复情况等。结果 10例患者的手术时间为(112.0±21.5)min, 术中出血量为(215.0±91.3)mL, 住院时间为7.0(6.0, 8.5)d。术中发现骶丛神经受压9例(骨折移位致神经受压牵拉6例, 软组织瘢痕粘连致神经卡压3例), 神经根撕脱损伤1例。术中无其他并发症发生。1...     

微创可调式接骨板联合前环撑开复位治疗新鲜骶骨DenisⅡB型骨折合并骶神经损伤的疗效分析

目的探讨微创可调式接骨板联合微创经皮骨盆前环内固定术(INFIX)撑开复位治疗新鲜骶骨DenisⅡB型骨折合并骶神经损伤的手术方法, 并评价其临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2017年6月至2020年6月期间南方医科大学第三附属医院骨科医学中心创伤骨科和河北医科大学第三医院创伤急救中心收治的12例新鲜骶骨DenisⅡB型骨折患者资料。男8例, 女4例;平均年龄为30岁(16～44岁)。术前影像学表现为骶骨DenisⅡB型骨折, 腰骶丛磁共振神经成像检查均有骶孔处骶神经根损伤。12例患者伤后均有患侧S1神经根损伤症状:M0级9例, M1级3例。受伤至手术时间平均为11 d(5～19 d)。行INFIX联合微创可调式接骨板撑开压缩的骶骨骨折并固定。术后评估患者的骨折复位质量及骶神经功能恢复情况。结果根据Lindahl等提出的标准评估骨折复位质量:优8例, 良2例, 可2例。12例患者术后获平均20个月(12～36个月)随访, 骶骨骨折均获愈合, 愈合时间平均为6周(5～8周)。术后1年随访时根据英国医学研究会神经损伤委员会提出的肌力评价标准评定术后肌力恢复情况:10例完全恢复, 2例部分恢复。结论...     

锁定加压钢板治疗合并神经损伤的骶骨骨折

目的探讨锁定加压钢板（LCP）治疗合并神经损伤的骶骨不稳定骨折的效果。方法采用LCP固定治疗合并神经损伤的不稳定骶骨骨折患者7例：L5神经根损伤3例,骶丛神经损伤4例.2例术中行经后路神经减压、骨折复位固定术,5例单纯行骨折复位固定术.结果7例均获随访,时间12—36（20．8±8．6）个月.3例L5神经根损伤和2例骶丛神经损伤者Frankel分级由C级恢复至E级,另2例骶丛神经损伤者由C级恢复至D级。术后功能根据Majeed评分标准评定：优3例,良3例,可1例.结论LCP治疗合并神经损伤的骶骨不稳定骨折是一种有效的方法.     

骶骨骨折合并神经损伤的诊断与治疗

[目的]总结骶骨骨折合并骶神经损伤的诊断与治疗方法。[方法]1999～2004年收治骶骨骨折合并神经损伤患者12例,男9例,女3例。所有患者经详细体格检查及X线片、CT、MRI扫描等获得确诊。依据影像学资料进行Denis分型：Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型4例。不同分型采取相应的治疗方法：Ⅰ、Ⅱ型骨折先行骨盆牵引等保守治疗,观察4～6周,若症状改善不显著则转为手术治疗;Ⅲ型骨折尽早行后路骶椎管减压神经根探查松解手术;陈旧性Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折只要存在神经损伤表现,仍主张手术。共保守治疗7例,手术治疗5例。[结果]12例患者经6个月～3年随访,2例Ⅰ型骨折,6例Ⅱ型骨折患者完全恢复。4例Ⅲ型骨折患者中,1例完全恢复,2例显著改善,1例略有恢复。[结论]骶骨位置隐蔽,骨折所造成的神经损伤症状不明显,临床容易漏诊,需详细体检并结合影像学检查以提高确诊率。不同分型骨折可采用不同的治疗方法,手术方式以后路骶管减压骶神经松解为宜,陈旧性骨折只要存在神经损伤症状就有手术探查必要。     

骶骨骨折合并马尾神经损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨分析骶骨骨折合并马尾神经损伤的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年9月至2015年9月在我院进行手术治疗的20例骶骨骨折合并马尾神经损伤患者,比较手术前后Masato功能评分等指标。结果术后随访半年以上,Masato神经损伤评分明显改善,无加重病例发生,磁共振检查:椎管无明显狭窄。结论骶骨骨折合并马尾神经损伤的患者诊断明确后都应及早地进行手术治疗,采取后路手术操作简单,安全可靠,充分彻底的骶管探查减压并修复损伤的马尾神经,对术后神经功能恢复具有重要意义。     

骶前减压骶孔成形术治疗陈旧性骶骨骨折合并骶丛神经损伤的疗效分析

目的探讨经腹直肌外侧入路骶前骶孔扩大成形、骶丛神经减压治疗陈旧性骶骨骨折合并骶丛神经损伤的方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年6月南方医科大学第三附属医院骨科收治的11例陈旧性骶骨骨折合并骶丛神经损伤患者资料。男8例,女3例;年龄17~54岁,平均38岁;骶骨骨折按Denis分型均为Ⅱ区;神经损伤按英国医学研究会(BMRC)标准分级:完全损伤2例,部分损伤9例;受伤至手术时间0.7~12.0个月,平均6个月。经腹直肌外侧入路显露腰骶干及S1神经孔周围结构,直视下行骶孔扩大成形、松解骨折块及骨痂压迫的S1神经根及腰骶干,不稳定骶骨骨折者同时行复位内固定治疗。通过评价骨折愈合、神经功能恢复(BMRC标准)等观察疗效。结果本组11例患者中有10例顺利完成手术,1例因术中探查发现骶骨骨折完全愈合且S1神经孔完全闭塞,无法完成骶孔成形术而终止手术。手术时间70~220 min,平均110 min;术中出血量450~2800 mL,平均1100 mL。术后复查X线片、CT示骶孔扩大成形明显,无手术并发症发生。所有患者术后随访12个月至4年,平均18个月。所有患者末次随访时根据BMRC标准评价神经功能恢复情况:完全恢复5例,部分恢复4例,未恢复1例。结论经腹直肌外侧入路能较好地显露腰骶干及S1神经孔周围结构,直视下骶孔扩大成形、松解骨折块及骨痂压迫的S1神经根及腰骶干,是治疗陈旧性骶骨骨折合并骶丛神经损伤的一种可行的方法。     

Metastatic involvement of sacral nerve roots from uterine carcinoma: a case report

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Metastatic involvement of peripheral nerves is considered common in carcinoma of the head and neck with perineural invasion. It is also possible that perineural and endoneural invasion occur in presacral local recurrence. Little is reported about metastasis in pelvic lesions including sacral nerve roots. PURPOSE: We describe the clinical presentation and diagnosis of metastatic involvement of sacral nerve roots retrogradely from uterine carcinoma, and its implication for spine surgeons, along with a brief review of literature. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A case report of a patient with metastatic lesions in S1 and S2 nerve roots originating from uterine adenocarcinoma is presented. METHODS: A 39-year-old woman with history of uterine cancer presented with persistent severe low back pain, intractable radicular pain, and neurological deficit in the right lower extremity. She had undergone radical hysterectomy for uterine adenocarcinoma 4 years ago followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed abnormal swelling of the S1 and S2 nerve roots along with a soft-tissue mass in the retroperitoneal space. RESULTS: The patient underwent surgical rhizotomy and histology of the roots revealed metastatic tumor in the dorsal root ganglion. The patient had good pain relief, she died of metastatic disease 3 years later. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being uncommon, sacral nerve root metastasis should be considered in some patients with history of cancer of pelvic organs including the uterus. MR images were of little value in differentiating a carcinomatous lesion from a benign lesion.     

骶骨骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨骶骨骨折的手术治疗方法。方法 对16例骶骨骨折的患者行切开复位、松质骨螺丝钉内固定术，5例合并骶神经损伤者同时行神经探查。结果 对全部病例随访12～48个月，平均18个月，骨折均为一期愈合，一例坐骨神经损伤未恢复，治愈率达93％。结论 骶骨骨折切开复位内固定可以恢复骶骨的解剖关系，有利于神经损伤的恢复。对伴有神经损伤症状者应同时行神经探查。     

Application of navigation template to fixation of sacral fracture using three-dimensional reconstruction and re-verse engineering technique

Objective: To provide a new method in the fixation of sacral fracture by means of three-dimensional reconstruc-tion and reverse engineering technique.Methods: Pelvis image data were obtained from three-dimensional CT scan in patients with sacral fracture. The data were transferred into a computer workstation. The three-dimensional models of pelvis were reconstructed using Amira 3.1 software and saved in STL format. Then the three-dimensional fracture models were imported into Imageware 9.0 software. Different situations of reduction (total reduction, half reduction and non-reduction) were simulated using Imageware 9.0 software. The best direction and loca-tion of extract iliosacral lag screws were defined using re-verse engineering according to these three situations and navigation templates were designed according to the ana-tomic features of the postero-iliac part and the channel. The exact navigational template was made by rapid prototyping.Drill guides were sterilized and used intraoperatively to as-sist in surgical navigation and the placement of iliosacral lag screws.Results: Accurate screw placement was confirmed with postoperative X-ray and CT scanning. The navigation template was found to be highly accurate. Conclusion: The navigation template may be a useful method in minimal-invasive fixation of sacroiliac joint fracture.     

Urinary retention due to an isolated sacral root injury caused by sacral fracture

STUDY DESIGN: A case report.Setting:Urodynamic laboratory in a university hospital, Chiba, Japan. CASE REPORT: A young woman who suffered from urinary retention following a skiing accident. A sacral X-ray (lateral view) revealed an S2-3 sacral fracture. The patient gradually regained the ability to urinate. At 3 months after the accident, she still suffered difficult urination, although her neurological findings were normal. A urodynamic study showed an acontractile detrusor and a neurogenic sphincter electromyogram (EMG), together indicative of isolated sacral nerve injury. CONCLUSIONS: It was postulated that the S2-3 sacral fracture had led to bilateral traction of the S2-3 nerve roots, producing transient bladder paralysis (parasympathetic fibers) and incomplete sphincter paresis (somatic fibers). Sacral fracture is also of high clinical suspicion for urinary retention in frail elderly people, because it can result from simple falls.     

Study of the morphology and biomechanics of sacral fracture

Objective:To observe the morphological characteristics of sacral fracture under different impact loads. Method: Ten fresh pelvic specimens were loaded in dynamic or static state. A series of mechanical parameters including the pressure strain and velocity were recorded. Morphological characteristics were observed under scanning electron microscope. Results: The form of sacral fracture was related to the impact energy. Under low-energy impact loads, ilium fracture, acetabulum fracture and crista iliaca fracture were found. Under high-energy impact loads, three types of sacral fracture occurred according to the classification of Denis: sacral ala fracture, Type I fracture; sacral foramen cataclasm fracture, Type II fracture; central vertebral canal fracture, Type III fracture. Nerve injury of one or two sides was involved in all three types of sacral fracture. The fracture mechanism of sacrum between the dynamic impact and static compression was significantly different. When the impact energy was above 25 J, sacral foramen cataclasm fracture occurred, involving nerve root injury. When it was below 20 J, ilium and sacral fracture was most likely to occur. When it was 20 - 25 J, Type I fracture would occur. While in the static test, most of the fracture belonged to ilium or acetabulum fracture. The cross section of sacrum was crackly and the bone board of Haversian system was brittle, which could lead to separation of bone boards and malposition of a few of cross bone boards. Conclusions: In dynamic state, sacrum fracture mostly belongs to Type I and Type n , and usually involves the nerve roots. Sacrum fracture is relevant to the microstructures, the distribution of the bone trabecula, the osseous lacuna and the Haversian system of sacrum. The fracture of ilium and acetabulum more frequently appears in static state, with slight wound of peripheral tissues.     

DenisⅡ型骶骨骨折伴神经损伤早期手术疗效分析

目的：探讨DenisⅡ型骶骨骨折合并神经损伤的早期手术治疗的疗效。方法：2008年3月至2010年3月收治12例DenisⅡ型骶骨骨折伴神经损伤,男8例,女4例;年龄28～54岁,平均40岁。所有患者经详细体格检查及X线片、CT、MRI扫描等确诊,依据影像学资料进行Denis分型均为Ⅱ型。伤后6～14d手术,平均9d。8例骶前孔明显变形,责任骨块侵入骶孔压迫神经根,行后路骶神经减压内固定术;4例骶前孔轻度变形,无明显责任骨块侵入骶孔,行单纯切开复位内固定术。结果：12例均获随访,时间6个月～2年,骨折均Ⅰ期愈合,其中11例神经损伤患者均有不同程度恢复,Gibbons骶神经损害评分术前平均（2.67±0.49）分,术后平均（1.50±0.67）分,术后评分低于术前。结论：DenisⅡ型骶骨骨折伴神经损伤,全身情况许可应尽早手术治疗,可取得满意疗效。     

An unusual natural history of a L5–S1 spondylolisthesis presenting with a sacral insufficiency fracture

Sacral insufficiency fractures have been described in association with conditions leading to osteoporosis. No association with spondylolisthesis has been described to date. A 60-year-old patient with known lumbosacral isthmic spondylolisthesis presented with exacerbation of symptoms initially thought to be linked to her known spinal pathology. Plain radiography, computer tomography, MRI and bone scan confirmed the presence of a recent sacral insufficiency fracture with anterior angulation. Conservative treatment resulted in improvement of symptoms after 6 months. Care should be taken when considering older patients for more aggressive treatment if they present with exacerbation of back pain and sciatica in the presence of a pre-existing spondylolisthesis. A suspicion of insufficiency fracture should be raised if risk factors exist and further investigations ordered in particular if plain radiography is normal. Lumbosacral fusion might be inappropriate in this setting.     

Surgical treatment the sacral fracture in childhood: case report and literature overview

Fractures of the sacrum in children are rare. In the 17 cases described in the past 25 years, surgery was indicated only for treatment of the consequences of the primary injury. We present the case of a 10-year-old girl who sustained the following injuries as a result of a fall from a swing: posterior angulation of S2/3 with suspected injury of anterior ligamentous structures, fracture of the proximal part of the S4 body with a displacement by the bone width anteriorly and contraction of 5 mm, posterior angulation of S5/Co1 also with a suspected injury of anterior ligamentous structures. After an unsuccessful attempt at closed reduction, open reduction and fixation by two K-wires was indicated. The fracture healed in 8 weeks. Two years after the treatment, the patient is without complaints and limitations. The question is whether surgery was necessary for treatment of this fracture or whether spontaneous healing and subsequent remodelling of the sacral bone in such a young patient may be expected which would be also fully satisfactory. In our view, the described surgical treatment was appropriate and is definitely indicated for patients with a similar injury associated with a neural lesion.