从北京地区急性呼吸道感染患儿标本中检测到新型冠状病毒NL63基因

目的了解北京地区婴幼儿急性呼吸道感染是否与一种新发现的冠状病毒——HCoV-NL63相关。方法选取2003年12月—2004年3月,从首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院收集的245份因急性呼吸道感染就诊的门诊患儿的咽拭子标本以及住院患儿的鼻咽洗液标本,进行HCoV-NL63的筛查。这些标本已经过间接免疫荧光法和病毒分离检测,常见的七种呼吸道病毒（包括RSV,甲、乙型流感病毒,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型副流感病毒和腺病毒）检测均为阴性;同时还经逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测人偏肺病毒（hMPV）也为阴性。首先用位于HCoV—NL631b基因的两对引物用巢式PCR方法进行筛查,阳性者再用位于HCoV-NL63 1a基因的两对引物扩增进行复核。对用HCoV—NL63 1a基因扩增的长片段产物进行测序并与GenBank中相关序列进行比较分析。结果用HCoV-NL63 1b基因的引物经巢式PCR方法从245份标本中检测到3份阳性标本,阳性率为1．2％。3份阳性标本用HCoV-NL63 1a基因的两对引物经巢式PCR方法进行复核均得到阳性结果,这3份标本均取自住院患儿,患儿年龄分别为4个月、1岁和1岁5个月,临床诊断分别为毛细支气管炎、喉炎和支气管炎,男女比例为2：1。对其中基因扩增产量较高的BJ3140和BJ3787的1a基因长片段扩增产物（838bp）进行序列测定和分析的结果显示,这两株HCoV-NL63与GenBank公布的不同地区的HCoV—NL63的1a基因序列同源性最高,达到98％～99％。基于部分1a基因序列的系统进化分析显示,BJ3140和BJ3787属于HCoV-NL63的第一簇（group 1）。结论结果提示北京地区部分婴幼儿的急性呼吸道感染与HCoV-NL63相关。     

Clinical manifestations of human coronavirus NL63 infection in children in Taiwan

Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is a global respiratory tract pathogen; however, the epidemiology of this virus in subtropical area is not well known. To evaluate the epidemics and disease spectrum of HCoV-NL63 infection in children in Taiwan, we prospectively screened children admitted to the hospital with respiratory tract infection from May 2004 to April 2005. Every enrolled child had a nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) sample taken. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect 1b gene of HCoV-NL63. A total of 539 NPAs were collected. Seven (1.3%) were positive for HCoV-NL63. All cases were boys younger than 3 years of age and most cases occurred in autumn. Co-infection with other pathogens was observed in three cases. The most common symptoms/signs of HCoV-NL63 infection were cough, fever, and inspiratory stridor. HCoV-NL63 was the most common pathogen (14.7%) in children with croup and was the cause of three cases of croup in October. The odds ratio of croup in children infected with HCoV-NL63 was 43.4 (95% CI 8.1∼233.1). In conclusion, HCoV-NL63 is an important respiratory tract pathogen as the main cause in children admitted to the hospital in Taiwan.     

Detection of human bocavirus in hospitalised children

Aim:   The objectives of this study are to assess the frequency of human bocavirus (HBoV) infection in hospitalised children and to study the clinical symptoms associated with the detection of HBoV.
Methods:   Two groups of hospitalised children were included in this study: group 1 consisted of 1946 children hospitalised from 1st September 2004 to 30th May 2005, and group 2 consisted of 448 children hospitalised from 1st November 2003 to 30th March 2004. The respiratory specimens were tested by polymerase chain reaction.
Results:   In the first group, HBoV was detected by polymerise chain reaction in 11/828 (1.3%) of nasal specimens that tested negative for other respiratory viruses. One child tested positive for HBoV in both a nasal aspirate and stool sample. In the second group, nasal specimens were tested for all respiratory viruses, including HBoV. The presence of HBoV infection was detected in seven children (1.6%). Detection of a mixed viral population was observed in four of these children. The main symptoms in children infected with HBoV were rhinitis (50%), cough (45%), dyspnoea (28%), wheezing (28%), fever (23%) and diarrhoea (22%). The final clinical diagnoses were bronchiolitis (seven children), rhinopharyngitis (five children), the exacerbation of asthma (two children) and pneumonia (one child). Moreover, four children have associated gastroenteritis.
Conclusion:   These results contribute to the interest in the HBoV detection in children. HBoV detection in hospitalised children with or without any other respiratory virus detection was essentially associated with lower respiratory tract infection and in a lower score with upper respiratory tract infection and gastroenteritis.     

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??Abstract??Objective??To establish a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay to detect the human coronavirus NL63 from nasopharyngeal samples of children with acute respiratory tract infections in Fuzhou. Methods??The specific primers and Tap-man probes were designed targeting the 1a gene. The aimed fragment of 1a gene was amplified with PCR and ligated into a PMD18-T Easy vector for standards. A total of 151 clinical specimens were subsequently tested after determination of the sensitivity and specificity of the established real-time PCR. Amplify and preliminarily analyse the N gene. Results??The specificity of this assay was excellent. The linear amplification of the assay ranged from 101 copies/μL to 1010 copies/μL. Two of 151 clinical specimens??1.3%?? were tested positive for HCoV-NL63. Conclusion??The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay is successfully established to detect HCoV- NL63 .     

Poisoning in children in Japan

The Japan Poison Information Centre (JPIC) received 31510 inquiries about poisoning in children under 6 years old being exposed to poison in the fiscal year 1995. The most frequently implicated products were tobacco (20%) and the peak age for ingestion of household products was 1 year and younger (83.3%). Especially, the inquiries related to children less than 1 year old were 35.7% of the cases. In contrast, the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) data showed that the most common poisonings were due to pharmaceutical products and the inquiries related to children less than 1 year old were only 12.1%. The objective of this report was to find out the poison exposure in children in Japan and to compare the data with that of AAPCC.     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜患儿血清微小病毒B_(19)检测及意义

目的探讨人微小病毒B19(HPVB19)感染与儿童特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)发病的关系。方法采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)对46例ITP患儿利30例健康儿童的血清标本进行HPVB19-IgM、IgG及血小板相关抗体检测。结果46例ITP患儿血清中HPVB19抗体总刚性率43.48%(20/46),30例健康儿童HPVB19-IgM、IgG均为阴性,2组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);ITP组中急性型与慢性型之间HPVB19抗体总阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);病毒感染刚性患儿的血小板相关抗体明显高于病毒感染阴性患儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论ITP患儿血清中HPVB19抗体总刚性率高,尤其是急性型;HPVB19感染后可导致血小板相关抗体升高而致血小板减少。     

心肌炎及扩张型心肌病患儿人类巨细胞病毒的检测及其临床意义

目的探讨巨细胞病毒与心肌炎、扩张型心肌病之间的关系。方法应用ＰＣＲ基因扩增技术对４８例心肌炎、４例扩张型心肌病患儿及６０例同期无心肌疾病患儿进行人类巨细胞病毒（ｈｕｍａｎｃｙｔｏｍｅｇａｌｏｖｉｒｕｓ,ＨＣＭＶ）检测。结果心肌炎、扩张型心肌病组巨细胞病毒检出率明显高于对照组,差异有显著性（Ｐ＜００５）。结论巨细胞病毒与心肌炎、扩张型心肌病的发生有关     

Detection of human parvovirus B19 in children with acute hepatitis

Parvovirus is a rare cause of acute hepatitis. Two children with non A-E acute hepatitis in whom human parvovirus B19 was detected by PCR are reported.     

粤东地区细支气管炎患儿中人偏肺病毒和人博卡病毒的检出

细支气管炎患儿在儿科十分常见,而且相当一部分患儿日后会转化为反复的喘息发作乃至哮喘[1].目前认为其病原学主要为呼吸道合胞病毒、鼻病毒和腺病毒等.人偏肺病毒(hMPV)和人博卡病毒(HBoV)是近年来新发现的人类呼吸道感染病毒,其在小儿呼吸道感染中的重要性,正日益受到儿科呼吸病学者的重视[2],已有报道其与小儿喘息性疾病的关系较为密切[3-5],我们于20cr7年2～8月对细支气管炎住院儿童的鼻咽抽取物(NPA)进行了hMPV和HBoV的检测研究,以了解这两种新现病毒在细支气管炎中的重要性,现将结果报告如下.     

Rotavirus infection in children in Japan

Currently, a high morbidity of rotavirus diarrhea has been seen in children in developed and developing countries. Improvement of the vaccines is necessary in order to reduce the burden of diarrhea caused by rotavirus. A survey of rotavirus infection from diarrheal stool specimens in children of seven regions in Japan was conducted from 1984 to 1999. The present study discusses the survey results and reviews the national and international data of more than 23 papers and congress proceedings about rotavirus infection in Japan. We analyze the prevalence of rotavirus infection in acute diarrheal in- and outpatients, the distribution of rotavirus G-serotypes and surveillance data for seasonality and age groups in Japan. The data indicated that rotavirus is the most important cause of diarrhea in Japan among young children, with the prevalence ranging from approximately 9.7 to 88%. The most common rotavirus strains belonged to serotype G1, specifically since 1993. Serotypes G2, G3 and G4 had also been documented to be predominantly based in the area and year before 1992. However, untypeable rotavirus strains had been found each year, with a prevalence up to 56.7% which suggests that rare serotypes (except G1-4) or new serotypes might exist. Unexpectedly, in Tokyo and Sapporo from 1998 to 1999, G9 was found to be the first most prevailing serotype with a high prevalence of 52.9 and 71.4%, respectively. Despite these data from different geographic areas, the year under investigation was relatively clear in respect to seasonality, with a peak of rotavirus activity in late winter (February) through early spring (March). Age distribution had also characterized that the infection was predominant among children aged 1-2 years of age, although it was also common in children of 2-3 years. In addition, mixed infection with bacteria was documented.     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜患儿骨髓巨细胞病毒抗原的检测及临床价值

目的探讨骨髓中人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）感染在小儿特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）中的作用及机制。方法采用二步法免疫组化检测81例ITP患儿骨髓中HCMV早期抗原,并行外周血血小板计数及ELISA法检测血HCMV-IgM。结果ITP患儿骨髓HCMV阳性率（61.73%）明显高于血HCMV-IgM阳性率（20.99%）,P〈0.01;慢性ITP骨髓HCMV阳性率（92.31%）高于急性ITP（55.88%）,P〈0.05;慢性ITP血HCMV-IgM、IgG阳性率与急性ITP相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。骨髓HCMV阳性组的平均年龄、治疗前血小板数、治疗后血小板上升值与阴性组相比,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,骨髓巨核细胞数及产板型巨核细胞数与阴性组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;血HCMV-IgM阳性组的平均年龄、治疗前血小板数、治疗后血小板上升值与阴性组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;血HCMV-IgG阳性组的上述三项指标与阴性组相比,差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。骨髓HCMV阳性细胞数量分级与治疗前血小板计数之间无相关关系（P〉0.05）。结论HCMV感染在ITP中广泛存在,骨髓HCMV抗原的检测是评价ITP患儿HCMV感染的敏感、特异的指标;骨髓HCMV感染的ITP患儿存在病情加重、疗效不佳及慢性化的趋势;在骨髓HCMV致ITP的机制中,可能主要是影响外周免疫系统从而破坏成熟的血小板,而不是对血细胞生成的抑制。     

Phimosis of infants and young children in Japan

The prepuce and glans was examined in 4521 healthy infants and young children with a birthweight over 2600 g. There were 3238 infants aged 1–12 months and 1283 children aged 3 years. There is no custom of circumcision in Japan. The term phimosis implies the adhesion of the prepuce and glans, which cannot be separated by manipulation. Phimosis was found in 88.5% of infants aged 1–3 months, and the corresponding figures at the ages of 4–6 months, 7–9 months, 10–12 months and 3 years were: 74.4, 63.9, 58.0 and 35.0%, respectively. However, cases where the prepuce could be retracted by gentle manipulation were found in 3.0% of infants aged 1–3 months, 19.9% of those aged 10–12 months and increased to 38.4% of children aged 3 years, which exceeded the rate of phimosis. The complete adhesion of prepuce and glans was found in many infants, and a small space between the prepuce and glans was observed in some cases of 3-year-old boys. The smegma was notable in only 16 cases (0.5%) of infants and in 5 cases (0.4%) of the 3-year-olds. Balanopothitis was found in only one case of the 3-year-olds. It is not recommended to separate the foreskin by manipulation, which sometimes leads to bleeding or paraphimosis. And it is not necessary to surgically correct phimosis in infancy and early childhood except in the case of accompanying urological disturbance.