超声对高强度聚焦超声治疗的实时监控研究

目的　探讨在高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗过程中,实时监控超声的图像变化与HIFU辐照产生的凝固性坏死灶大小之间的相关性。方法　观测在相同声强和辐照时间、治疗深度等指标情况下,HIFU定点辐照家兔肝脏,靶区辐照前及治疗结束后即刻、2min、5min、10min后的超声声像图变化和灰度值变化,进而观测超声声像图面积与生物学焦域面积的关系。结果　HIFU辐照后靶区超声回声强度明显增强,灰度值增高,但随着时间延长,灰度则逐渐减弱,声像图面积也随时间逐渐减小,但在 2min时趋于稳定。而损伤的凝固性坏死灶最大切面面积与不同时间的声像图面积比较,介于 2min和 5min的声像图面积之间,与两者比较,差异均无显著性意义(P>0. 05)。结论　通过观察HIFU活体治疗时的灰度值和声像图变化,可间接指导HFIU治疗剂量的选择和判断治疗的效果,为临床HIFU实时监控治疗提供理论和实验基础。     

高强度聚焦超声辐照兔肌肉组织后B超灰度值与坏死体积的相关性研究

目的探讨高强度聚焦超声辐照兔腿部肌肉后,其坏死体积与B超灰度值变化的关系。方法将05只新西兰大白兔按辐照时间分为0 s1、8 s3、0 s、40 s、50 s6、0 s7、0 s8、0 s、90 s1、00 s共10个组;治疗参数为功率140 W、频率0.8 MHz、焦距126 mm、治疗头直径150 mm;监测辐照过程中B超灰度值变化,治疗24 h后解剖兔腿部肌肉,观察其坏死情况。结果随着辐照时间的延长,B超灰度值逐渐增加,坏死体积也逐渐增加,差异具有显著性(P<0.01),坏死体积与灰度值呈正相关,r为0.982;当灰度值达到54.25±3.60时,坏死体积达(3.01±0.5)ml,此后随着B超灰度值的增加,坏死体积变化不明显(P>0.05),且灰度值达73.08以上时会出现HIFU辐照过量,甚至碳化现象。结论进行HIFU治疗时,B超灰度值与组织坏死体积之间存在一定的相关性,当灰度达到一定值时,组织坏死体积会达到饱和。     

高强度聚焦超声体外消融犬脾脏的实验研究

目的 探讨高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)体外消融脾脏的可行性.方法 取成年杂种犬5只,以结扎脾静脉主干方法建立犬淤血性脾肿大模型,术后3周用HIFU治疗系统对肿大脾脏行体外定点辐照,B超实时观察一定强度不同时间的辐照后靶区的回声强度及其随时间的变化规律,测量回声变化区域的面积,3 d后处死实验犬测量损伤灶最大剖面面积,并行病理学检查.结果 HIFU体外定点辐照后,靶区即刻可出现灰度增高的强回声区,其灰度值及面积随辐照时间的增加而增加、随观察时间的延长而逐渐下降,但于2 min后逐渐稳定.病理提示有明确的凝固性坏死.损伤灶最大剖面面积与辐照后5 min时B超监测的强回声面积比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 B超可以实时监控HIFU体外消融脾脏时凝固性坏死的出现,HIFU体外消融脾脏是可行的,它有望成为临床治疗脾亢的新方法.     

高强度聚焦超声联合微泡损伤山羊肝脏的实时声像图研究

目的 探讨HIFU联合微泡造影剂损伤山羊肝脏的超声声像图变化及其对损伤的监控.方法 经静脉注入微泡造影剂后,对15只山羊肝脏进行HIFU定点辐照,观测HIFU辐照后靶区的灰阶值和回声增强范围随时间变化的关系,并比较研究回声增强范围的面积与实际损伤最大面积的关系.结果 靶区强回声范围的面积、灰阶值在HIFU辐照后5 min趋于稳定;HIFU辐照后5 min时靶区强回声范围的面积与实际损伤面积一致,较白色凝固性坏死面积略大.结论 可通过实时超声监控HIFU联合微泡造影剂损伤山羊肝脏的靶区声像图变化来指导治疗和判断疗效.     

高强度聚焦超声联用超声造影剂对治疗兔肝焦域效应的影响

目的探讨超声造影剂改变动物体内生物组织对入射超声的反应,以增强高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗实体肿瘤的生物学效应.方法采用前瞻性配对方法,把32只新西兰纯种大白兔按体质量配对分为两组,每组16只,两组兔肝分别接受①单纯HIFU治疗;②增强HIFU治疗,即先静脉注射超声造影剂(白蛋白包裹的含全氟丙烷的气体微泡,全氟显),再接受HIFU治疗.两组治疗参数包括辐照时间、功率、频率、焦距相同.记录并比较两组肝在辐照前与辐照后20 s、2 min、5 min靶区的超声灰度值改变并在术后2 h、第2 d、第3 d和第7 d各解剖4只兔,对比两组肝脏的焦域体积大小及显微镜下肝组织的病理学改变.结果单纯HIFU组辐照前后的超声灰度改变值分别为 20.2± 12.4(20 s), 16.8± 9.3(2 min)和 15.1± 11.9(5 min);增强HIFU治疗组为 63.9± 29.4(20 s), 60.0± 25.9(2 min), 59.3± 28.7(5 min),两组差异有显著性意义(P< 0.05).两组肝的焦域体积分别为( 130.5± 200.2)mm3(单纯HIFU组)和( 1613.6± 2620.7)mm3(增强HIFU组,P< 0.05).两组在治疗当天光镜下靶区肝细胞即出现不可逆的变性坏死,1 d后出现明显的大片凝固性坏死,与周围组织分界清楚.结论超声造影剂可改变动物体内的声学环境,从而增强HIFU对兔肝的作用效应,可作为HIFU增效剂用于临床治疗实体肿瘤.     

超声造影剂增强疗效结合超声高强度聚焦治疗的实时影像监控研究

目的探讨微泡造影剂联合高强度聚焦超声治疗对实时监控超声声像图的影响。方法对20只山羊肝脏进行自身前后对照分组,观测靶区HIFU定点辐照前后的超声声像图面积和灰阶变化,并比较声像图面积与实际损伤的凝固性坏死灶最大切面面积。结果HIFU辐照后,全氟显组靶区声像图面积、灰阶值及形成的凝固性坏死灶最大切面面积均较对照组明显增高(P<0.05)。实际损伤切面面积与辐照结束后即刻、2min、5min及10min时的声像图比较,其比值分别为0.33±0.12、0.55±0.21、0.72±0.15、0.94±0.23。结论微泡造影剂可明显增强HIFU对山羊肝脏的作用效应,通过观察HIFU辐照过程中的声像图变化,可实时指导HIFU治疗和判断治疗效果。     

高强度聚焦超声肝脏生物学焦域及超声监控

目的探讨在相同声强作用下,高强度聚焦超声经体外辐照肝脏形成的生物学焦域体积大小与辐照深度和辐照时间的关系.同时探讨超声显像法实时监控生物学焦域的图像变化规律.方法采用重庆医科大学医学超声工程研究所自主研制的JC-A型HIFU肿瘤治疗系统(1MHz,5500W*cm-2),对18只山羊的肝脏组织进行体外定点脉冲辐照,辐照深度为距皮肤3cm和4cm,辐照时间为5s、10s、15s和20s.辐照过程中系列测量靶区超声灰度和强回声区面积的变化.辐照后3～5天处死动物,剖腹观察并测量所形成的肝脏HIFU生物学焦域的体积.结果肝脏经体外HIFU辐照后即刻,靶区内出现明显的回声增强并随观测时间延长而逐渐降低.强回声区面积随辐照时间增加而增大.辐照时间为5s、10s、15s和20s,辐照深度为3cm时,形成的生物学焦域体积分别为(85±28.0)mm3、(274±55.0)mm3、(410±90.0)mm3和(694±131.0)mm3;而辐照深度为4cm时,肝脏HIFU生物学焦域体积则分别为(63±7.0)mm3、(167±25.0)mm3、(273±56.0)mm3和(472±104.0)mm3.结论在相同辐照声强作用下,肝脏HIFU生物学焦域体积随辐照时间的增加而增加,随辐照深度的增加而减小.     

灰度相关函数应用于HIFU监控的离体研究

目的探讨在高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)辐照过程中,超声图像与HIFU辐照产生凝固性坏死的关系,以提高监控超声对HIFU凝固性坏死的判断灵敏度。方法在相同声强、辐照时间、辐照深度情况下,HIFU定点辐照离体牛肝,观测靶区辐照前及辐照结束后即刻、1、2、3、4、5 min的声像图变化和灰度值变化,并进行靶区声像图相关函数运算,用支撑矢量机(support vector machine,SVM)筛选参数并得到决策超平面。结果超声图像相关系数可以评价HIFU凝固性坏死情况,其灵敏度高于用灰度评价(χ~2=18.716,P0.05)。结论声像图相关系数判断HIFU辐照的靶组织有无凝固性坏死优于灰度评价。     

相关函数应用于HIFU辐照兔VX2乳腺肿瘤的监控声像图研究

目的 探讨在高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)辐照后,声像图相关函数与HIFU辐照发生凝固性坏死的关系,以提高监控超声的判断灵敏度. 方法 120只兔VX2乳腺移植性肿瘤随机分为4组,在相同辐照时间、不同辐照强度下,采用HIFU定点辐照,观测靶区辐照前后声像图变化和灰度值变化,并对靶区声像图进行相关函数运算,用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)筛选参数得到其最佳决策超平面. 结果 监控声像图相关函数处理可以评价HIFU辐照组织的凝固性坏死情况,其灵敏度高于用声像图灰度评价(P＜0.05). 结论 声像图相关函数判断HIFU辐照的靶组织有无凝固性坏死比灰度评价更为准确可靠.     

经静脉注射脂质包裹液态氟碳纳米粒增效高强度聚焦超声治疗肿瘤的初步研究

目的观察经静脉注射脂质包裹液态氟碳纳米粒对高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗肿瘤的增效作用,并探讨其增效机制。方法首先制备脂质包裹的液态氟碳纳米粒。然后选取建模成功后3周的荷VX2肝癌移植瘤的新西兰大白兔36只,随机等分为3组,用HIFU对兔肝肿瘤进行辐照。A组为对照组,即辐照前经兔耳缘静脉注射生理盐水,B组在辐照前注射液态氟碳纳米粒,30 s后用HIFU辐照,C组在辐照前24 h注射液态氟碳纳米粒。观察各组辐照区域视频灰度变化及肿瘤凝固性坏死情况。结果 B组和C组均见到辐照区域明显灰度变化,A组仅部分见到灰度变化,B、C组辐照前后灰度变化面积和变化值与A组有显著差异(P0.05);3组兔肝肿瘤内均观察到明显的凝固性坏死,B、C组坏死的范围明显大于A组(P0.05)。结论经静脉注射脂质包裹的液态氟碳纳米粒能够增强HIFU的疗效,此效应可能与纳米粒改变组织声环境、增加聚焦超声的空化作用有关,但具体作用机制有待进一步探讨。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.