Vascular endothelial growth factor in epithelial lining fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Background and objective:   Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to contribute to the development of pulmonary oedema, and has been suggested to have a protective role against lung injury. To determine the role of VEGF in acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS, VEGF levels were measured in lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) collected from patients with ALI/ARDS.
Methods:   Forty patients with ALI/ARDS underwent bronchoscopic microsampling to collect ELF on days 0 (onset of ALI/ARDS), 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10, unless the patient was extubated or had died. Twelve patients, who underwent bronchoscopy for examination of small, peripheral pulmonary nodules, served as controls.
Results:   The initial (day 0) levels of VEGF in ELF of the ALI/ARDS patients who survived and those who did not were 5.5 ng/mL (IQR: 2.3–19.7) and 1.7 ng/mL (IQR: 0.0–6.4), respectively. On days 0, 5, 7 and 10, the VEGF levels in ELF were significantly greater in survivors than in non-survivors ( P  < 0.05). VEGF levels on days 1 and 3 did not differ between survivors and non-survivors. There was no significant difference in ELF VEGF levels between control subjects and patients with ALI/ARDS at any time point. Lung injury score was inversely correlated with VEGF concentration in ELF ( P  < 0.001).
Conclusions:   In patients with ALI/ARDS, elevated VEGF levels in ELF may predict a better outcome. Increased production of VEGF in the injured lung may contribute to resolution of inflammation in the lung.     

血浆肝细胞生长因子对急性呼吸窘迫综合征的严重程度及预后判断的价值

目的：探讨血浆肝细胞生长因子（HGF）与急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的严重程度的关联性及预后判断的意义.方法：应用酶联免疫吸附方法检测48例ARDS患者及30例非ARDS患者（对照组）血浆中HGF水平,根据第2 8d疾病转归将ARDS组分为生存组和死亡组,对所有患者进行急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分、序贯器官衰竭估计（SOFA）评分、肺损伤评分（LIS）,同时检测所有患者肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）水平 结果：ARDS组血浆HGF水平较对照组显著增高（P＜0.05）,ARDS死亡组血浆HGF水平显著高于生存组（P＜0.05）;HGF对ARDS患者死亡预后判断的ROC曲线下面积为0.843,以2.7 ng/mL作为最佳截断值,其灵敏度为82.9％,特异度为84.7％,优于TNF-α、CRP.结论：ARDS患者血浆中HGF水平是升高的,是临床上判断ARDS严重程度及预后的有效指标.     

血管内皮生长因子与脑梗死

血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是血管内皮细胞的一种特异性促分裂原,是最重要的促血管新生因子.VEGF在脑梗死后高度表达,在血管新生和神经保护中起着重要作用;同时,其过度表达也会使血管通透性增加,进而可能加重脑水肿.文章对VEGF及其受体与脑梗死的研究进展进行了综述.     

血管内皮生长因子及血管内皮生长因子受体在急性肺损伤中作用的研究

血管内皮生长因子是作用于血管内皮细胞的重要血管调节因子,它通过与内皮上的特异受体结合,可发挥促进内皮细胞增殖、分化、诱导血管生成、增加微血管通透性等多种功能.近年研究显示血管内皮生长因子在不同原因、不同阶段急性肺损伤中所起的作用不同.     

Treatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and the adult respiratory distress syndrome.

We report a case of a patient who developed a fatal adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during treatment with rh granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) (250 mcg/m2/day s.c.) and low-dose cytosine-arabinoside (Ara-C) (20 mg/m2/day s.c.). Several mechanisms which might explain the lung tissue damage in this patient were explored. GM-CSF increased the expression of the glycoproteins CD11B and CD18 on the surface of his neutrophils, which may have increased the adhesiveness of neutrophils to the pulmonary endothelium. In addition, GM-CSF primed the neutrophils of the patient to an enhanced release of superoxide anions. Both findings may at least partially explain why GM-CSF exerted a deleterious action on the pulmonary endothelial integrity in this patient. Other factors, such as increased platelet-activating factor production by the neutrophils or tumor necrosis factor-mediated mechanisms, may also have played a role. ARDS as a complication of low-dose Ara-C seems less plausible.     

肺表面活性物质预防早产儿呼吸窘迫综合症的临床观察

目的对肺表面活性物质固尔苏应用于早产儿呼吸窘迫综合症的早期预防效果进行观察及分析。方法选取早产儿病例120例,根据患儿家长意愿分组为固尔苏组62例和对照组58例。在常规进行心电监测、入恒温箱、抗感染等治疗基础上,对照组不应用固尔苏,固尔苏组给予固尔苏用药治疗。结果固尔苏组患儿的平均通气时间、氧疗时间和住院时间明显短于对照组(P0.01);固尔苏组患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎、肺气漏和视网膜病变发病率明显低于对照组(P0.05);固尔苏组患儿治愈率明显高于对照组,致死率和NRDS发生率明显低于对照组(P0.01)。结论肺表面活性物质预防早产儿呼吸窘迫综合症具有较好的疗效,可快速改善患儿肺功能、提高肺顺应性,并且降低并发症的发生以及致死率。     

Early indicators of chronic lung disease in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome and their inhibition by melatonin

Improved survival from advances in neonatal care has resulted in an increased number of infants at risk for chronic lung disease (CLD). Recently, it was reported that inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-8 are present in higher concentrations in lung lavage from babies who develop CLD. Previously, we found that melatonin reduced the rises in proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha) and nitrite/nitrate levels in the serum of preterm newborns with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The values correlated with gestational age and iatrogenic trauma in the form of oxygen exposure and mechanical ventilation. Increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines may, therefore, be the most valuable early indicator of developing CLD and these measurements may assist in selecting infants for interventions such as melatonin treatment or more selective blockage of components of inflammation. In the current study, we extend the original observations and report results in which 120 newborns diagnosed with RDS were either treated with melatonin (60 children) or given placebo (60 children). The cytokine measures were consistent with the previously reported findings and showed that melatonin reduced these values and also lowered nitrite/nitrate levels in serum of newborns with respiratory distress. Furthermore, when nonmelatonin-treated newborns who developed CLD (eight infants) were examined separately, they had levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha and nitrite/nitrate values much higher than those in children who did not develop CLD. Two of the nonmelatonin-treated newborns died while no children who received melatonin died. Melatonin was well tolerated by the newborns.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor reduces Fas-mediated acute liver injury in mice

Background and Aim:  Fulminant hepatitis is still a fatal liver disease, and no specific treatment for it has been available. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the focus of attention because of its various actions. We investigated the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on Fas-induced fulminant hepatic failure (FHF).
Method:  Male Balb/c mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of an anti-Fas antibody (Jo-2 Ab) with or without premedication with intraperitoneally administered human recombinant VEGF.
Results:  The serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was up to 300 times higher that of normal mice following the Jo-2 Ab injection, and histological analysis revealed hepatic injury and massive hepatocyte apoptosis. The VEGF significantly suppressed an elevation in serum ALT levels and hepatocyte apoptosis. Immunohistochemically, VEGF-treated mice showed that Bcl-xL in hepatocytes was strongly expressed.
Conclusions:  Since hepatocytes do not express VEGF receptors, we speculated that VEGF acts on sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) and promotes production of cytokines such as hepatocyte growth factor in SECs, resulting in reducing apoptosis through an increase expression of Bcl-xL in hepatocytes. We suggest that VEGF has a potent antiapoptotic effect on hepatocytes through cell–cell interaction between SECs and hepatocytes.     

Cyclophosphamide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome

Cyclophosphamide is widely used in neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. Although several adverse events have been described with its use, acute and subacute interstitial pneumonitis leading to pulmonary fibrosis is rare and potentially fatal. This case report describes a 64-year-old man who, after the fifth chemotherapy cycle, developed a severe ARDS leading to pulmonary fibrosis in just 30 days.     

血管内皮细胞生长因子与治疗性血管新生

本文概述了血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)家族及其受体的组成,介绍了调控VEGF表达的因素及VEGF信号传导途径。着重阐述了VEGF促血管新生的作用机制,以及VEGF在治疗性血管新生中的研究与应用现状、存在问题及未来发展前景。还简要介绍了VEGF其他的生物学作用。     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子在急性呼吸窘迫综合征发病中的作用

目的 探讨巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（MIF）在急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）中的表达和作用。方法 ARDS组12例，对照组20例，用ELISA法测定患者血清MIF水平，采用流式细胞仪检测外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）MIF的表达，用免疫组织化学双重染色和原位杂交技术观察肺组织中MIF mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果 ARDS患者外周血清MIF水平和PBMC MIF表达率明显高于正常人（P＜0.01)。原位杂交和免疫组化染色结果显示，正常肺组织中未见MIF mRNA和蛋白表达，而在ARDS肺组织中MIF表达水平明显增高，肺间质、肺泡腔内可见巨噬细胞浸润并见有MIF表达，病理损伤较严重处MIF表达更强且与巨噬细胞浸润数量明显相关。结论 ARDS患者血清MIF水平和外周血单个核细胞表达MIF增多，肺组织存在MIF表达增多及巨噬细胞浸润情况，提示MIF在ARDS发病中起重要作用。     

应用肺表面活性物质联合NCPAP治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的对照研究

目的 探讨应用肺表面活性物质(PS)联合NCPAP治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的效果.方法 将82例呼吸窘迫综合征的早产儿随机分为两组,观察组早期给予气管滴注肺表面活性物质,随后立即进行NCPAP治疗;对照组不予肺表面活性物质处理,比较两组患儿治疗效果、住院时间、氧疗时间、机械通气使用以及并发症等情况.结果 两组患儿治疗后血气结果较治疗前有显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组患儿的机械通气使用情况、呼吸机相关肺炎的发生率、氧疗时间以及住院时间均较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 早期应用PS联合NCPAP是治疗早产儿RDS的有效方式,能快速有效地改善肺功能,缩短氧疗时间及住院时间,减少相关并发症的发生.     

Adult respiratory distress syndrome in neutropenic leukemia patients

Summary Seven episodes of adult respiratory distress syndrome, occurring in leukemic patients with longstanding (average 11 days) and severe neutropenia (<0.1×10⁹/l) are described. Pathologocial and clinical data give further support to the view that the complement-neutrophil pathway is not the only mechanism in generating clinical ARDS in leukemia patients.     

血管内皮生长因子与非酒精性脂肪性肝病

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）是影响公共健康的全球性疾病,其病理变化可向非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝（NAFL）、脂肪性肝炎（NASH）甚至脂肪性肝硬化（FLC）发展。虽然NAFLD的这些病理进展机制尚未明确,但仍有一些实验研究提示了可能的诱发机制。其中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在促进NAFLD肝脏炎症、肝纤维化中发挥着重要的作用。本文就VEGF与NAFLD关系的研究进展予以综述。     

ARDS药物治疗的新进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是常见呼吸系统危重症,其发病率和治疗费用均处于高位,治疗困难,病死率在30％左右.目前,ARDS的治疗多是支持性的,目的在于提高肺部气体的交换并防止并发症的发生.一些有潜力的ARDS治疗的药物研究了很多,可能对ARDS患者的氧合、肺水等的吸收有益,然而尚没有充足的证据证明其在降低病死率等重要临床指标方面有效.     

血管内皮生长因子与胸腔积液

血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）是目前已知活性最强、高度特异的血管生长因子。研究表明：VEGF可使血管通透性增加、渗出增多，在促进胸腔积液形成的过程中起重要作用。深入研究VEGF为进一步认识胸腔积液的发病机制及发展新的治疗策略提供了条件。     

早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的危险因素分析及糖皮质激素的治疗价值探讨

目的 研究早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的危险因素并探讨糖皮质激素的治疗价值.方法 回顾性分析2011年8月至2013年5月我院收治住院的152例早产儿患者资料,根据是否发生新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征,将所有早产儿分为观察组（76例）及对照组（76例）,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析找出早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的危险因素.同时,按是否接受激素治疗分为激素组（40例）及对照组（36例）,观察两组治疗的临床效果及安全性.结果 单因素分析结果显示,观察组与对照组胎龄、妊娠期糖尿病、妊高症、分娩方式、多胎、性别、宫内窘迫或窒息、前置胎盘或胎盘早剥、吸入羊水及感染等方面的比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.多因素分析结果显示,妊娠期糖尿病（β=2.285,OR＝9.826）、妊高症（β=2.174,OR =8.793）、剖宫产（β=2.574,OR=13.118）、宫内窘迫或窒息（β=2.648,OR＝14.126）及前置胎盘或胎盘早剥（β=2.483,OR＝11.977）是影响早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征发生的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）.激素组在呼吸困难、肺部啰音及鼻阻消失所需天数上均明显少于对照组（P＜0.05）.两组不良反应差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 妊娠期糖尿病、妊高症、剖宫产、宫内窘迫或窒息及前置胎盘或胎盘早剥是影响早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征发生的独立危险因素;而糖皮质激素在新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗中具有较为肯定的疗效.