荞麦不同组成部分中金属元素含量及分析

目的：测定荞麦不同组成部分茎、叶、花中金属元素（铜、铁、锌、钙、锶、硒、锰、铅、砷、汞、镉）的含量。方法：原子吸收分光光度法及原子荧光分光光度法。结果：荞麦茎中铜、铁、锌、锶、硒、锰、砷、镉均高于叶和花;荞麦叶中钙、铅、汞明显高于茎和花。结论：荞麦茎、叶、花中铅含量较高均超过国家标准;砷、镉、汞无超标现象。     

审定会议纪要

2005年8月14日由中国微量元素科学研究会理事会主持并组织研究会专家组参加的人发和血清中钙、镁、锌、铁、铜、锰、镉、铅、钴的原子吸收测定方法标准和中国居民头发和血清中钙、镁、锌、铁、铜、锰、镉、铅、钴、砷、硒、锶、汞元素正常参考值范围标准的审定会，对以上标准进行了审定。     

硒镉摄入对大鼠脏器中硒、镉、铜、锌、锰含量的影响

目的：探讨硒镉摄入对大鼠脏器中硒、镉、铜、锌、锰含量的影响。方法：用含5ppm硒、50ppm镉和含5ppm硒＋50ppm镉的水,供3月龄的Wistar雄性大鼠自由饮用,3周后用原子吸收分光光度法测定大鼠肝、肾、脾和睾丸中硒、镉、铜、锌和锰的含量。结果：5ppm硒组大鼠4种组织中硒、铅含量、肝脾组织中锌含量和肾、脾、睾丸组织中铜含量均高于对照组;50ppm镉组大鼠4种组织中镉的含量、肾脾组织中硒的含量和肝脾组织中铜锌含量均高于对照组;经口同时摄入硒、镉时大鼠4种脏器组织中硒的含量明显低于硒组,4种脏器组织中镉的含量明显高于硒组,肝脏组织中锌的含量显著低于镉组,脾脏组织中锌的含量显著低于硒组,肾、脾、睾丸组织中铜的含量低于硒组,肾、睾丸组织中锰的含量低于镉组。     

贵州道地药材杜仲中微量元素的测定

目的：测定贵州10产地中药杜仲中镉、铜、铅、汞、砷和硒6种微量元素的含量。方法：采用湿法进行消化,用原子吸收分光光度法测定其镉、铜、铅元素的含量和原子荧光光度法测定其汞、砷、硒元素的舍量。结果：不同产地杜仲药材镉、铜、铅、汞、砷和硒6种微量元素含量有一定差异,其中汞含量均超出标准范围,砷含量均未超出标准范围,习水和安顺的药材含硒量相对其它产地较高。结论：不同产地杜仲药材镉、铜、铅、汞、砷和硒,6种微量元素含量有一定差异。     

硒对大鼠组织中硒、镉、锌、铜、锰含量的影响

本文观察了Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雄性大鼠经口摄入不同浓度的亚硒酸钠液，３周后用原子吸收分光光度法测定肝、肾、脾和睾丸中硒、镉、锌、铜和锰的含量。结果表明：给硒后肝、肾组织中硒的含量随着硒剂量的增加而升高；肝、肾、脾中锌的含量升高，而至１０ｍｇ／Ｌ组锌的含量又下降；肾、脾和睾丸中铜、锰的含量升高，肾、脾中锰含量随硒剂量的增加而降低。     

ICP—OES测定人发中微量元素的方法研究

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP—OES)测定头发中的硒、铅、镉含量,并采用两种不同的前处理方法进行比较。结果表明,湿消化法测定的回收率高,仪器测定硒、铅、镉的最低检测线分别为(μg/L)0.51、.74、0.20,方法精密度高,相对标准偏差为5.49%~12.1%,符合微量分析的要求,适用于头发中硒、铅、镉含量的测定。     

模拟曲线原子吸收光谱法测定人胆结石中13种微量金属元素的研究

近年来胆石症患者普遍增多，对于胆结石中微量金属元素的测定已有了不少报道。本研究采用微量注射进样模拟曲线原子吸收光谱法测定胆结石中铜、锌、铁、锰、钙、镁、铅、镍、钴、铬、镉、锶、铝等13种元素的含量，并对匹配基本溶液模拟曲线的测定条件进行了探讨。方法回收率为95％－103．5％，相对标准偏差小于5％，测定结果满意。1仪器与试剂1．1日立180-80型原子吸收分光光度计1．2可调微量进样器1．3铜、铁、锌、锰、钙、镁、铅、镍、钴、铬、镉、锶、铝的空心阴极灯。1．450％甘油1·5硝酸1．6标准溶液；准确称取铜、铁、锌、锰、钙、镁…     

武汉市健康儿童头发与血清中七种微量元素和镁的含量

作者对武汉市210例7～12岁健康儿童头发和血清中锌、铜、铁、锰、铬,硒、镉七种微量元素和镁的含量及其影响因素进行了研究,其中硒采用阴极溶出伏安法测定,其它元素采用原子吸收光谱法。结果表明,发铜男低女高,性别差异显著;发锌和锰与年龄呈显著正相关,发镉则呈负相关,这种年龄差异反映出各年龄对微量元素的需要量不同;学龄期组与学龄前期组和青少年组比较,发锌随年龄增加而增加,发铬和硒随年龄增加而减少。逐步回归分析结果表明,头发和血清微量元素含量之间有一定关系,其中发锌与血清锌呈显著正相关;身高与发锰、发铁和发锌以及体重与血清铜之间存在一定的回归关系,提示这些元素对身高和体重发育有一定影响。     

火焰原子吸收标准曲线法与标准加入法测定水中锌铜镉铅元素的比较研究

目的:为水质检测提供准确、快速的重金属检测方法。方法:采用原子吸收分光光度计,比较了标准曲线法和标准加入法对水中锌、铜、镉、铅的测定效果。结果:两种方法测定1～5 mg/L浓度范围内的锌、铜、镉、铅,线性关系良好(r≥0.999),检出限小于0.1 mg/L,重复性RSD3%,精密度RSD1%,稳定性RSD3%;标准加入法测定锌、铜、镉的回收率(100.95%、101.04%、100.71%)优于标准曲线法(64.71%、84.60%、80.72%),而两种方法铅回收率均在为95%～105%;两种方法测定锌、铜、镉含量存在显著差异(P0.05),而测定铅含量无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:基于测定结果的准确性和操作的复杂性,水中锌、铜、镉的测定宜采用标准加入法,水中铅的测定可采用标准曲线法。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定茶叶中铅镉硒

我们采用微波消解样品,石墨炉原子吸收法测定茶叶中铅镉硒.根据研究结果,提出一种快速、灵敏、准确测定茶叶中铅镉硒的分析方法.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.