广西凤山县2004-2011年流行性腮腺炎流行特征分析

目的:了解广西凤山县近几年流行性腮腺炎的流行病学特征,为今后制定防治措施提供依据。方法:收集该县2004-2011年报告的流行性腮腺炎病例及儿童麻疹——腮腺炎——风疹疫苗的接种资料,采用Excel2007软件进行统计分析。结果:该县8年中共发现流行性腮腺炎584例,4-10岁儿童人群年均发病率在108.25-793.23/10万之间,1-7岁儿童麻疹——腮腺炎——风疹疫苗接种率仅为15.72%,入学后的儿童随年龄增大,人群发病率呈上升趋势。5月和11月为腮腺炎发病高峰期,男女发病比例为1.66:1。全县9个乡镇病例报告超出国家人群年均发病率22.80/10万的水平。结论:该县儿童发病率较高的主要原因是学龄前儿童麻疹——腮腺炎——风疹疫苗接种率较低,需进一步加强儿童麻疹——腮腺炎——风疹疫苗的接种及补种工作。     

始兴县幼托儿童麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体检测结果

目的了解始兴县幼托儿童麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎免疫状况,为消除麻疹,控制风疹和腮腺炎疫情提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法在始兴县抽取1个街道和4个乡镇,调查辖区内所有幼儿园的3~6岁未患过麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎的儿童,采集末梢血样本,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎Ig G抗体检测。结果共检测幼托儿童2 583人,麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎Ig G抗体阳性率分别为95.90%(2 477/2 583)、96.63%(2 496/2 583)、88.62%(2 289/2 583)。3种抗体阳性率城区高于农村,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。不同年龄组间抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(P0.01),男女性别抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),3种抗体阳性率均呈现随年龄增长而下降的趋势。结论始兴县3~6岁幼托儿童麻疹、风疹抗体阳性率较高,但腮腺炎抗体阳性率较低,今后应继续做好基础免疫和加强免疫工作,或调整免疫策略。     

基于全科医护团队网格化管理对"家庭式流动"儿童免疫规划的影响

目的探讨基于全科医护团队网格化管理对社区"家庭式流动"儿童免疫规划的影响。方法采用便利抽样法从郑州市4个辖区(管城区、金水区、二七区、郑东新区)内5家社区卫生服务中心抽取660名0～6岁儿童的家长或监护人作为调查对象,现场发放调查问卷。调查"家庭式流动"儿童国家免疫规划(NIP)疫苗接种情况,包括卡介苗(BCG)、脊髓灰质炎疫苗(OPV)、百白破疫苗(DPT)、麻疹疫苗(MV)、乙肝疫苗(HepB)。统计基于全科医护团队网格化定位管理后"家庭式流动"儿童的计划免疫接种率。了解流动儿童未及时接种的原因。另抽查郑州市某社区2014—2018年流动儿童基础疫苗完成率和加强疫苗完成率。结果回收有效问卷616份,回收率为93.33%。外省户籍和无户籍流动儿童NIP疫苗接种率低于本省外市户籍流动儿童,外省户籍和无户籍流动儿童NIP疫苗接种率低于本市外区户籍的流动儿童,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。流动儿童基础免疫接种率(BCG接种率、OPV接种率、DPT接种率、MV接种率、HepB接种率、五苗接种率、五苗合格率)均低于常住儿童接种率,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。流动儿童未及时接种的主要原因为监护人工作忙而忘记接种程序及时间或没时间带儿童去接种。实施全科医护团队网格化管理后,2018年五苗全程接种率高于2014年五苗全程接种率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。0～6岁流动儿童基础疫苗完成率和加强疫苗完成率呈现整体上升的趋势。结论流动儿童基础免疫疫苗接种率较低,特别是外省和无户籍的流动儿童。基于全科医护团队网格化定位管理流动儿童计划免疫接种,能有效促进流动儿童疫苗接种率的提高。     

合肥市 2011 年健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体水平调查

目的研究人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎免疫状况,为制定免疫对策提供科学依据。方法随机抽取1422名0～30岁健康人员及部分育龄期女性,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体水平,并进行分析。结果1422名健康人员麻疹抗体阳性1071人,抗体阳性率为75．3％;风疹抗体阳性1149人,抗体阳性率为80．8％;流腮抗体阳性1097人,抗体阳性率为77．1％。结论合肥市麻疹有出现散发和小范围流行的可能,风疹和流行性腮腺炎学龄组出现暴发的可能性较高。在认真完成麻疹疫苗的常规接种的前提下,对大年龄组儿童进行MMR疫苗的强化免疫或查漏补种是消除麻疹和控制风疹及流行性腮腺炎的有效方法和途径。     

郑州市2004～2005年几种急性传染病流行特征分析

目的 分析郑州市2004-2005年麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、风疹几种急性传染病的流行特征和趋势，为修订防治措施提供依据。方法 对郑州市2004-2005年麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、风疹的流行情况和预防控制措施的实施效果进行调查分析。结果 郑州市2004与2005年麻疹、流行性腮腺炎及风疹的发病率分别为6．28％/10万、34．19/10万和4．38/10万与22，17/10万、16．86/10万和2．07/10万。流行性腮腺炎、风疹发病总体呈下降趋势，但局部地区和个别年龄段发病显著上升。结论 提高常规免疫接种率，及时对适龄儿童进行麻疹疫苗复种，并有计划的开展麻疹疫苗强化免疫，加强流动人口管理，消除免疫空白，以达到迅速控制麻疹，是控制麻疹需要解决的问题。     

新疆伊宁市麻腮风联合疫苗免疫成功率监测分析

目的了解实施扩大儿童免疫规划所用麻腮风联合疫苗的免疫效果,为消除麻疹、控制风疹和腮腺炎疫情提供科学依据。方法采集35名18-24月龄儿童麻腮风联合疫苗免疫前和免疫后1个月双份血标本,ELISA法定量检测麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎Ig G抗体。结果免疫前麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎抗体阳性率、抗体活性量分别为97.14%、77.14%、2.85%,1979.53m IU/m L、78.69IU/m L、59.94U/m L;免疫后麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎抗体阳性率、抗体活性量分别为100%、94.28%、82.85%,2577.67m IU/m L、117.86IU/m L、239.11U/m L;免疫前后麻疹抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(x~2=0,P0.05),风疹、腮腺炎抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(x~2=4.20,P0.05;x~2=45.73,P0.05);麻疹和风疹的抗体活性量较免疫前有1倍以上增长(Z=-2.27,P0.05;Z=-2.38,P0.05),腮腺炎有4倍以上增长(Z=-6.67,P0.05),免疫前后差异均有统计学意义。结论麻腮风疫苗作为18-24月龄含麻类加强免疫疫苗具有重要意义,不但巩固了麻风二联疫苗的免疫屏障作用,还大幅度提高儿童腮腺炎抗体水平,有效保护儿童免受麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎的侵袭。     

麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、风疹联合疫苗免疫的效果观察

目的:观察流行性腮腺炎、麻疹、风疹联合疫苗免疫的效果。方法:选择8月龄接种麻疹疫苗、18月龄时接种1剂MMR,无腮腺炎疫苗史与风疹疫苗史儿童100例,行MMR免疫,在免疫前后采集手指末梢血0.2ml,对麻疹IgG抗体、风疹HI抗体、腮腺炎血凝抑制抗体进行检测。结果:在行MMR免疫前,麻疹IgG抗体与风疹HI抗体的阳性率达100%,腮腺炎HI抗体阳性率为59%。行MMR免疫后,麻疹IgG抗体阳性率仍然为100%。几何平均滴度为1:2653,相较于免疫前,≥4倍增长率为15.4%;风疹HI抗体的阳性率为100%,GMT为1:612.7,相较于免疫前,≥4倍,增长率为51.2%;腮腺炎HI抗体阳性率为97%,GMT为1:33.5,相较于免疫前,≥4倍增长率为71.2%。结论:MMR免疫效果佳,有利于对风疹、麻疹、风疹综合征消除,同时对腮腺炎进行控制,应在接种麻疹疫苗基础上,对免疫策略进行调整,从而采取MMR接种方案。     

察布查尔县不同健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体水平对照分析

目的分析察布查尔县健康人群的麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹抗体水平,为评价免疫规划工作提供依据。方法 2016年10月至2017年2月随机抽取体检的360例察布查尔县健康人群血清标本进行分析,并应用酶联免疫法对腮腺炎、风疹和麻疹抗体进行检测。结果抽取的360例健康人群中麻疹抗体阳性率平均为75.00%,风疹抗体阳性率为62.50%,而腮腺炎抗体阳性率为56.68%,不同年龄段的抗体阳性率有显著性差异;男性与女性抗体阳性率无显著性差异(P0.05);未患过麻疹的人群抗体阳性率为75.22%,而患过麻疹的人群抗体阳性率为70.59%。结论不同年龄段健康人群麻疹、风疹与腮腺炎抗体阳性率差异性较大,风疹、流行性腮腺炎疫苗的抗体水平均较低,麻腮风联合疫苗(MMR)纳入免疫规划既有助于消除麻疹,也有利于控制风疹和流行性腮腺炎,因此需要加强对抗体水平的监测为提高免疫规划疫苗抗体水平提供依据。     

常熟市流动儿童免疫规划疫苗基础免疫情况调查

目的：了解现阶段常熟市流动儿童基础免疫接种率,以进一步做好流动儿童计划免疫管理工作。结果对2012年入户调查的653名1-6周岁流动儿童基础免疫接种情况进行分析,五种疫苗的合格接种率分别为：卡介苗98.01%,乙肝疫苗96.48%,脊灰疫苗97.24%,百白破疫苗95.71%,麻疹疫苗91.58%,五苗覆盖率88.21%。经统计学检查,各年龄组、户籍类型、儿童性别间的接种率无显著差异。结论流动儿童基础免疫接种率有逐年上升趋势,麻疹疫苗合格接种情况仍欠佳,今后应采取加大宣传、政府重视、多部门协作、健全计划免疫队伍等综合措施来完善流动儿童计划免疫管理。     

某部队麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹发病分析及其疫苗接种效果

目的了解某部队2011-2017年麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹发病情况,及疫苗接种前后3年该部队3种传染病的发病差异,为部队科学制定相关免疫规划提供参考。方法通过收集"全军疫情直报系统"和"军区医疗日报系统"上报的传染病资料对某部队2011-2017年麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹疫情进行分析,并比较疫苗接种前后该部队这3种传染病的发病差异。结果 2011-2017年某部队共报告麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹病例665例,其中麻疹237例、流行性腮腺炎326例、风疹102例,病例以≤30岁为主,占81. 80%;士兵是发病数最多的,占发病总数的55. 04%(366/665),其次是学员,占25. 56%(170/665),再次是现役干部,占18. 20%(121/665),三者合计657例,占发病总数的98. 80%;麻疹和风疹有明显的季节性发病高峰,分别在4月和5月。接种麻疹-流行性腮腺炎-风疹三联疫苗后,该部队这3种传染病的发病数均少于接种前,差异有统计学意义(u=6. 86、15. 80、20. 65,P <0. 01),风疹和麻疹的发病数迅速下降,2017年发病数降为1例,腮腺炎在接种疫苗后发病数虽有所下降,但最低年发病数为22例。结论某部队接种麻疹-流行性腮腺炎-风疹三联疫苗取得了显著的防控效果,但流行性腮腺炎仍需进一步加强防控。     

Measles,mumps, and rubella: A cross-sectional study of susceptibility to vaccine-preventable diseases among young people in India

BackgroundGlobal elimination of vaccine preventable diseases, such as measles, mumps and rubella is a priority. Many countries have reported diminishing of antibody titres against these diseases among young population as immunization coverage of adolescents and adults in not monitored. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility against measles, mumps and rubella among young adults.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study serological evidence of susceptibility to measles, mumps and rubella was determined by qualitative detection of IgG antibody titres by commercially available enzyme linked florescence assay (VIDAS, bioMerieux) in serum samples young adults.ResultsA total of 335 young individuals (mean age: 20.54 ± 1.37 years) participated voluntarily between May 2017 to September 2018, of which 183 (54.63%) were males. Seroprotection against measles, mumps and rubella were 87.16%, 82.69% and 79.10% respectively.ConclusionSerological surveillance is important to monitor immune status in population. Susceptibility of young adults to measles, mumps, and rubella indicates need for booster vaccination. With the recent launch of measles-rubella vaccination campaign in India, country specific data will be required to plan periodicity of such campaign, which in turn would be based on accumulation of susceptible individuals in a community. Lastly, inclusion of mumps vaccine in the national universal immunization program needs consideration.     

Swedish experience of two dose vaccination programme aiming at eliminating measles, mumps, and rubella

In 1982 a two dose regimen was introduced in Sweden for the combined vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella of children aged 18 months and 12 years. Since 1977 about half of the preschool children were vaccinated against measles annually, and since 1974 about 80% of 12 year old girls were vaccinated against rubella. During the period 1982 to 1985 90-93% of the eligible age cohorts of 18 month old children and 88-91% of the 12 year old children were immunised with the new combined vaccine. A study in 1982 of about 140 18 month old children who were nearly all seronegative before vaccination showed that 96%, 92%, and 99% seroconverted against measles, mumps, and rubella, respectively. A second study was carried out in 1983 of 247 12 year old children, of whom 11% lacked antibodies to measles, 27% to mumps, and 45% to rubella. This showed seroconversion in 82% and 80% against measles and mumps, respectively, and all children seroconverted against rubella. In the latest study in 1985 of 496 12 year olds 9% and 13% were seronegative against measles and mumps before vaccination, and 41% against rubella. Of these, 88% seroconverted to measles and 80% to mumps, and all converted to rubella when sera were tested by the haemolysis in gel method. After a neutralisation test against measles as well all children showed immunity to the disease. A low incidence of measles and declining figures for mumps and rubella were reported in 1984 to 1986. An outbreak of rubella during 1985 affected mainly boys in age cohorts in which only the girls had been vaccinated during the 1970s.     

The susceptibility of young adult Americans to vaccine-preventable infections. A national serosurvey of US Army recruits

OBJECTIVE--Due to recent resurgences of measles, mumps, and rubella among young US adults, we sought to generate antibody prevalence data for national and military immunization policy evaluations. DESIGN--We used a questionnaire and serological survey of Army recruits to assess antibody status to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 by microneutralization assay. SETTING--Basic training reception centers at Fort Benning, Ga., and Fort Jackson, SC. PATIENTS--The study included 1547 US Army recruits who were inducted during September and October 1989. OUTCOME MEASURES--Seronegativity by various demographic factors. RESULTS--Seronegativity rates, directly adjusted to the 15- to 24-year-old US population in 1980, were 20.7% for measles, 15.6% for mumps, 17.5% for rubella, and 6.9% for varicella. For measles, mumps, and rubella, susceptibility was less in females, blacks, and college-educated recruits, and varicella susceptibility was greater in females and blacks. Recruitment who were born after 1969 lacked measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies more often than older recruits. The adjusted seronegativity rates for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were 2.3%, 0.6%, and 14.6%, respectively; trends by age, sex, and race-ethnicity were generally unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS--Among young adult Americans, susceptibility to measles, mumps, and rubella is unevenly distributed and may be substantial. Our findings support national objectives to further improve immunization coverage in school-age and adult populations and provide further impetus for legislation requiring college entrants to present evidence of having received at least two doses of measles vaccine, with one on or after entry into elementary school.     

Antibody response following measles-mumps-rubella vaccine under conditions of customary use

A study of 301 children who had been immunized two to 19 months previously with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine at 36 different sites in San Antonio, Tex, including physicians' offices and clinics, revealed that 99.7% had antibody against rubella and 98.3% had antibody against measles and mumps. None of the 49 infants who were tested prior to receipt of MMR vaccine had antibody against any of these viruses, indicating that the antibody found after immunization was unlikely to be due to false-positive results. The lack of antibody in these infants confirmed that there had not been a significant number of cases of these diseases that could contribute to the high frequency of antibody found after immunization. A single dose of MMR vaccine administered under customary conditions appears to be an effective method of conferring immunity against these diseases.     

Measles, mumps, and rubella: the need for a change in immunisation policy

There is growing evidence that the present policy of childhood immunisation in the United Kingdom is inadequate. It is unlikely ever to achieve complete eradication of the congenital rubella syndrome and measles, and the problem of mumps has not even begun to be addressed. After a coordinated campaign to increase uptake of immunisation in Fife the uptake of rubella immunisation in teenage girls increased from 75% in 1981 to 94% in 1985 and the uptake of measles vaccination in preschool children from 55% in 1981 to 81% in 1985. There are a few girls each year who do not accept rubella immunisation, whose immune state is unknown, and who are consequently at risk of rubella during future pregnancies. Despite the increased uptake of measles vaccine over the past four years there is currently an epidemic of measles in Fife, with 544 notified cases in the first quarter of 1986. In 1984, 19 Fife residents were admitted to hospital because of complications of mumps. The time is ripe for a complete reassessment of the national immunisation policy.     

清城区2009-2013年适龄儿童免疫规划疫苗接种率调查

目的了解清城区2009-2013年适龄儿童免疫规划疫苗接种情况变化趋势,为今后常规免疫工作提供参考。方法采用容量比例概率抽样方法(PPS法),每年在全区范围内随机抽取30个村(居)委,对每个村(居)委进村入户随机调查7名适龄儿童进行接种率调查。收集清城区2009-2013年适龄儿童免疫接种率调查资料并进行分析。结果清城区适龄儿童BCG、HepB、OPV、DPT、MV单苗年均基础免疫合格接种率达95%以上,年均"六苗"全程接种率达90%以上,各年度建卡率、建证率均达100%,卡证符合率均达95%以上,年均BCG疤痕率97.34%,年均HepB首针及时率89.04%;DPT、MV、JEV加强免疫接种率和HepA、A群MPV接种率呈逐年升高态势,前三者年均合格接种率达90%以上,后两者则未达90%。结论清城区适龄儿童免疫规划疫苗基础免疫接种工作较扎实,但仍需加强MV、JEV基础免疫和DPT、MV加强免疫接种工作。     

银川市0~7岁流动儿童8种传染病血清抗体水平监测分析

目的：了解银川市0~7岁流动儿童的免疫水平,评价疫苗免疫效果,为制定银川市免疫规划策略和措施提供科学依据。方法于2013年采用分层随机抽样调查方法对银川市195名0~6岁儿童进行HBsAg、HbsAb、脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、白喉、百日咳、破伤风、风疹及腮腺炎IgG抗体8种血清抗体水平检测,并进行统计学分析。结果195名儿童中,HbsAg和HbsAb阳性率分别为0和69.7%,8种血清抗体阳性率最高为脊髓灰质炎,占97.4%,最低为百日咳,占15.4%;不同地区间,0~7岁儿童白喉和破伤风抗体阳性率比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同年龄组间0~7岁儿童HbsAb、风疹和麻疹抗体阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同性别间0~7岁流动儿童8种血清学抗体阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同民族间0~6岁流动儿童麻疹和腮腺炎抗体阳性率回族高于汉族,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论银川市0~7岁流动儿童免疫状况良好,但部分种类疫苗抗体水平较低,存在薄弱地区与人群,应加强重点地区、重点疫苗种类及重点年龄段儿童的预防接种技术规范化管理,并根据监测结果,必要时开展强化免疫。     

Mass vaccination programme aimed at eradicating measles, mumps, and rubella in Sweden: first experience

General vaccination with a combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine was introduced in Sweden in 1982. The immunisation schedule comprises two vaccine injections, given at 18 months and 12 years of age, respectively. A controlled field study was carried out in 150 children aged 18 months using two different batches of the vaccine. Seroconversion was seen in 96% against measles, 93% against mumps, and 99% against rubella--the same rates with both vaccine lots. Nevertheless, a difference was noted between the two batches with respect to postvaccination reactions. Fever and rash were recorded mainly five to 12 days after vaccination. Moderate fever (38.5-39.4 degrees C) was observed in 22 children, high fever (greater than or equal to 39.5 degrees C) in 33, and rash in 35. Preliminary results obtained by follow up of routinely vaccinated schoolchildren aged 12 indicated considerably lower rates of fever and rash during the postvaccination period, occurring in 3-10% of cases only. These findings show that complete eradication of measles, mumps, and rubella in Sweden is entirely practicable by the mass vaccination programme and that side effects of vaccination are likely to be few and mild.