Hepatic Resection Combined with Portal Vein or Hepatic Artery Reconstruction for Advanced Carcinoma of the Hilar Bile Duct and Gallbladder

Hepatectomy with vascular reconstruction for biliary malignancy remains controversial. This study aimed to clarify the indications for surgery. Patients with advanced hilar bile duct cancer (HBDC) (n = 26) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) involving the hepatoduodenal ligament (n = 13) who underwent hepatectomy were enrolled. They were divided into two groups on the basis of whether vascular reconstruction was performed (HBDC, 10 yes vs. 16 no; GBC, 5 yes vs. 8 no). Portal vein (PV) reconstruction was performed on the right branch in seven patients and on the left branch in two; hepatic artery (HA) reconstruction was done on the right branch in 11 patients and on the left branch in 1. Five patients with HBDC and one with GBC underwent both PV and HA reconstruction. Patency rates were 88.0% and 83.3% for PV and HA reconstructions, respectively. Vascular reconstruction-related morbidity occurred in one patient with fatal liver failure owing to a portal thrombus and in two patients with multiple liver abscesses caused by arterial obstruction. Microsurgery eliminated reconstruction-related morbidity. Mortality in vascular reconstruction cases was 13.3% (2/15), and in those without reconstruction it was 8.3% (2/24). Curability rates (R0 and R1+R2) were 50.0% and 56.0% for HBDC and 40.0% and 62.5% for GBC, respectively. The 3-year survivals of HBDC patients were, respectively, 33% and 42%, and the 5-year survivals were 18% and 25%, whereas for GBC the 1-year survivals were 20% and 60% and the 2-year survivals 0% and 25%. Two patients with vascular involvement who underwent PV with HA reconstruction survived more than 3 years. Hepatectomy with vascular reconstruction for selected HBDC patients offers low surgical risk and increased survival by curable resection, but it is not recommended for advanced GBC.     

Spindle Cell-Type Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Common Bile Duct of the Hepatic Hilus: Report of a Case

Spindle cell-type undifferentiated carcinoma arising from the extrahepatic bile duct is extremely rare. We herein report a case of this type of carcinoma in the common bile duct of the hepatic hilus. A 59-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of jaundice. The laboratory data revealed an elevation of the serum carbohydrate antigen 19–9 level. Cholangiography revealed a complete obliteration of the left hepatic bile duct and stenosis of the bile duct from the superior to the right hepatic bile duct. Computed tomography showed the tumor to measure 15 × 12 mm in the hepatic hilus, with the obliteration of the right to main trunk of the portal vein and a swollen lymph node in the hepato-duodenum ligament. Arteriography revealed a kink of the right hepatic artery; therefore an encasement of the right hepatic artery was suspected. We preoperatively diagnosed hilus bile duct carcinoma and scheduled a right trisection hepatectomy. Intraoperative frozen sections taken from the tumor and tissues around the hepatic arteries showed spindle and inflammatory cells; therefore an inflammatory pseudotumor was diagnosed intraoperatively. As the right hepatic bile duct was occluded, a right lobe hepatectomy was performed. However, a permanent section revealed both spindle cells and poorly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma cells positive for CAM5.2, AE1/AE3, and vimentin. On the basis of these findings, the tumor was finally diagnosed to be spindle cell-type undifferentiated carcinoma. Unfortunately, the patient died of pulmonary infarction 11 days after the operation.     

Mucin-producing Bile Duct Tumor of the Caudate Lobe Protruding into the Common Hepatic Duct

Mucin-producing tumor in the bile duct is referred to clinically as mucin-producing bile duct tumor (MPBT). Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the biliary tract that resembles an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is a rare category of MPBT and is not well characterized. We, herein, report a case of MPBT of the caudate lobe of the liver that showed papillary growth and communicated with the bile duct of the caudate lobe and protruded into the common hepatic duct. Histologically, MPBT cells showed papillary overgrowth with abundant mucinous secretions, resembling an IPMN of the pancreas. The MPBT cells showed the same immunostaining pattern as that of cells from IPMN of the pancreas.     

Cystic Hypersecretory Duct Carcinoma of the Breast

Abstract: We present two cases of a rare form of intraductal carcinoma of the breast, "cystic hypersecretory carcinoma of the breast." The clinical and pathologic characteristics of the lesion are discussed, along with a review of the literature.     

Adenomyoma of the Common Hepatic Duct Mimicking Bile Duct Cancer: Report of a Case

We report an unusual case of adenomyoma of the common hepatic duct mimicking bile duct cancer. A 50-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for the investigation of general fatigue. Laboratory data showed abnormal liver test results and computed tomography showed a mass lesion in the hepatic hilum and dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. These findings led to a preoperative diagnosis of hilar bile duct carcinoma, and we performed a left lobectomy with resection of the extrahepatic bile duct. Macroscopically, an elevated lesion was found in the common hepatic duct, which was confirmed histologically to be an adenomyoma. Bile duct strictures are rarely caused by benign tumors of the biliary tract, such as adenomyoma. Surgical resection of the bile duct should be considered for all bile duct strictures because it is often difficult to differentiate malignant from benign lesions in this location preoperatively, and malignant cells may be present in the lesion.     

New Classification of Cystic Duct Carcinoma

Background Farrar’s criteria for cystic duct carcinoma (histopathologic diagnosis of a carcinoma strictly limited to the cystic duct) are impractical especially when making a diagnosis of primary cystic duct carcinoma in its advanced stage. Therefore, in our previous study, we proposed a new definition of cystic duct carcinoma: a gallbladder tumor, the center of which is located in the cystic duct. In this study, we further propose a new classification for cystic duct carcinomas diagnosed by our definition. Patients and methods This study included 44 surgical patients with cystic duct carcinoma diagnosed by our criteria. These patients were further classified into two groups: hepatic hilum type (HH, n = 29), in which the tumor mainly invades the hepatic hilum, and cystic confluence type (CC, n = 15), in which the tumor mainly involves the confluence of the cystic duct. The clinicopathologic features of these two groups were analyzed retrospectively. Results There was more papillary or well differentiated adenocarcinoma in the CC type lesions than in the HH type. The perineural and vascular invasion were more common in the HH type than in the CC type. The survival rate tends to be higher for patients with the CC type than for those with the HH type (p = 0.064). Moreover, we found a significantly different sex ratio between these two groups (female sex was predominant for the HH type, whereas male sex was predominant for the CC type). Conclusion Our new classification showed two distinct types of advanced cystic duct carcinoma, which may help in understanding the clinical characteristics of the carcinoma originated in the cystic duct.     

Ligation of the Left Hepatic Duct and Proper Hepatic Artery Following a Traffic Accident Injury

A 32-year-old man was admitted to our hospital due to a traffic accident. Intraoperative observations revealed hemoperitoneum, splenic transection, pancreatic tail contusion, comminuted injury in the porta hepatis, rupture in the left hepatic duct, an irregular crevasse in the ductus hepaticus communis, the caudate lobe was transversely broken on the left, and under the gap, there was a fracture in retrohepatic inferior vena cava with huge retroperitoneal hematoma. We carried out a ligation of the left hepatic duct and the proper hepatic artery. Postoperation, the man recovered smoothly. At 5 years and 5 months postoperation, MRI showed that the left liver had atrophied partly. So, we consider that the ligation of the left hepatic duct is a safe procedure for patients without cirrhosis under the conditions of ligation of the proper hepatic artery.     

尾叶胆管残余结石手术治疗体会

目的总结尾叶胆管残余结石的外科手术处理经验。方法回顾性分析29例尾叶胆管残余结石病例的临床资料：残余结石分布于Ⅸ段12例,Ⅰ段10例,Ⅸ及Ⅰ段7例;Ⅸ段狭窄7例,Ⅰ段狭窄5例;右后叶胆管、Ⅸ段胆管共干8例,Ⅸ、Ⅰ段共干5例;Ⅸ段肥大5例,Ⅰ段肥大4例,Ⅸ及Ⅰ段肥大3例。5例行尾叶胆管切开、扩张、成形,7例行尾叶切除,17例行尾叶胆管取石。结果术后无胆漏、腹腔内大出血等严重并发症,术后尾叶再次残余结石5例,残石率17.2%。平均随访2.5年（3月~4年）,3例仍出现右上段腹胀痛不适,优良率89.7%（26/29）。结论术中仔细探查尾叶胆管是减少残石的关键,尾叶胆管残石处理原则为：充分取尽结石,解除狭窄,切除病肝,通畅胆汁引流。     

Papillary Carcinoma in a Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Papillary carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal duct cyst is a rare tumor. We report the case of 64-year-old man treated for thyroglossal duct cyst. Preoperatively, the thyroid gland was normal on physical examination and imaging studies. The Sistrunk procedure was done. The histopathological examination revealed thyroid papillary carcinoma. Postoperatively thyroid hormon was given to suppress serum TSH levels and the patient was followed at regular intervals. During a 5-year follow-up period, no recurrence of the disease occured.     

胆管癌的影像学诊断与术前评估

胆管分为肝内胆管和肝外胆管．通常所谓的胆管癌是指肝外胆管的恶性肿瘤．以往曾被认为是一种少见病．但是从近年来各国胆管癌的病例报告看．尽管具体病例数不等，仍显示其发病率似有增高的趋势。在我国．胆管癌的发病年龄分布在14～94岁，发病的高峰年龄为50～59岁．男性多于女性。因为该病早期可无明显临床表现．以往常常被误诊．确诊时已属中晚期．故手术切除率低．预后很差。     

Collecting Duct Carcinoma of the Renal Medulla Presenting with Paraplegia

We report an interesting case of a patient with collecting duct carcinoma arising from the left kidney who presented with paraplegia secondary to metastases. The diagnosis was based on CT and histology. To our knowledge this is the first case of collecting duct carcinoma to present with paraplegia. The literature review also highlights the rarity of this disease with less than a hundred cases reported to date and the aggressive nature and poor prognosis despite prompt interventions.     

肝总管巨大结石并胆囊缺如误诊1例

患者男 ,5 8岁 ,因反复发作性右上腹部疼痛 1年 4个月 ,于 1999年 10月 18日入院。患者自 1998年 6月开始首次发作右上腹痛 ,无恶心、呕吐 ,无畏寒发热 ,经Ｂ超检查诊断为结石性胆囊炎 ,给予消炎、利胆等治疗后疼痛好转 ,以后多次反复发作右上腹疼痛 ,近 2月出现黄疸。入院查体 :巩膜及皮肤轻—中度黄染 ,腹平软 ,右上腹深压痛 ,墨非氏征阴性 ,Ｂ超肝脏大小形态正常 ,实质光点稍密稍粗 ,分布均匀 ,胆囊 4 2ｃｍ× 2 3ｃｍ ,壁厚 0 4ｃｍ ,毛糙 ,腔内为 2 4ｃｍ× 1 6ｃｍ强光团伴声影 ,胆总管内径 0 7ｃｍ ,左右肝内胆管轻度扩张 ,入院…     

肝胆管结石合并高位胆管狭窄的外科治疗

目的 探讨如何提高肝胆管结石合并高位胆管狭窄的疗效。方法 对我院1993年1月至2002年l0月经手术治疗的216例肝胆管结石合并高位胆管狭窄病例进行回顾性分析。结果 216例中183例行择期手术；33例因急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎行单纯胆道探查引流术，其中30例行再手术治疗。手术方式：肝切除术，胆管狭窄切开、胆管原位整形，肝Ⅱ、Ⅲ级胆管切开盆式整形及自体组织补片修复胆管或胆肠吻合术。治愈206例(95．4％)，好转8例(3．7％)，死亡2例(O．9％)。结论 肝叶切除术在治疗肝胆管结石病中效果最好。肝Ⅱ、Ⅲ级胆管切开对解除肝胆管狭窄、清除结石及通畅引流提供了一条满意的途径。对肝外胆管和Oddi’s括约肌功能正常者，尽可能应用自体组织补片修复胆管，以保持胆道正常的生理状态和功能。术中胆道镜的应用对降低残石率有重要作用。     

53例右肝管狭窄及结石的外科治疗

高位右肝管狭窄及结石手术治疗困难,手术后疗效差,一般多由于未解除肝管狭窄,未去除肝内病灶所致.现报告我院1991年1月～1994年4月经手术治疗肝胆管结石80例,除单纯左肝管结石27例外,右肝肝管结石及左右肝管结石53例.本组病例多复杂,40例既往有1～4次手术史.影象诊断显示单纯右肝管结石10例,左右侧肝管结石43例.合并肝门胆管狭窄34例,其中三管汇合区狭窄24例,右肝管狭窄10例,右肝管异位开口左肝管4例.文中讨论了53例右肝管结石的不同术式,术后无死亡,52例经半年～4年随访,优者33例(63.6%),良16例(30%),差3例.对疗效差的原因作分析,强调了右肝管结石的基本治疗原则.     

Role of Hepatectomy in the Treatment of Hilar Bile Duct Carcinoma

Purpose. To clarify the role of hepatic resection in the surgical treatment of hilar bile duct carcinoma.Methods. Between 1980 and 1997, 68 patients underwent surgery for hilar bile duct carcinoma. The patients were divided into a hepatectomy group (n = 40) and a nonhepatectomized group (n = 28) depending on whether they underwent resection of the bile duct confluence in combination with hepatectomy, or alone, respectively. Background data, operative morbidity and mortality, and survival were retrospectively compared between the two groups.Results. There were no significant differences in morbidity and mortality, or in postoperative survival between the two groups (the 5-year survival rates being 20.6% in the hepatectomized group and 7.1% in the nonhepatectomized group; P = 0.0806). However, patients who underwent curative resection had significantly better postoperative survival than those who underwent noncurative resection (P = 0.048). Hepatectomy provided a significantly better cancer-free margin than bile duct resection alone (P = 0.0296).Conclusions. Although a countermeasure must be taken to decrease mortality, the introduction of hepatectomy with bile duct resection would provide a better cancer-free surgical margin than bile duct resection alone for hilar bile duct carcinoma. Curative resection contributed to long-term survival in this series.