噪声个体计量仪的工作原理及其在噪声暴露评价中的应用

噪声个体计量仪是一类可随身携带、连续记录噪声暴露水平的电子仪器 ,可用于评价工人在生产过程中的噪声暴露。结合作者近年来使用噪声个体计量仪的经验体会 ,我们简介仪器的工作原理以及如何在噪声暴露评价中正确使用的方法。一、工作原理和特点噪声个体计量仪由话筒、放大器、模 /数转换器、单片机、存储器、显示器和时钟等组成 ,其结构与普通数字式声级计相似。不同的是该仪器带有 1个小计算机 (单片机 )、存储器和控制程序 ,可以按要求连续不断地采集和存储数据 ,待采样结束后回放数据 ,供分析用 (图 1)。图 1　噪声个体计量仪组成示意…     

两类噪声作业工人个体噪声暴露特点的观察

[目的]观察和比较接触稳态噪声和非稳态噪声工人个体之间、工作日之间个体噪声暴露的特点和规律。[方法]应用噪声个体计量仪分别测量了4名细纱车间挡车工(稳态噪声)和4名机械加工车间工人(非稳态噪声)3个工作日(班次)的个体噪声暴露,用工作期间的8h等效声级(LAeq.8h)作为评价指标。[结果]两组工人个体噪声暴露的时间图显示其工作环境噪声性质分别为典型的稳态噪声和非稳态噪声。稳态噪声组12人次个体噪声暴露的LAeq.8h最大、最小值和差值分别为99.2、92.8和6.4dB(A);非稳态噪声组相应数值为89.9、83.1和6.8dB(A)。稳态噪声组每名工人3个班次个体噪声暴露均数的最大值和最小值为(98.0±1.1)、(94.3±1.5)dB(A),非稳态噪声组为(87.9±1.0)、(85.1±1.5)dB(A)。稳态噪声组4名工人每个班次个体噪声暴露均数的最大值和最小值为(96.6±1.9)、(95.8±2.0)dB(A),非稳态噪声组为(87.1±3.0)、(86.1±2.1)dB(A)。[结论]在接触稳态噪声和非稳态噪声的两组人群中,1名工人1次或多次个体噪声暴露测量结果不能准确评估该工人所在人群的噪声暴露水平,多名工人1次个体噪声暴露测量的平均值可以作为评估该组工人所在人群的噪声暴露水平的依据。     

工业噪声个体暴露测量与评价的研究进展

噪声是生产环境中最常见的职业有害因素。噪声测量与评价是工业噪声防治工作的基础，也是工作的难点㈣。传统的工业噪声测量多采用针对生产环境和噪声源的定点定时噪声测量方法㈣，在测量评价复杂环境噪声对工人健康影响时存在许多问题。近年的文献显示，使用个人声暴露计（noise dosimeter）针对工人的个体噪声测量与评价的研究越来越多，是一个值得注意的新动向。我们通过文献资料复习，对个体噪声暴露测量与评价的发展过程和近期研究动态简要综述如下。     

对噪声个体暴露测量与评价的思考和探索

笔者结合近年来的工作和体会 ,对噪声个体暴露测量和评价中存在的问题及解决方法作一简要的回顾和总结。1 噪声测量和评价主体的转变 :经典的噪声测量和评价的主体是环境中某些重要的、有代表性的点 (如十字路口交通警察的工作位 )或某些特定的噪声源 (如某台空压机 )。这种测量和评价方法对于噪声控制非常有用 ,但对于分析和评价噪声与人体健康的关系却不尽人意。在实际工作和生活中 ,人们在环境中经常处于不同的地方 ,声环境各不相同。同时 ,环境中噪声源发出的噪声有时是不稳定的 ,如汽车在不同的道路、负荷和速度下发出的噪声不同。显然…     

同一车间中冲压工和下料工个体噪声暴露的测量与评价

目的　测量和评价同一车间中冲压工和下料工的环境噪声水平和个体噪声暴露水平。方法　用声级计在工人工作位耳高度测量 1min等效声级 (LAeq·1min) ,用个体计量仪测量工人 8h个体噪声暴露的等效声级 (LAeq·8h)。结果　冲压机和剪板机分别安装在车间的不同区域 ,各设备间无隔声装置。冲压工和下料工的个体噪声暴露水平随时间而不断变化 ,有代表性的采样时间难以确定 ,而用个体计量仪收集LAeq·8h的噪声暴露数据稳定性较好。冲压工和下料工工作位的LAeq·1min均为 (92 5± 2 1)dB(A) ,个体噪声暴露水平LAeq·8h分别为 (95 3± 2 5)dB(A)和 (95 2± 3 5)dB(A) ,LAeq·8h的测定数值高于LAeq·1min2 7～ 2 8dB(A) ,P <0 0 1。结论　在同一车间工作的冲压工和下料工的工作环境噪声水平相似、个体噪声暴露水平相似 ,个体噪声暴露水平明显高于环境噪声的测量数值。个体噪声暴露的测量更适合于类似复杂噪声环境中工作人员的噪声暴露评价     

非稳态噪声工作场所噪声暴露测量与评价

[目的]测量和评价非稳态噪声工作场所的8h等效连续A声级（LAeq.8h）、1min等效连续A声级（LAeq.8h）和全天等效声级估算值（LAeq.8h）。[方法]采用个人声暴露计测量LAeq.8h,用声级计测量LAeq.8h。和每个时间段的噪声值,计算出全天的等效声级（LAeq.8h）。应用LAeq.8h和LAeq.8h、LAeq.8T分别测量某输油管道加工厂和某家用电器制造厂239名工人的个体噪声（接触）和相应作业场所噪声（暴露）水平。[结果]两家工厂LAeq.8h均值分别为（89．7±3.8）dB（A）和（90．5±5．7）dB（A）,分别高于LAeqT的（88．0±2．4）dB（A）和（89．2±3．6）dB（A）（P〈O．05或P〈0．01）。与LAeq.8h相比,LAeq.1min采样时间点存在抽样误差。绝大多数工作岗位的LAeq.1min与LAeq.8h均值差大于3dB（A）,所有工作岗位的LAeq.8T均值与LAeq.8h均值差均小于3．0dB（A）。[结论]LAeq.8h能反映在非稳态噪声工作场所工人实际接触噪声暴露水平,LAeq.T比较符合作业工人实际噪声接触水平LAeq.1min。会低估或高估工人噪声暴露水平。     

两组空压工个体噪声暴露的测量及评价

目的　测量和评价空压工的噪声暴露。方法　采用SH 12 6记录式声级计测量两组空压工在不同工作日内的噪声暴露 ,同时用声级计按经典方法在典型工作位多点测量噪声水平。结果　在 4小时工作期间 ,空压工的个体噪声暴露水平呈波动状 ,波动范围可达 10dB (A) ,主要由空压机间歇工作和工人工作位移动所致。低压空压机操作工平均个体噪声暴露为 (85 8± 2 9)dB (A) ,高压空压机操作工平均个体噪声暴露为 (85 7± 2 2 )dB (A) ,每组内工人间和工作日间的噪声暴露差异均无显著意义。声级计测量低压空压机生产环境噪声 (86 1± 2 7)dB (A) ,高压空压机 (83 8± 2 7)dB (A)。结论　个体噪声暴露测量可以较好地解决现场复杂情况下的噪声暴露评价问题。个体间和工作日间噪声暴露的变异不容忽视 ,应有相应的设计和评价方法。本文使用的方法有待改进和简化。     

青海某水泥厂生产工人个体噪声暴露水平的测量与分析

目的调查水泥生产工人个体噪声暴露水平及超标人群的分布。方法用个人声暴露计测量中班工人8小时等效声级(L_(Aeq.8h)),按GBZ 2.2—2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》评价工人的噪声暴露水平是否超标。结果水泥生产工人暴露于非稳态噪声。研磨巡检工、窑巡检工、粉磨巡检工的L_(Aeq.8h)在87.9～93.7dB(A)之间;包装工、空压机工和班长的L_(Aeq.8h)在85.4～86.6 dB(A)之间;吊车工的L_(Aeq.8h)为81.4 dB(A),窑尾工80 dB(A)。在全厂980名职工中,90人(9.2%)的L_(Aeq.8h)≥90 dB(A);408人(41.6%)的L_(Aeq.8h)在85～89dB(A)之间;其余462人(47.1%)的L_(Aeq.8h)80 dB(A)。结论水泥生产工人暴露于非稳态噪声,约50%工人的个体噪声暴露水平超过职业接触限值。     

郑州市巡警个体噪声暴露的测量与分析

[目的]了解郑州市巡警个体噪声暴露水平和暴露特点。[方法]以辖区为单位 ,采用个体噪声计量仪测量工作日早班 (8:00～12:00)、中班 (12:00～18:00)和晚班 (18:00～22:00)巡警的个体噪声暴露水平。[结果]郑州市巡警共分5个辖区 ,噪声暴露水平依次为(82.7±6.1)dB(A)、(89.6±6.3)dB(A)、(93.6±9.3)dB(A)、(96.6±5.2)dB(A)和(88.7±7.4)dB(A) ,范围为77.2～106dB(A)。个体噪声暴露存在突然升高的现象 ,这由处理突发事件造成。巡警的主要噪声暴露水平集中在80～100dB(A)。1至4辖区执勤点均设于商业区 ,5辖区位于城乡结合部 ,大型机动车的流量较大。其中1、2辖区的噪声水平在三班之间无明显差别 ,3、4辖区的噪声水平早班高、晚班低 ,5辖区的噪声水平早班和晚班较高 ,而中班低。[结论]郑州市巡警接触较高水平的环境噪声 ,机动车鸣笛是主要原因之一。建议今后对禁止机动车鸣笛后巡警的个体噪声暴露进行再评价 ,并建议巡警在执勤过程中尽量避免鸣警笛     

机场机坪地勤人员噪声暴露的测量与评价

目的　对机场机坪地勤人员的噪声暴露进行测量和评价。方法　根据工作性质和内容 ,将某机坪区域及机库工作的地勤人员分为 1 0个组 ,每组选取 3～ 9人作为个体噪声暴露测量的对象。工作前将话筒固定在衣领上 ,SH - 1 2 6记录式声级计由地勤人员随身携带 ,仪器自动记录工作期间的噪声暴露数据 ,工作结束后将数据转入计算机 ,用软件计算等效声级。结果　工作期间地勤人员的个体噪声暴露水平不稳定 ,用个体计量仪可以记录和分析地勤人员工作期间噪声暴露水平的动态变化和等效声级。 4个飞机航线及 1个机库检修组日班的平均噪声暴露为 85 0～ 94 8dB (A) ,夜班为 77 6～ 84 9dB (A) ,其余工种的噪声暴露分别为金工 [(98 8± 3 9)db(A) ]>特种车辆司机 [日班 (93 5± 9 5 )db(A) ,夜班 (84 7± 5 4 )dB(A) ]>飞机协调员 [日班 (87 3± 3 7)dB(A) ,夜班 (85 5± 4 1 )dB(A) ]>文件准备 [(80 7± 4 4 )dB(A) ]>地毯清洁 [(79 0± 3 8)dB(A) ]。结论　地勤人员接触不稳定噪声。该机场绝大多数地勤人员的噪声暴露水平超过85dB(A) ,应纳入机场职工的听力保护计划。     

两种测量方法评价稳态噪声暴露与高频听力损伤的剂量-反应关系

目的 比较环境噪声水平、个体噪声暴露和累积噪声暴露量评价稳 态噪声所致听力损伤剂量－反应关系的优劣。方法 用个体计量仪采集8小时工作期间挡车工的噪声暴露数据,并将数据传输至微机存储和分析。选择细砂、布机车间使用不同类型机器的4组工人作为观察对象,每组选择3－5人,分别在早、中、晚班各测量1个班次的个体噪声暴露数据;用网格法和普通声级计测量每组工人工作环境的噪声水平,同时对该纺织厂接触稳态噪声的163名工人进行了问卷和听力检查。结果 经年龄、性别校正后的高频听力损伤患病率为64．4％;语频听力损伤患病率为2．5％,其中高频听力损伤患病率随噪声暴露的剂量增大而升高,呈现典型的剂量－反应关系。经趋势卡方检验和和Logistic回归模型拟合,累积噪声暴露量评价剂量－反应关系的效果优于噪声级,个体噪声暴露的效果优于环境噪声水平。结论 个体噪声暴露和累积噪声暴露量是评价稳态噪声暴露与高频听力损伤剂量－反应关系最好的暴露评价指标。     

某细纱车间纺织女工心理健康状况调查

目的了解山东省高唐县纺织女工心理健康状况,有针对性地开展心理健康教育。方法采用90项症状自评量表(SCL-90)对某纺织厂细纱车间106名纺织女工进行心理健康状况调查,并与该厂93名女管理人员进行心理健康状况比较。结果 106名纺织女工存在不同程度的心理健康问题。与对照组比较,躯体化、敌对、焦虑、恐怖、抑郁、偏执、人际关系、强迫、精神病性均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。不同工龄组比较,除敌对和恐怖差异无统计学意义(P0.05)外,焦虑、躯体化、抑郁、人际关系、偏执、精神病性、强迫明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论纺织女工的心理健康状况应引起高度重视。应采取多种措施,积极治疗和预防纺织女工的心理问题。     

Noise exposure assessment among groundskeepers in a university setting: A pilot study

Approximately 870,000 U.S. workers are employed as landscaping and groundskeeping workers who perform various tasks and use a variety of tools that expose them to high noise levels, increasing their risk to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Several studies on noise exposure and NIHL in other job sectors have been published, but those on groundskeepers are very limited. This study aims to characterize the noise exposure of groundskeepers. Participants were monitored over their entire work shift for personal noise exposure by wearing noise dosimeters at shoulder level, 4 in from the ear. Using two different dosimeter settings (OSHA and NIOSH), the time-weighted averages (TWAs) and 1-min averages of noise exposure levels in decibels (dBA) were obtained. The participants were also asked to fill out an activity card daily to document their tasks, tools used, location and noise perception. Sound pressure levels (SPLs) produced by various groundskeeping equipment and tools were measured at full throttle near the ear of the operator using a sound level meter. These measurements were used to assess worker noise exposure profiles, particularly the contributing source of noise. The overall mean OSHA and NIOSH TWA noise exposures were 82.2±9.2 (range of 50.9–100 dBA) and 87.8±6.6 dBA (range of 67.2–102.9 dBA), respectively. Approximately 46% of the OSHA TWAs exceeded the OSHA action limit of 85 dBA. About 76% of the NIOSH TWAs exceeded 85 dBA, and 42% exceeded 90 dBA. The SPLs of equipment and tools measured ranged from 75– 106 dBA, most of which were at above 85 dBA and within the 90–100 dBA range. Hand-held power tools and ride-on equipment without enclosed cab may have contributed significantly to worker noise exposure. This study demonstrates that groundskeepers may be routinely exposed to noise levels above the OSHA and NIOSH exposure limits, and that the implementation of effective hearing conservation programs is necessary to reduce their risk to NIHL.     

Byssinosis: environmental and respiratory symptoms among textile workers in Sudan

Summary This study has been carried out to investigate the prevalence of byssinosis and other respiratory symptoms among 311 Sudanese workers in different sections of the Khartoum Weaving and Spinning Company. The prevalence of byssinosis was 67% among blowers, 40% in carders and draw-frame workers, 42% in simplex workers and 37% in ring-frame workers. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis ranged between 29 to 47% in all groups. A significant fall in FEV₁ was recorded in carders and draw- and ring-frame workers. There was also a statistically significant decrease in FVC after shift in all groups except in the ring-frame group. The result of the present study revealed that the prevalence of byssinosis was very high in mills processing coarse cotton. Application of control measures and the early detection of exposure effects will reduce the prevalence of byssinosis and other respiratory impairments.     

飞机维修男工噪声暴露与听力损失患病率的剂量-反应关系

目的 探讨男性飞机维修人员噪声暴露与噪声性听力损失(NIHL)患病率之间的剂量．反应关系。方法 飞机维修人员按工作性质、地点、工种和班次分为不同亚组。每组选择3-5人,用SH126个体计量仪测定工作班次噪声暴露。同时对290名男性飞机维修人员进行了问卷调查和听力检查。结果 飞机维修男工8h连续等效A声级(LAcq．8h)平均值为89．1dB(A)。经年龄、性别校正的高频听力损伤患病率为48．6％,语频听力损伤患病率为6．6％。按噪声级分组,NIHL患病率未表现出随剂量增加而升高的趋势。按噪声级与工龄合并后的累积噪声暴露量分组,高频、语频．听力损伤患病率均随噪声暴露增加而升高,经卡方趋势检验发现,CNELAcq-8h评价剂量一反应关系优于CNELAcq．10min。结论 飞机维修人员噪声暴露与NIHL患病率之间存在剂量．反应关系;CNELAcq.8h是评价噪声暴露的良好指标,在非稳态噪声评价中同样适用。     

III. Extra-auditory effects in short-term exposure to noise from a textile factory

Summary 12 male Ss were exposed for periods of 15 min to noise from a textile factory (98 dB(A)), or mental load (binary choice task) or combined load (noise + mental load). Exposure to industrial noise causes similar effects. e.g. increase of diastolic blood pressure and respiratory rate, decrease of pulse pressure, sinus arrhythmia and mental capacity, as induced by exposure to aircraft noise or traffic noise, despite great differences in noise characteristics.     

An assessment of occupational noise exposure amongst bar staff employees working in night-clubs

This article describes a study conducted in 19 different night-clubs from four geographically different areas to obtain typical noise levels to which bar staff employees and other workers were likely to be exposed. The study involved the taking of continuous noise measurements from a fixed position in the bar areas of all 19 clubs and the monitoring of 20 bar staff employees at 16 of the night-clubs using personal noise dosimeters. Management and employees at the night-clubs were interviewed with regard to awareness about the risk of damage to hearing from noise and whether or not any action had been taken to assess the risk. The results showed that the daily personal noise exposure received by many of the bar staff exceeded the UK legal requirements. The bar area workstation noise levels indicated that action needed to be carried out by the employer to reduce the bar staff noise exposure. Most employers had taken no action to protect employees hearing at these establishments. Also most employees were ignorant of the possible risks to their hearing. It has been shown that for the average bar staff employee there is a minimal risk of hearing impairment over a typical working lifetime. However, for the worst case scenario there is a definite increased risk of hearing impairment.     

工业卫生研究离不开暴露科学

随着工业生产的发展,有害因素越来越多,有害因素风险评估的范围,重点和方法等也随之不断扩大、促进了暴露研究的发展,其已由过去的暴露评估拓展到了暴露科学。本文阐述暴露科学的基本概念、评价方法等,以飧读者。     

钢铁冶金工厂职业性噪声与高血压的流行病学研究

目的 探讨冶金工人噪声暴露与高血压发病的关系。方法 对某钢铁冶金企业1694名男性工人（噪声暴露1225例,对照469例）,采用问卷、现场环境噪声测试等方法进行调查研究。结果 高血压的患病率在噪声暴露组为13．31％,明显高于对照组（7．8％）,两组比较,差异有显著性（P＜0．01）。随累积噪声暴露量水平的增高,高血压患病率有增高的趋势。Logistic回归分析结果表明,在控制了年龄、父母高血压史和体重指数等混杂因素后,累积噪声暴露量是高血压发病的危险因素,文化程度高是高血压的保护因素。结论 噪声暴露可能是高血压发病的危险因素,降低作业现场噪声,可能是降低冶金企业工人高血压发病的有效措施。