北京市特殊老年人群代谢综合征患病调查

目的采用国际糖尿病联盟（1DF）和中华医学会糖尿病学分会（CDS）标准，分析老年人代谢综合征（MS）的患病特点。方法以4450例60～92岁老年人为对象进行调查分析。结果按IDF标准，MS患病率男、女分别为25．4％和34．8％，女性高于男性（P〈0．01）；根据CDS标准，男、女患病率分别为20．2％和17．5％，且分别有近80％和50％的人群有≥1个和≥2个指标异常，而IDF标准相应的百分率高10％左右。血压升高在人群中及MS构成中，均为比较突出的特征。结论MS是老年人严重的健康问题，及早发现和预防控制MS具有十分重要的意义。     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among rural Bangladeshi women

We assessed prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in rural women of Bangladesh using 1485 women aged ≥15 years. The prevalence rate of MS was 31.25% (NCEP ATP III modified). And 85.05% population had low HDL values. These findings are important in the development of future health prevention strategies in Bangladesh.     

Low serum total bilirubin concentrations are associated with increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Chinese

Background: To investigate the association between serum concentrations of total bilirubin (TBil) in the physiological range and metabolic syndrome (MS) in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese, as well as any associations between serum TBil concentrations and insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and systemic inflammation. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted on 1423 individuals recruited from an urban community of Shanghai (average age 62.3 years) to investigate the relationship between bilirubin and cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian Americans. Results: Total bilirubin concentrations were significantly lower in individuals with MS compared with those without (0.65 ± 0.21 vs 0.69 ± 0.22 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.002). The adjusted mean concentration of TBil decreased gradually with an increase in the number of components of MS (P_trend < 0.0001). After adjustment for a range of potential confounders (e.g. age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance etc.), each 1 SD increase in TBil was found to be associated with a 17% reduction in the risk of MS (odds ratio 0.83; 95% confidence interval 0.73–0.95; P = 0.006). Furthermore, after adjustment for all covariables, each 1 SD increase in TBil was found to be associated with lower odds of central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol, and hyperglycemia. Serum TBil concentrations were inversely associated with hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and systemic inflammation. Conclusions: Serum TBil concentrations within the physiological range were inversely associated with MS and insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and systemic inflammation in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese.     

浦东新区20～80岁居民代谢综合征的流行特征

目的 了解上海市浦东新区居民代谢综合征(MS)的患病率及其分布特征。方法 2008年4月至7月期间,采用多阶段随机抽样方法,从上海市浦东新区抽取20～80岁的社区居民5 584人,进行横断面调查,根据美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组修正第3次报告( NCEP-ATPⅢ)、国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)、中华医学会糖尿病学分会(CDS)诊断标准计算MS各组分患病率,并比较3种标准应用的差异。结果 根据CDS的MS诊断标准,上海市浦东新区成年居民MS患病粗率为18.2％,世界人口标化率为13.1％（男性19.1％,标化后15.6％;女性17.4％,标化后13.2％）;根据NCEP-ATPⅢ的MS修订标准MS患病粗率为31.8％,世界人口标化率为24.4％(男性28.4％,标化后22.7％;女性35.1％,标化后25.0％);根据IDF的MS诊断标准MS患病粗率为21.7％,世界人口标化率为17.0％（男性15.9％,标化后13.8％;女性26.7％,标化后19.2％）。无论何种诊断标准,MS的患病率均随年龄增加而升高;且男性年龄别患病率在低年龄时高于女性,随年龄增长逐渐低于女性。按特定标准,MS患病率分别在地区、文化程度、婚姻状况、吸烟、工作强度和休闲体力活动方面存在差异。结论浦东新区成人中有相当比例个体患有MS,并存在年轻化趋势,提示MS已成为影响居民生命和健康的重大公共卫生问题,亟需制定MS为先导的社区综合防治的卫生策略。     

Among biomarkers of neutrophil activity,matrix metalloproteinases 8 independently predicts remission of metabolic syndrome

Background and aimsInflammation due to the excess of nutrient intake plays an important role in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Here, the potential influence of neutrophils and their degranulation markers on MetS improvement upon dietary and behavioral counselling, has been investigated. Specifically, we aimed at investigating their role as potential predictors of metabolic syndrome improvements.Methods and Resultspatients with MetS (n = 127) received behavioral and dietary recommendations before follow-up at 6 months. Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)8, MMP9, myeloperoxidase (MPO), tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3 and resistin were tested at baseline. In the whole cohort, baseline levels of proinflammatory MMP8, MMP9 and MPO increased together with the number of MetS criteria. Seventy-three (57%) patients experienced a reduction in MetS-defining criteria at follow-up. With respect to those with no improvement, such individuals showed lower weight and waist circumference at enrolment, less frequent smoking habits, higher levels of triglycerides and lower circulating MMP8. At logistic regression analysis, baseline MMP8 showed negative predictive ability (odds ratio (OR) 0.979 [0.961–0.997]; p = 0.025) against MetS improvement. Such findings hold true even when included in the backward stepwise logistic regression model confirming MMP8 as an independent predictor (OR 0.970 [0.949–0.993]; p = 0.009). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve confirmed the predictive ability of MMP8 combined in a model including baseline MetS criteria and waist circumference. Bootstrap resampling analysis internally validated our findings.ConclusionImprovement of MetS is independently associated with baseline low MMP-8 levels, suggesting a pivotal role for inflammation in metabolic alteration.     

代谢综合征3种诊断标准在北京城区社区老年人中的应用

目的 比较3种代谢综合征诊断标准在社区老年人中应用的差异. 方法 采用中华医学会糖尿病分会(CDS)、国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)和经美国心脏协会(AHA)修订的美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组第三次报告(ATPⅢ*)3种诊断标准,调查社区773例老年人代谢综合征的患病情况,并比较3种标准的诊断符合率. 结果 应用CDS、IDF及ATPHⅢ*诊断标准,老年人代谢综合征患病率分别为32.5％(251/773)、53.4％(413/773)、47.2％(365/773),差异有统计学意义(Q=173.10,P＜0.01),3种诊断标准女性患病率高于男性,分别为34.7％(169/487)与28.7％(82/286),x2=2.99,P＞0.05;57.3％(284/487)与45.1％(129/286),x2=12.64,P＜0.01;53.0％(258/487)与37.4％(107/286),x2=17.52,P＜0.01.IDF与ATPⅢ*诊断标准的诊断符合率为88.6％(Kappa=0.773,P＜0.01),CDS与ATPⅢ*及IDF诊断标准的诊断符合率分别为75.7％和73.7％. 结论 IDF与ATPⅢ*诊断标准的诊断符合率的一致性较高,CDS与IDF及ATPⅢ*诊断标准的诊断符合率的一致性均低于IDF与ATPⅢ*的诊断标准.     

代谢综合征各组分与老年人糖尿病关系的队列研究

目的 分析老年人代谢综合征(MS)及各组分与2型糖尿病(DM)发生的关系. 方法 队列研究,2007年对2001年参加调查的人群进行随访.用2005年国际DM联盟(IDF)颁布的全球统一标准诊断MS. 结果 基线MS与DM发生密切相关,RR(95% CI)为4.70(3.23～6.85).MS各组分与DM相关性最密切的是空腹血糖.单因素分析中.当血糖水平≥5.60 mmol/L时,RR(95% CI)高达9.68(6.59～14.23);在多因素分析中,当血糖水平为5.60～6.09 mmol/L时,RR值(95% CI)为5.49(3.38～8.92),而≥6.1 mmol/L时,RR值(95% CI)增大至14.44(9.29～22.44).当MS组分聚集数从1、2、3、4个上升到5个时,RR值可分别从2.92、5.67、12.28、19.52上升至37.83. 结论 MS增加患DM的风险,而空腹血糖增高同为DM发生重要的危险指标.     

Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness through adolescence predict metabolic syndrome in young adults

Background and aimsHigher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been suggested to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to longitudinally examine the changes of CRF on MetS and its risk factors from adolescence to adulthood.Methods and resultsAt the age of 15 years, 1076 subjects were recruited from 2 cohorts. CRF was measured on a cycle ergometer. MetS was classified as having at least 3 of the following parameters above the threshold of risk factors: waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), high blood pressure (BP) and fasting glucose. In addition, insulin, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Persistently high, increasing, decreasing and persistently low CRF groups were formed according to change in CRF from adolescence to adulthood. Longitudinal increase in CRF was positively associated with change in HDL and negatively associated with change in insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, BP and prevalence of MetS after adjustment for potential confounders. Subjects with persistently low CRF had 11.5- to 34.4-times higher risk of MetS at the age of 25 and 33 years compared to subjects with persistently high CRF and 14.6- to 15.9-times higher risk compared to the increasing CRF group.ConclusionHigher CRF is strongly related to lower values of MetS risk factors. Increasing CRF from adolescence to adulthood reduces the risk to have MetS later in adulthood. High CRF in adolescence that decreases during adulthood has similar risks to MetS compared to individuals with persistently low CRF.     

Serum bilirubin as a predictor of incident metabolic syndrome: A 4-year retrospective longitudinal study of 6205 initially healthy Korean men

AimSerum bilirubin is an endogenous antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Several cross-sectional studies have reported that bilirubin was negatively associated with oxidative stress-mediated diseases, including the metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the clinical relevance of bilirubin as a risk factor for incident MetS remains controversial. For this reason, the longitudinal effects of baseline serum bilirubin concentrations on incident MetS were evaluated in Korean men.MethodsThis 4-year retrospective longitudinal observational study involved 6205 Korean men without MetS. Subjects underwent routine health examinations in 2007 and returned for a follow-up examination in 2011. Baseline serum bilirubin concentrations were determined using the vanadate oxidation method.ResultsDuring the 4-year period, 936 cases of incident MetS (15.1%) were identified. Its incidence decreased across baseline bilirubin quartile categories (P < 0.001), with an odds ratio (OR) for developing MetS being significantly lower in the highest quartile group (≥ 1.40 mg/dL) compared with the lowest (≤ 0.90 mg/dL) after adjusting for all confounding variables [OR = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54–0.90; P for trend = 0.019]. Among individual components of MetS, bilirubin was found to be negatively associated with only the risk of incident hypertriglyceridaemia. The OR (95% CI) for incident hypertriglyceridaemia in the highest vs lowest quartile was 0.75 (0.61–0.91; P for trend = 0.002).ConclusionSerum total bilirubin level was negatively associated with incidence of MetS in healthy Korean men over a 4-year period.     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者早期血清胆红素水平的变化

目的观察急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者早期血清胆红素水平的动态变化并探讨其临床意义。方法选择稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者28例,发病在24h内的ACS患者88例,包括不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)36例和急性心肌梗死(AMI)52例。测定其血清总胆红素(Tbil)、直接胆红素 (Dbil)和间接胆红素(Ibil)水平,并与40例健康人进行对照比较。ACS患者于发病第7天和第14天时分别复查上述指标。结果 SAP患者其血清Tbil和Ibil均显著低于对照组(P<0．05);而ACS患者无论是UAP还是AMI,其Tbil和Ibil均明显高于对照组(P<0．05),ACS患者发病第7天即显著下降(P<0．05),第14天时又有进一步降低。而Dbil水平在各组间均无显著性差异(P>0．05)。结论 ACS患者在发病后其Tbil和Ibil水平明显升高,发病7-14天后即显著降低。Tbil和Ibil水平的升高可能与斑块活化、不稳定有关。     

蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征及相关疾病患病率调查

目的 对蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征(MS)及相关疾病患病率进行调查、统计和分析.方法 采用3级分组整群随机抽样方法 对25～74岁人群进行MS(采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病学分会提出的中国人群标准)及相关疾病指标的检测和统计,被调查3246例(男1459例、女1787例). 结果 (1)MS患病率为20.5%,标化率为16.0%,在全国处于较高水平,男、女性患病率分别为22.9%、18.6%,差异无统计学意义,男、女性患病高峰均在老年前期;(2)除超重/肥胖、MS,其他代谢性疾病男、女性的患病率均随年龄增加而上升(P<0.01);60岁以上老年人群的各疾病患病率均为青年人群的1倍以上,其中MS的患病率在男性增加至2.8倍、女性为2.7倍,而2型糖尿病的患病率增加最高,男性为7.9倍、女性为12.8倍;(3)多项代谢疾病簇集率较高,无任何一项异常者仅占33.8%. 结论 蚌埠市具有较高的MS及相关代谢疾病患病率,应及早开展社区综合防治,尤其应加强对老年前期以及60岁以上老年人群常见代谢病的健康教育.     

剖析代谢综合征组分间的内在联系

代谢综合征(MS)表现为一组心血管疾病危险因素的聚集,因其严重威胁人类健康而越来越受到关注.其发病机制末完全明确,围绕Ms还存在诸多争议.目前其定义并不统一,但涉及的组分相同.既往MS曾被称作胰岛素抵抗综合征,随着研究的深入,发现这种称谓并不恰当.胰岛素抵抗(IR)在MS的发生、发展中起了最为重要的作用,而并非MS的唯一病理生理机制.腹型肥胖与IR、血脂紊乱、高血压、高血糖、炎性反应状态密切相关.     

代谢综合征与心血管疾病的关系及其组分间的交互作用

目的 探讨代谢综合征(MS)与心血管疾病(CVD)的关系及其组分问的交互作用.方法 采用队列研究的方法,以江苏省多代谢异常和MS综合防治研究(35～74岁)中随访时间满5年的人群为研究对象,共3598例,其中男性1451例.采用2005年美国胆固醇教育计划成人教育组Ⅲ(ATPm)亚洲人群修订标准诊断MS;运用COX比例风险模型分析MS及其组分与CVD的关系;以logistic回归模型中纳入乘积项的方法来评价MS组分之间的相乘交互作用,计算相加交互作用指标相对超危险度比(RERI),归因比(AP)和交互作用指数(S)的点估计值及其95%CI以评价MS组分之间的相加交互作用.结果 调整CVD一般危险因素后,基线MS患者与非MS患者相比发生CVD的调整相对危险度(αRR)为2.49(95%(CI:1.59～3.90).MS各组分与CVD的αRR分别为:腰围1.44(95%CI:0.88～2.37),血压2.84(95%CI:1.73～4.68),低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇1.31(95%CI:0.83～2.07),甘油三酯1.84(95%CI:1.19～2.85),空腹血糖1.55(95%CI:0.98～2.45);进一步进行组分间互相调整后,发现仅血压仍与CVD有联系[αRR=2.58(1.55～4.29)].交互作用分析结果显示:当血压合并2、3或4项MS其余组分时,发生CVD的危险明显增加[αOR=4.47(2.35～8.51)];logistic回归模型中乘积项血压×合并2、3、4项MS其余组分无统计学意义(P>0.05);相加交互作用指标RER/和AP的95%CI包含O,S的95%CI包含1.结论 MS组分中仅血压是CVD的独立危险因素,当血压合并其他MS组分时,MS患者发生CVD事件的风险明显增加,但MS不独立于血压和MS其余组分增加CVD的风险,血压与其他MS组分对CVD未发现明显的增效作用.     

Associations of serum alkaline phosphatase with metabolic syndrome and mortality

Background

Recent data suggest that elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels are associated with increased mortality, but the mechanisms for this association are unknown. As metabolic syndrome is associated with higher serum alkaline phosphatase levels, we examined the joint association of mortality with metabolic syndrome and serum alkaline phosphatase levels in the US general population.

Methods

Retrospective observational study of 15,234 adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to jointly relate mortality risk to serum alkaline phosphatase and indicators of metabolic syndrome.

Results

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 14% to 41% among patients in lowest and higher quartiles, respectively, for baseline serum alkaline phosphatase. The mortality hazard ratio for each doubling of serum alkaline phosphatase was 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35–1.72) adjusting only for demographic factors, and 1.37 (95% CI, 1.21–1.56) adjusting for both demographic and metabolic syndrome factors in the full cohort, and was 1.83 (95% CI, 1.36–2.46) adjusting for demographic factors in the subgroup without any of the component conditions of metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions

In the US general population, higher levels of serum alkaline phosphatase is a predictor of mortality independent of the baseline prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Further studies are warranted to unravel the mechanisms of this association.     

上海市成人代谢综合征的流行特征

目的 采用美国国家胆固醇教育项目成人治疗组第三次指南(NCEP ATPⅢ)工作定义,评价上海市社区成人代谢综合征(MS)的流行状况.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,在上海市35～74岁人群中进行横断面调查,获得有效问卷7414份列入本次分析.结果 按照NCEP ATPⅢ工作定义,MS的粗患病率为19.81%,年龄标化后的患病率为16.21%(95%CI15.37%～17.05%),女性高于男性(22.59%对16.64%,P<0.01),城市高于农村(20.84%对17.16%,P<0.01).MS患病率随年龄的增长而增加,55岁以上女性患病率显著上升.人群中有3种以上组分的个体比例高达19.81%,各危险因素的组合形式在4项组合中以"中心性肥胖+高甘油三酯血症+低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇+高血压"为最多.结论 上述研究结果表明MS已越来越成为影响上海城乡居民健康和生命的重大公共卫生问题,急需对MS作出早期诊断并加强综合防治.     

江苏省社区人群中代谢综合征和吸烟对糖尿病发病的综合作用分析

目的 探讨代谢综合征和吸烟与糖尿病之间的关系及前两者之间的交互作用.方法 以江苏省多代谢异常和代谢综合征综合防治研究中随访时间满5年的人群为研究对象,对符合纳入标准且资料完整的3598名35～74岁基线非糖尿病患者,其中男1451名,女2147名,观察并分析其发展为糖尿病的危险与代谢综合征和吸烟之间的关系,并通过Logistic回归模型计算相乘交互作用指标和相加交互作用指标,用于评价代谢综合征和吸烟之间的交互作用.结果 在调整年龄、性别、家族史及吸烟、饮酒后,代谢综合征患者与非代谢综合征患者发生糖尿病的调整相对危险度为2.79(95%Cl:2.03～3.83),代谢综合征组分中高甘油三酯与高空腹血糖对糖尿病有显著影响,调整相对危险度分别为1.78(1.28～2.50)和3.72(2.70～5.13).代谢综合征组与非代谢综合征组中现吸烟者与不吸烟者相比发生糖尿病的调整相对危险度分别为3.03(1.69～5.45)和5.45(2.12～14.03).交互作用分析结果显示,相对超危险度比为5.57(0.37～11.50),归因比为0.44(0.16～0.72),交互作用指数为1.90(1.09～3.32).结论 代谢综合征和吸烟均为糖尿病的危险因素,当代谢综合征和吸烟同时存在时发生糖尿病的危险性明显增加,两者之间存在明显的相加交互作用.     

Serum uric acid does not predict incident metabolic syndrome in a population with high prevalence of obesity

AimTo evaluate whether uric acid (UA) predicts 4-yr incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in non-diabetic participants of the Strong Heart Study (SHS) cohort.Methods and resultsIn this population-based prospective study we analyzed 1499 American Indians (890 women), without diabetes or MetS, controlled during the 4th SHS exam and re-examined 4 years later during the 5th SHS exam. Participants were divided into sex-specific tertiles of UA and the first two tertiles (group N) were compared with the third tertile (group H). Body mass index (BMI = 28.3 ± 7 vs. 31.1 ± 7 kg/m²), fat-free mass (FFM = 52.0 ± 14 vs. 54.9 ± 11 kg), waist-to-hip ratio, HOMA-IR (3.66 vs. 4.26), BP and indices of inflammation were significantly higher in group H than in group N (all p < 0.001). Incident MetS at the time of the 5th exam was more frequent in group H than group N (35 vs. 28%, OR 1.44 (95% CI = 1.10–1.91; p < 0.01). This association was still significant (OR = 1.13, p = 0.04) independently of family relatedness, sex, history of hypertension, HOMA-IR, central adiposity and renal function, but disappeared when fat-free mass was included in the model.ConclusionsIn the SHS, UA levels are associated to parameters of insulin resistance and to indices of inflammation. UA levels, however, do not predict incident MetS independently of the initial obesity-related increased FFM.     

Relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and metabolic syndrome after adjustment with cardiovascular risk factors

AimsIt is important to identify the risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in order to prevent the development of cardio-/cerebrovascular diseases. The authors estimated the risk factors for the development of MetS with special emphasis on the severity of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB).MethodsWe conducted as a cross-sectional study in subjects undergoing intensive health examination (581 men aged 33–84 years). Diagnosis of MetS was based on the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS in subjects with severe SDB, which was defined as an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) of 30 or higher, was 40.7%, which was significantly higher than that in the subjects without severe SDB (29.3%). The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the logarithmic-transformed AHI for MetS was 1.6 (1.1–2.4) after adjustments for age, serum uric acid, logarithmic-transformed serum C-reactive protein, smoking history, exercise history and alcohol history. When the subjects were categorized by the severity of SDB, the OR (95% CI) of severe SDB, which was the only category that showed significant association, was 2.2 (1.2–4.0).ConclusionA significant association was observed between severe SDB and the presence of MetS in the subjects (all male) of this study.     

Factor analysis of metabolic syndrome components in obese women

Background and aimFactor analysis is a multivariate correlation technique that is frequently employed to characterise the clustering of intercorrelated abnormalities, which underlie the metabolic syndrome in cohorts of individuals with different characteristics. To our knowledge, it has never been used to identify the components of this syndrome in obese subjects. The purpose of this study was to use factor analysis to investigate the clustering of features, which characterise the metabolic syndrome, in a cohort of 552 obese women aged 18–83 years (mean body mass index: 43.0 kg/m² ± 5.7 SD).Methods and resultsPrincipal component analysis reduced ten correlated physiological variables, to four uncorrelated factors that explained 72.2% of the variance in the original parameters. These factors were interpreted as: (1) an insulin resistance factor, with positive loading of fasting serum insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; (2) a metabolic glucose/lipid factor, with positive loading of fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, waist-to-hip ratio, and inverse loading of high density lipoprotein cholesterol; (3) a body mass factor, with positive loading of body mass and waist circumference; and (4) a blood pressure factor, with positive loading of systolic and diastolic blood pressure.ConclusionThe identification of four independent factors is consistent with previous findings among samples of different populations and may also support, in obese women, the hypothesis that multiple physiological determinants are responsible for the abnormalities underlying the metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, findings in this cohort of obese women suggest that the absolute degree of adiposity is not correlated with any tested component of the metabolic syndrome, but that the relative fat distribution is highly correlated with the development of hyperglycaemic and dyslipidaemic phenomena. Furthermore, insulin resistance appears to be a major factor in obese individuals, independent of other metabolic and anthropometic abnormalities.