肝硬化门静脉高压脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成的研究进展

门静脉血栓形成(PVT)是指门静脉或其分支、脾静脉和肠系膜上静脉内形成的血栓。PVT是门静脉高压症脾切除术后的一种常见并发症,往往可能会导致肝损伤、上消化道出血、肝昏迷,甚至是缺血性肠坏死。因而,早期发现PVT并进行有效干预,对降低PVT患者的病死率有十分重要的意义。对肝硬化脾切除术后PVT危险因素和治疗进行了综述,指出PVT应及早进行有效干预。     

Effect of laparoscopic splenectomy on portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension

Aim:  This study investigated the relationship between portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and splenomegaly, and the effect of laparoscopic splenectomy on PHG in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension.
Methods:  Seventy patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension were prospectively studied. Indication for laparoscopic splenectomy was bleeding tendency in 10 patients, induction of interferon in 45, treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in seven, and treatment for endoscopic injection sclerotherapy-resistant esophagogastric varices in eight. The severity of PHG was classified into none, mild, or severe according to the classification by McCormack et al. The severity of liver disease was classified using the Child–Pugh score. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy before and 1 month after the operation.
Results:  The prevalence of PHG was significantly correlated with the severity of liver disease using the Child–Pugh score. The severity of PHG was significantly correlated with the resected spleen volume. One month after the operation, PHG was improved in 16 of 17 patients with severe PHG and in 12 of 32 with mild PHG. The Child–Pugh score showed a significant improvement (6.8 ± 1.4 to 6.2 ± 1.2) at 3 months after laparoscopic splenectomy ( P  < 0.0001).
Conclusions:  PHG may be associated with splenomegaly, and laparoscopic splenectomy may have a beneficial effect on PHG, at least for a short time.     

脾切除术联合门奇静脉断流术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症患者疗效研究*

目的 研究腹腔镜门奇静脉断流术联合脾切除术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症合并巨脾患者的效果。方法 2016年12月～2018年12月我院收治的86例肝硬化并发门脉高压症合并巨脾患者被分为两组,每组43例,其中对照组行开腹,而观察组实施腹腔镜下门奇静脉断流术联合脾切除术。结果 观察组术中出血量为(180.8±23.1)ml,显著少于对照组的【(286.4±35.7)ml,P<0.05】,术后住院日为(6.0±1.3)d,显著短于对照组的【(8.6±1.5)d,P<0.05】;观察组术后7 d外周血WBC为(8.9±1.4)×10⁹/L,PLC为(132.0±28.9)×10⁹/L,对照组分别为(7.2±1.8)×10⁹/L,PLC为(125.6±30.3)×10⁹/L,均较术前显著升高(P<0.05);观察组术后门静脉直径为(1.2±0.1)cm,血流量为(911.7±261.7)ml/min,对照组分别为(1.2±0.2)cm,血流量为(888.5±191.5)ml/min,均较术前显著缩小或下降(P<0.05);观察组术后并发症发生率为9.3%,显著低于对照组的37.2%(P＜0.05)。结论 腹腔镜下门奇静脉断流术联合脾切除术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症合并巨脾患者临床疗效确切,创伤小,术后并发症发生率低,恢复快。     

脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症患者预防门静脉血栓形成研究

目的 探讨脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症患者门静脉血栓(PVT)的预测措施。方法 2017年1月～2019年3月我院肝胆外科诊治的肝硬化并发门脉高压症患者60例,均接受脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术。术后将患者分成A组和B组。在B组,当出现抗凝指针时给予低分子肝素短期抗凝治疗。使用彩超检查门脉指标和诊断PVT形成。结果 术后,在B组30例患者中有20例(66.7%)接受了短期抗凝治疗;在术后3 w末,超声检查发现PVT患者15例(25.0%),其中A组11例(36.7%),显著高于B组的4例【(13.3%),P<0.05】;血栓形成组门静脉直径为(1.5±0.3)cm,与无血栓形成组比,无显著性差异【(1.4±0.2)cm,P>0.05】,门静脉血流流速为(12.3±1.4)cm/s,显著低于无血栓形成组【(14.5±1.7)cm/s,P＜0.05】;血栓形成组血清D-二聚体水平显著高于无血栓形成组(P＜0.05);血栓形成组外周血血小板计数为(142.6±58.9)×10⁹/L,显著高于无血栓形成组【(91.4±52.4)×10⁹/L,P＜0.05】。结论 在采取脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化并发门脉高压症患者时,需警惕术后PVT的形成。对术后血小板计数急剧升高、血清D-二聚体显著升高和门脉血流减慢的患者应该及时给予抗凝治疗。     

经内镜食管曲张静脉套扎术联合腹腔镜脾切除术治疗门静脉高压症

目的 探讨经内镜食管曲张静脉套扎联合手助腹腔镜脾切除术治疗门静脉高压症的 疗效及安全性。方法 2001年6月至2004年10月,对15例中、重度食管静脉曲张且脾功能亢进患 者先行内镜食管曲张静脉套扎术,待食管静脉曲张消失或降为轻度后1-2周,行手助腹腔镜脾切除 术。结果 每例平均套扎治疗2.2次,套扎后11例食管静脉曲张完全消失,4例静脉曲张由重度降 为轻度。手助腹腔镜脾切除术无严重手术并发症,无中转开腹及死亡病例。术后1周复查,血小板由 术前的(38-67)×10 6／L升至(89-310)×10 6／L,平均随访17.6个月,无上消化道出血。结论 对 于门静脉高压脾功能亢进者,内镜食管曲张静脉套扎术联合手助腹腔镜脾切除术具有微创的优点,安 全、有效。     

肝硬化门脉高压症并发血栓形成机制和治疗研究进展*

肝硬化门脉高压症并发血栓是临床研究实践过程中面临的难题。本文通过对其形成机制和治疗相关研究进展进行总结,重点介绍了近年来国内外关于肝硬化门脉高压并发门脉血栓发生机制和治疗进展。目前认识的主要发生机制包括肝星状细胞的活性、内皮细胞的功能、机体促凝血和凝血抑制失衡等,治疗措施包括低分子肝素等抗凝治疗、β受体阻滞剂和其他药物,如辛伐他汀、利福昔明和益生菌等联合应用以降低门脉压力治疗、提高一氧化氮合成酶磷酸化水平和针对线粒体的抗氧化治疗等措施。     

肝硬化门静脉高压患者行脾切除断流术后早期门静脉血栓形成的原因分析

目的探讨肝硬化门静脉高压接受脾切除断流术后早期门静脉血栓形成的原因。方法对2012年1月-2013年12月首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院收治的83例脾切断流术后患者进行回顾性分析,随访时间3个月,根据是否发生门静脉血栓分为血栓组与对照组,计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料比较采用χ2检验。采用Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。结果 44例脾切断流术后患者发生门静脉血栓,发生率53.01%;血栓组与对照组间比较,术前门静脉直径、术后门静脉直径、脾脏容积、脾切除前后门静脉流速差差异均有统计学意义(P值分别为0.014、0.017、0.013、0.030),是术后早期门静脉血栓形成危险因素;Logistic回归分析显示手术前后门静脉流速差是术后门静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素(P=0.003);而手术前、后的门静脉血流流速,门静脉压力变化,手术时间,术中出血,血小板最高值与门静脉血栓形成均无关。结论血流动力学因素影响脾切断流术后门静脉血栓形成,抗凝治疗需个体化。     

Study of portal vein thrombosis in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension in Japan.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to elucidate the incidence and clinical manifestations of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) in Japan during long-term follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients with IPH were examined for PVT by sonography during a follow-up of 12+/-6 years. Clinical manifestations and patient outcome related to PVT were studied. Seventy patients with liver cirrhosis were examined by sonography as an incidence control of thrombosis. RESULTS: Nine IPH patients had portal thrombosis (9/22, 41%), a higher incidence than in liver cirrhosis patients (7/70, 10%). Those with thrombosis showed ascites, marked hypersplenism, and low serum albumin. Four patients with thrombosis died. Patients without thrombosis showed less clinical problems after long-term follow-up. Plasma antithrombin III and protein C activity decreased in almost half of the patients. However, there were no differences in these parameters between patients with and without thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: In Japan, IPH patients had a high incidence of portal thrombosis, a significant factor for poor prognosis. Whether the management of PVT contributes to an improvement of a clinical course of IPH or not should be clarified in further study.     

Natural history of patients with non cirrhotic portal hypertension: Comparison with patients with compensated cirrhosis

BackgroundThe knowledge of natural history of patients with portal hypertension (PH) not due to cirrhosis is less well known than that of cirrhotic patients.AimTo describe the clinical presentation and the outcomes of 89 patients with non-cirrhotic PH (25 with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension, INCPH, and 64 with chronic portal vein thrombosis, PVT) in comparison with 77 patients with Child A cirrhosis.MethodsThe patients were submitted to a standardized clinical, laboratory, ultrasonographic and endoscopic follow-up. Variceal progression, incidence of variceal bleeding, portal vein thrombosis, ascites and survival were recorded.ResultsAt presentation, the prevalence of varices, variceal bleeding and ascites was similar in the 3 groups. During follow-up, the rate of progression to varices at risk of bleeding (p < 0.0001) and the incidence of first variceal bleeding (p = 0.02) were significantly higher in non-cirrhotic then in cirrhotic patients. A PVT developed in 32% of INCPH patients and in 18% of cirrhotics (p = 0.02).ConclusionsIn the patients with non-cirrhotic PH variceal progression is more rapid and bleeding more frequent than in cirrhotics. Patients with INCPH are particularly prompt to develop PVT. This observational study suggests that the management of patients with non-cirrhotic PH should take into consideration the natural history of portal hypertension in these patients and cannot be simply derived by the observation of cirrhotic patients.     

早期应用低分子肝素预防腹腔镜脾切除食管胃底静脉断流术后门静脉血栓形成临床研究*

目的 研究早期使用低分子肝素预防腹腔镜脾切除食管胃底静脉断流术（LSED）治疗患者术后门静脉血栓（PVST）发生的作用。方法 我院2014年3月至2015年6月期间收治的112例肝硬化门静脉高压症（PHT）患者,所有患者均行LSED治疗,按患者入院顺序分为两组,每组56例,对照组56例患者采用常规抗凝治疗,另56例患者在上述基础上采用低分子肝素治疗（观察组）。随访两组患者两周,观察两组患者肝功能、门静脉血流状况、凝血功能、PVST以及并发症发生情况。结果 两组患者治疗前后血清TBIL、ALB、INR水平均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;治疗前两组患者门静脉最大血流速度、平均血流速度和门静脉直径无明显差异（P＞0.05）;治疗后观察组患者门静脉最大血流速度、平均血流速度和门静脉直径分别为（20.83±1.15）cm/s、（15.12±1.19cm/s）和（15.86±3.12）mm,均大于对照组的上述指标【分别为（14.36±0.74）cm/s、（10.28±0.71）cm/s和（14.27±2.96）mm,P＜0.05】;治疗前两组患者凝血功能指标比较无显著差异（P＞0.05）;治疗后,观察组患者血APTT、PT、FIB和TT分别为（25.72±3.64） s、（14.96±2.26）s、（3.51±0.86）g/L和（20.11±3.65）s,均长于对照组的上述指标【分别为（23.37±3.52）s、（13.87±2.14）s、（2.62±0.73）g/L和（18.14±3.23）s,均P＜0.05】;术后观察组和对照组PVST发生率分别为7.14%和42.86%,观察组明显较低（P＜0.05）,观察组和对照组其他并发症发生率无显著相差（P>0.05）。结论 早期应用低分子肝素对预防LSED术后门静脉血栓具有良好的作用,能有效改善凝血功能,同时降低各种并发症,安全性高。     

肝硬化门静脉血栓形成的临床分析

目的　探讨肝硬化 (LC)门静脉血栓 (PVT)形成对LC病程发展的影响。方法　检索我院自 1 995至 2 0 0 2年肝硬化PVT形成患者 ,血栓诊断依据彩色多普勒和 (或 )CT。 4 8例肝硬化PVT形成患者入选血栓组 ;同阶段LC门脉高压症的非血栓病例中选择 5 2例作为对照组。对两组患者的肝功能Child Pugh分级、凝血功能、门静脉、脾静脉宽度及脾脏面积、厚度进行比较。行t检验 ,χ2 检验 ,Logistic回归分析。结果　肝硬化PVT形成除继发于脾切除等手术后 ,75 .0 %隐匿发病 ,85 .4 %的血栓发生于门静脉主干 ,脾脏增大与门静脉增宽是PVT形成的危险因素 (P =0 .0 0 3、0 .0 1 0 )。血栓组门静脉及脾静脉宽度分别为 (1 .4 8± 0 .2 6 )cm ,(1 .2 3± 0 .38)cm ,与对照组比较差异有显著性 [(1 .37± 0 .2 2 )cm ,(1 .0 5± 0 .30 )cm ,P =0 .0 37,0 .0 31 ]。血栓组脾面积平均值为 (96 .6 4± 33.4 )cm2 ,脾厚径为 (6 .0 7± 1 .2 0 )cm ,分别大于对照组的 (80 .81± 2 8.9)cm2 ,(5 .2 3± 1 .0 8)cm(P =0 .0 36 ,0 .0 0 1 )。血栓组食管胃底静脉曲张程度重于非血栓组 ,大出血、大量腹水比例高 (P <0 .0 5 )。血栓形成后 1年内死亡率为1 6 .6 % ,较非血栓组增高 (P =0 .0 2 3)。两组肝功能Child Pugh分级、凝血功能、血小板计     

Machine learning predicts portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy in patients with portal hypertension: Comparative analysis of three practical models

BACKGROUNDFor patients with portal hypertension (PH), portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a fatal complication after splenectomy. Postoperative platelet elevation is considered the foremost reason for PVT. However, the value of postoperative platelet elevation rate (PPER) in predicting PVT has never been studied.AIMTo investigate the predictive value of PPER for PVT and establish PPER-based prediction models to early identify individuals at high risk of PVT after splenectomy.METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed 483 patients with PH related to hepatitis B virus who underwent splenectomy between July 2011 and September 2018, and they were randomized into either a training (n = 338) or a validation (n = 145) cohort. The generalized linear (GL) method, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and random forest (RF) were used to construct models. The receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC), calibration curve, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curve (CIC) were used to evaluate the robustness and clinical practicability of the GL model (GLM), LASSO model (LSM), and RF model (RFM).RESULTSMultivariate analysis exhibited that the first and third days for PPER (PPER1, PPER3) were strongly associated with PVT [odds ratio (OR): 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24-2.62, P = 0.002; OR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.16-1.77, P < 0.001, respectively]. The areas under the ROC curves of the GLM, LSM, and RFM in the training cohort were 0.83 (95%CI: 0.79-0.88), 0.84 (95%CI: 0.79-0.88), and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.79-0.88), respectively; and were 0.77 (95%CI: 0.69-0.85), 0.83 (95%CI: 0.76-0.90), and 0.78 (95%CI: 0.70-0.85) in the validation cohort, respectively. The calibration curves showed satisfactory agreement between prediction by models and actual observation. DCA and CIC indicated that all models conferred high clinical net benefits.CONCLUSIONPPER1 and PPER3 are effective indicators for postoperative prediction of PVT. We have successfully developed PPER-based practical models to accurately predict PVT, which would conveniently help clinicians rapidly differentiate individuals at high risk of PVT, and thus guide the adoption of timely interventions.     

肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的危险因素分析*

目的 分析影响肝硬化患者脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成（PVT）的危险因素。方法 2015年1月~2018年6月我院收治的肝硬化患者94例,接受脾切除联合食管下段周围曲张血管离断术,使用彩色多普勒超声检查门静脉系统。采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响术后PVT形成的危险因素。结果 术后1个月随访,经彩色多普勒超声检查,发现PVT形成30例,未发生PVT患者64例;PVT组有腹水者为56.7%,显著高于无PVT组的32.8%（P<0.05）,脾脏厚度为（75.8±9.4） mm,显著大于无PVT组【（69.1±8.8） mm,P<0.05】,脾脏体积为（141.7±18.1） mm2,显著大于无PVT组【（126.8±17.2） mm2,P<0.05】,门静脉内径为（16.2±2.1） mm,显著大于无PVT组【（14.1±1.9） mm,P<0.05】,门静脉血流流速为（12.2±1.5） cm/s,显著慢于无PVT组【（14.6±1.6） cm/s,P<0.05】;应用低分子右旋糖苷或低分子肝素抗凝干预患者所占比例显著低于无PVT组（P<0.05）;Logistic回归分析显示,未应用抗凝治疗（OR=0.503,P=0.023）、门静脉流速减慢（OR=0.491,P=0.014）、脾脏体积增加（OR=1.872,P=0.044）和门静脉内径增宽（OR=1.982,P=0.021）是肝硬化脾切除术患者术后PVT形成的独立危险因素。结论 肝硬化脾切除术患者术后可能存在PVT形成,了解一些危险因素并给予积极的干预可能减少PVT形成的发生,使患者获益。     

经皮经肝介入门静脉血栓溶栓治疗

目的评价经皮经肝门静脉穿刺置管介入溶栓术的安全性和疗效。方法3例患者中,男性2例,女性1例,年龄分别为56岁,62岁,70岁。肝炎肝硬化2例,1例腹痛原因待查(后经手术证实为肠间脓肿)。3例患者均经彩色多普勒和CT检查发现门静脉血栓。3例患者均在B超引导下进行经皮经肝门静脉穿刺,置入5F CobraⅠ型导丝及导管鞘,经导管输注20万单位尿激酶后,继以每日30万单位持续注入,连续3天~5天行溶栓治疗,术后抗凝治疗。结果3例患者经皮经肝门静脉穿刺均一次成功,在置管造影及溶栓过程中均无不良反应;拔管前复查造影显示2例患者门静脉100%再通,1例80%再通;3例患者治疗后临床症状好转,腹水消退,肝功能改善,其中2例肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度减轻。1例腹痛原因待查患者溶栓后腹痛减轻但未完全缓解,体温较前下降但未正常,于溶栓后2周行剖腹探查,术中证实右下腹肠间包裹性脓肿,行脓肿切开引流,脓液培养为大肠杆菌,继续抗炎治疗2周后,体温降至正常,腹痛完全缓解。结论经皮经肝门静脉穿刺置管介入溶栓术是治疗门静脉血栓的安全、有效方法。     

Incidence and clinical presentation of portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients

BACKGROUND: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is due to many risk factors, but its pathogenesis is still not clearly understood. To identify the risk factors for PVT, we analyzed the clinical characteristics and complications associated with PVT in cir-rhotic patients.
METHODS: We studied patients with liver cirrhosis who were admitted to our unit from April 2009 to December 2014. The patients were divided into the PVT and non-PVT groups, and were compared by variables including gender, age, the etiology of cirrhosis, stage of cirrhosis, complications, imaging, and treatment.
RESULTS: PVT was found in 45 (9.8%) of 461 cirrhotic pa-tients admitted to our hospital. Most patients (45.9%) had hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis, with a similar dis-tribution of etiologies between the groups. However, there was no positive relationship between PVT and etiologies of cirrhosis. Most patients (71.5%) were in the stage of hepatic decompensation. No statistically signiifcant differences were found in complications including esophageal varices, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy between the groups. However, there was a signiifcant positive correlation between hepatocel-lular carcinoma (HCC) and PVT (P<0.01). In 30 patients with PVT, thrombosis occurred in the portal vein and/or portal branches, 37.8% were diagnosed on ultrasound.
CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PVT was 9.8%, mainly in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis. The development of PVT was associated with the severity of liver disease and HCC.     

肝硬化合并门静脉血栓形成的临床特点

目的分析肝硬化患者合并门静脉血栓形成(PVT)的临床特点及危险因素,了解该类患者药物性预防措施是否有效.方法 2008年1月至2011年3月各种原因的肝硬化住院患者共339例,将其分为两组,分别为肝硬化合并有门静脉血栓形成组及未合并有门静脉血栓组.记录患者年龄、性别、凝血酶原时间(PT)、总胆红素、白蛋白、肝硬化的病因...     

门静脉血栓形成对肝硬化病程发展影响

目的探讨门静脉血栓（PVT）形成对肝硬化病程的影响。方法回顾我院2003年～2011年肝硬化伴PVT形成的患者资料。18例肝硬化伴PVT形成患者人选血栓组;随机选择同阶段肝硬化门静脉高压症的无门静脉血栓形成患者19例作为对照组,比较两组患者的门静脉宽度、脾脏厚度、食管胃底静脉曲张、腹水及上消化道大出血发生等情况。结果血栓组的门静脉宽度及脾脏厚度大于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。血栓组食管胃底重度静脉曲张、上消化道大出血和大量腹水比例两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论脾肿大和门静脉增宽是PVT形成的主要危险因素,PVT形成加重门静脉高压的程度,从而增加上消化道出血几率,使腹水难以消退,增加相关并发症发生率并使相关症状加重,预防门静脉血栓形成有助于延缓肝硬化病情发展。     

腹腔镜食管胃底曲张静脉断流术联合脾切除或脾保留对肝硬化性门静脉高压症患者近远期预后的影响

目的 比较在行腹腔镜食管胃底曲张静脉断流术时联合脾切除或采取脾保留对肝硬化性门静脉高压症患者近远期预后的影响。方法 3 0例肝硬化性门静脉高压症患者接受腹腔镜下断流术联合脾切除术,另30例采取断流术和脾保留术。结果 术后2 w,脾切除组门静脉内径和血流量分别为（1.1±0.2） cm和（820.1±101.1） ml/min,明显低于脾保留组【分别为（1.3±0.2） cm和（941.0±188.1） ml/min,P<0.05】,平均血流速度为（19.2±3.1）cm/s,明显快于脾保留组的（16.2±2.5） cm/s（P<0.05）;术后3 m,脾切除组血清层粘连蛋白水平为（100.9±29.1） ng/L,显著低于脾保留组的（126.7±30.1） ng/L（P<0.05）;随访发现脾切除组门静脉血栓、消化道出血和腹水发生率分别为3.3%、0.0%和10.0%,显著低于脾保留组的16.7%、26.7%和33.3%（P<0.05）,脾保留组死亡2例（6.7%）。结论 对于肝硬化性门静脉高压症患者在行腹腔镜下曲张静脉断流术时要谨慎采取脾保留手术,可能带来不利的临床后果。