超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞与髂腹股沟及髂腹下神经阻滞在小儿腹股沟区手术应用的比较

目的 比较超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞(transversus abdominis plane block,TAPB)与髂腹股沟及髂腹下神经阻滞(ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block,IINB)在小儿腹股沟区手术术中及术后早期的应用效果. 方法 选择择期进行单侧腹股沟区手术的患儿80例,年龄2～4岁,ASA分级Ⅰ级.按随机数余数法分为TAPB组和IINB组,每组40例.两组患儿均于全身麻醉下行超声引导下TAPB或超声引导下IINB.分别观察与记录患儿的入室基础情绪,入室(T1)、切皮(T2)、缝皮(T3)时的HR、BP,手术时间、苏醒时间、PACU留观时间,改良加拿大东安大略儿童医院疼痛评分量表(modified children's hospital of eastern ontario pain scale,m-CHEOPS)评分、儿童麻醉后躁动评分(pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium,PAED)、PACU给药人数、术后恶心呕吐人数及患儿家长满意度. 结果 超声引导下TAPB组与IINB组在一般情况、基础情绪、局部麻醉药用量及入室的HR、BP方面差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).IINB组患儿在PACU首次、10、20、30 min的m-CHEOPS评分都低于TAPB组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),并且PACU给药人数IINB组也低于TAPB组[IINB组6人(15％),TAPB组15人(39％)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组躁动发生率比较,差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05),但IINB组的PAED评分明显低于TAPB组{IINB组PAED评分[中位数(四份位数间距)]3(0～14),TAPB组PAED评分6(0～16)},差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);IINB组在术后恶心呕吐的发生率及家长满意度均低于TAPB组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 超声引导下,相比于TAPB,IINB能为腹股沟区术后的小儿提供更为安全、高效的镇痛,是小儿腹股沟区手术术后镇痛的较佳选择.     

高位胸椎竖脊肌平面阻滞与臂丛上干阻滞在全身麻醉肩关节镜手术中应用的比较

目的 比较高位胸椎竖脊肌平面阻滞（high thoracic erector spinae plane block，HT-ESPB）与臂丛上干阻滞（superior trunk block，STB）在肩关节镜手术围手术期的镇痛效果。方法 纳入择期全身麻醉下行肩关节镜肩袖修补术病人共计60例，采用随机数字法将其分为HT-ESPB组（30例）与STB组（30例）。记录两组术中镇痛药物用量、拔管时间、膈肌阻滞发生率、相关并发症；术后2、6、12、24、48、72 h时静息和活动时的疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分，术后曲马多镇痛补救情况，病人术后镇痛满意度评分，术后24、48、72 h的15项恢复质量量表（QoR-15）评分以及不良反应发生情况。结果 HT-ESPB组术中舒芬太尼用量高于STB组［（21.5±11.1） μg vs. （15.6±10.3） μg，P=0.037］，术后曲马多用量高于STB组［（36.9±10.2） mg vs. （25.4±9.5） mg，P＜0.001］，膈神经阻滞发生率低于STB组（0 vs. 80%，P＜0.001），术后24 h QoR-15评分显著高于STB组［（76.3±12.2）分 vs. （66.4±11.6）分，P=0.003］；两组病人静息和活动时VAS评分、镇痛满意度评分、并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 肩关节镜手术中应用HT-ESPB能达到与STB类似的麻醉和镇痛效果，且膈神经阻滞发生率更低，尽管其镇痛药补救需求更多，仍是STB一种可行的替代方案。     

内侧腹横肌平面阻滞在腹股沟疝修补术中的镇痛研究

目的探讨单侧腹股沟疝修补术的患者中，超声引导下的内侧腹横肌平面阻滞的镇痛效果。 方法对2017年1月至2018年4月在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院治疗的年龄≥18岁、ASA麻醉分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级的100例男性患者进行前瞻性随机对照双盲试验。患者前瞻性随机分为2组，分别接受切口前同侧髂腹股沟-髂腹下神经阻滞50例（对照组）、内侧腹横肌平面阻滞50例（试验组）。观察2组术后24 h镇痛剂的消耗量、疼痛评分、术后副作用等。 结果试验组患者第1次要求镇痛剂的时间、术后24 h镇痛剂用量、麻醉满意度方面与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；试验组在时间节点8、12 h的术后疼痛数字评分低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；术后其他时间点1、4、18、24 h与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论内侧腹横肌平面阻滞是一种简单易行的麻醉方法，可用作腹股沟-髂腹下神经阻滞的替代方案，用于腹股沟疝修补术后患者的术后疼痛缓解。     

胸椎旁神经阻滞与多点肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞在开腹肝脏手术术后镇痛的应用比较

目的:探讨胸椎旁神经阻滞(thoracic paravertebral nerve block,TPVB)与多点肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞(transverse abdominal plane block,TAPB)在开腹肝脏手术术后镇痛中的应用价值。方法:拟行开腹肝脏手术的患者60例(手术切口均为经典反"L"型切口),ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法分为TPVB组(TP组)和多点肋缘下TAPB组(TA组),每组30例。两组均在术前行超声引导下神经阻滞,TP组行双侧T 7-T 8和T 8-T 9 TPVB,TA组行双侧肋缘下和经典肋缘与髂前上棘之间的TAPB,共4个阻滞点。记录并比较两组阻滞操作时间,记录切皮前(T 0)、切皮后(T 1)、上腔静脉阻断时(T 2)、肝切除时(T 3)、缝皮时(T 4)的MAP和心率,记录手术时间、术中液体入量、瑞芬太尼消耗量、术后PACU停留时间,记录术后即刻(患者拔管苏醒后,可进行正常语言交流)、术后2h、术后6h的静息及运动VAS评分,记录术后6h内给予阿片类药物的例数、术后第1次给予阿片类药物的时间。结果:TA组的阻滞操作时间短于TP组(P<0.05)。两组患者T 0时MAP和心率差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05),但在T 1、T 3、T 4时TP组的MAP和心率均低于TA组(P<0.05)。TP组术中瑞芬太尼消耗量、术后PACU停留时间、术后即刻和术后2h的静息及运动VAS评分也明显少于TA组(P<0.05),但术后第1次给予阿片类药物的时间,TP组长于TA组(P<0.05)。其余观察指标两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在开腹肝脏手术中,TPVB较多点肋缘下TAPB能提供更加平稳的血流动力学变化,减少阿片类药物的用量,提供更完善的围手术期镇痛。     

腹横平面阻滞在老年高危患者腹股沟疝修补术中的应用

目的探讨腹横平面阻滞在腹股沟疝修补术中应用的安全性和有效性。方法选择择期行腹股沟疝修补术的患者40例,男35例,女5例,年龄70~83岁,BMI 18.2~26.4kg/m2,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。采用随机数字表法分为两组:腹横平面阻滞组(TAP组)和局部浸润麻醉组(LAI组)。TAP组:于腹内斜肌和腹横肌间隙注入0.4%罗哌卡因30ml。LAI组:于切口位置皮下和皮下组织、腹外斜肌腱膜深部、耻骨结节上、腹股沟管、腹横筋膜与腹膜之间、疝囊与精索间分别注射0.4%罗哌卡因10、5、3、5、2、5ml。记录切皮时(T1),打开腹外斜肌腱膜时(T2),游离疝囊时(T3),分离腹膜前间隙、置入补片时(T4),缝合腹横筋膜时(T5),缝合腹外斜肌筋膜(T6),皮肤切口闭合时(T7)VAS评分;记录术后即刻、术后12h和24h静息和咳嗽时VAS评分;记录术中追加的舒芬太尼总量、手术时间、麻醉费用、术后恢复活动时间,住院时间、患者对麻醉的满意度和术后4周神经损伤、腹腔脏器出血、腹膜穿孔、注射部位血肿或感染等并发症。结果 T2-T7时TAP组VAS评分明显低于LAI组(P0.05)。术后即刻和术后12hTAP组静息和咳嗽时VAS评分均明显低于LAI组(P0.05)。与LAI组比较,TAP组补救追加的舒芬太尼总量明显减少,麻醉费用明显升高,手术时间、术后恢复活动时间明显缩短,满意度评分明显升高(P0.05)。两组住院时间和术后并发症差异无统计学意义。结论腹横平面阻滞作为主要的麻醉方式应用于老年高危患者的腹股沟疝修补术相较于局部浸润麻醉更加实用有效。     

Feasibility of combined paravertebral block and subcostal transversus abdominis plane block in postoperative pain control after minimally invasive esophagectomy

ObjectivesSubcostal transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and paravertebral block (PVB) offer postoperative analgesia for laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery, respectively. We investigated the early postoperative analgesic effects of PVB in combination with subcostal TAP block in patients undergoing minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for esophageal cancer.MethodsSeventeen patients undergoing MIE without nerve block for postoperative analgesia and 16 patients undergoing MIE with PVB and subcostal TAP block for postoperative analgesia were enrolled for the study. The surgeon performed PVB with bupivacaine at T4, T6, and T8 levels under video-assisted thoracoscopy at the end of the thoracoscopic stage. The anesthesiologist responsible for the anesthesia performed ultrasound-guided bilateral subcostal TAP with bupivacaine at the end of the surgery. Postoperative morphine consumption, pain severity, vital capacity, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and complication rate were compared between groups.ResultsThe group receiving nerve blocks consumed less morphine on postoperative Day 0 (p = 0.016), experienced lower levels of pain at postoperative 0 hour (p = 0.005) and 2 hours (p = 0.049), and had a shorter ICU stay (p = 0.02). No between-group differences in postoperative vital capacity and respiratory complications were observed.ConclusionPVB in combination with subcostal TAP block could reduce morphine consumption and pain severity in the early postoperative period but did not offer other clinical benefits in MIE.     

足踝手术后连续腓肠肌平面阻滞的镇痛效果

目的：探索连续腓肠肌平面阻滞镇痛用于足踝部手术患者术后镇痛效果。
方法：选择全麻下行足踝部择期手术患者42例,男19例,女23例,年龄18～64岁,BMI 18～28 kg/m²,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。将患者随机分为两组：连续腓肠肌平面阻滞镇痛组（CN组）和患者自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）组（I组）,每组21例。CN组术毕行连续腓肠肌平面阻滞镇痛,配方为0.125%罗哌卡因300 ml,背景剂量为3 ml/h,单次给药剂量为 8 ml,锁定时间为25 min。I组术毕使用羟考酮PCIA,配方为羟考酮30 mg、托烷司琼6 mg加生理盐水至150 ml,输注速度0.5 ml/h,单次追加剂量5 ml。观察两组术后0～16、16～24、24～48、0～48 h时段静息和活动时NRS评分曲线下面积（AUC）,1、8、16、24、32、48 h静息和活动时NRS评分,CN组术后胫神经和腓总神经运动功能恢复时间、羟考酮滴定量、术后48 h内补救镇痛药物的吗啡当量累计使用量、补救镇痛次数、补救镇痛率、首次下床活动时间、术后恶心呕吐的发生情况和患者满意度评分。
结果：与I组比较,CN组0～16、16～24、24～48、0～48 h静息和活动时NRS评分AUC明显降低（P<0.01）,术后1、8、16、24、32、48 h NRS评分明显降低（P<0.01）,CN组16 h有10例（50%）患者腓总神经运动功能恢复,24 h有17例（85%）患者腓总神经运动功能恢复,32～48 h所有患者腓总神经运动功能恢复,48 h内所有患者胫神经运动功能正常。与I组比较,CN组吗啡当量累计使用量和补救镇痛次数明显减少（P<0.01）,补救镇痛率明显降低（P<0.01）,患者满意度评分明显升高（P<0.01）。两组羟考酮滴定量、首次下床活动时间,恶心呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义。
结论：超声引导下连续腓肠肌平面阻滞可以实现胫神经运动和感觉阻滞分离,可在足踝手术后提供良好且持续的镇痛效果。     

超声引导下竖脊肌平面阻滞和胸椎旁神经阻滞用于胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的比较

目的比较超声引导下竖脊肌平面阻滞(erector spinae plane block,ESPB)和胸椎旁神经阻滞(thoracic paravertebral nerve block,TPVB)应用于胸腔镜下肺叶切除术中血流动力学变化及术后联合PCIA的效果。方法选择行胸腔镜下肺叶切除术的患者60例,男38例,女22例,年龄18~64岁,BMI 18~24 kg/m^2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为ESPB组(E组)和TPVB组(T组),每组30例。E组术前0.4%罗哌卡因25 ml行超声引导下单次ESPB,T组术前0.4%罗哌卡因25 ml行单次TPVB。罗哌卡因注入20 min后用冰块测定阻滞平面。术毕两组均给予PCIA至术后48 h。记录穿刺时间、深度;记录术中血管活性药使用情况、丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量;记录镇痛泵首次按压时间、有效按压次数、曲马多补救例数;记录胸闷、皮肤瘙痒等术后不良反应的发生情况。结果与T组比较,E组穿刺时间明显缩短(P<0.05),穿刺深度明显变浅(P<0.05),术中去氧肾上腺素使用率明显降低(P<0.05)。两组术中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量、镇痛泵首次按压时间、有效按压次数、曲马多补救率及术后不良反应差异无统计学意义。结论超声引导下ESPB较TPVB操作更简单快捷,术中低血压发生率更低,术后两种阻滞联合PCIA均能为胸腔镜肺叶切术患者提供有效的镇痛。     

A randomised trial of serratus anterior plane block for analgesia after thoracoscopic surgery

We evaluated the effect of pre‐operative serratus anterior plane block on postoperative pain and opioid consumption after thoracoscopic surgery. We randomly allocated 89 participants to block with 30 ml ropivacaine 0.375% (n = 44), or no block without placebo or sham procedure (n = 45). We analysed results from 42 participants in each group. Serratus anterior plane block reduced mean (SD) remifentanil dose during surgery, 0.12 (0.06) mg.h^?1 vs. 0.16 (0.06) mg.h^?1, p = 0.016, and reduced mean (SD) fentanyl consumption in the first 24 postoperative hours, 3.8 (1.9) μg.kg^?1 vs. 5.7 (1.6) μg.kg^?1, p = 0.000004. Block also reduced the worst median (IQR [range]) pain scores reported in the first 24 postoperative hours: 6 (5–7 [3–10]) vs. 7 (6–7 [3–10]), p = 0.027. Block decreased dissatisfaction with pain management, categorised as ‘highly unsatisfactory’, ‘unsatisfactory’, ‘neutral’, ‘satisfactory’ or ‘highly satisfactory’: 1/2/21/18/0 vs. 1/14/15/11/1, p = 0.0038. There were no differences in the rates of nausea, vomiting, dizziness or length of hospital stay. Serratus anterior plane block may be used to reduce pain and opioid use after thoracoscopic lung surgery.     

Clinical implications of the transversus abdominis plane block in pediatric anesthesia

Optimal perioperative analgesia for infants and children after major abdominal surgery poses a challenge when central neuraxial techniques are contraindicated. As a regional anesthesia technique, the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block has been shown to reduce opioid consumption and improve pain scores compared to traditional perioperative pain strategies. Accordingly, TAP blocks may be considered as an alternative to central neuraxial analgesia to optimize perioperative pain control. Advancements in ultrasound technology have further improved the reliability and safety profile of this technique. Despite growing recognition of the diverse clinical scenarios where TAP blocks may be of benefit, its use among pediatric anesthesiologists remains limited. This article describes the history, anatomy, and a review of the current literature on TAP blocks with an emphasis on outcomes in pediatric patients.     

Nuevos bloqueos capsulares ecoguiados para cirugía de cadera: una revisión narrativa

Surgery on the hip joint is very common. Improving pain management has been and is one of the fundamental pillars to optimize the functional recovery of patients. To do this, we must design a multimodal anesthetic-analgesic plan that covers the entire perioperative period.Peripheral nerve blocks and fascial blocks are an important component of multimodal analgesic strategies. Traditional blocks have moderate efficacy, prolonged motor impairment, and increased risk of falls. As an alternative, capsular blocks («ileopsoas plane block» or «IPB» and pericapsular nerve group block or «PENG block») have recently been described that aim to avoid motor impairment while maintaining optimal analgesic efficacy.The objective of this review is to describe the new capsular blocks and to analyze whether they allow to improve postoperative analgesia and promote functional recovery with fewer complications, based on the innervation of the hip. To do this, a bibliographic review was carried out in the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases from January 2018 to June 2020.     

胸椎旁神经阻滞和竖脊肌平面阻滞用于胸腔镜肺叶切除术术后镇痛效果的Meta分析

目的:通过Meta分析方法评价超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞（thoracic paravertebral nerve block, TPVB）和竖脊肌平面阻滞（erector spinae plane block, ESPB）用于胸腔镜肺叶切除术术后镇痛的效果。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、C...     

超声引导下三点阻滞与椎旁阻滞用于剖腹肝胆手术术后镇痛的比较

目的观察术前给予超声引导下三点法阻滞(低位前锯肌阻滞、肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞和腹直肌后鞘阻滞)或单侧胸椎旁阻滞对肝胆手术患者术后镇痛及相关围术期转归的影响。方法选择择期右上腹部切口行肝胆手术的患者95例,男69例,女26例,年龄18～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为三点组(n=48)和椎旁组(n=47)。三点组患者入室后采用0.375%罗哌卡因行超声引导下低位前锯肌阻滞(10 ml)、肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞(15 ml)复合腹直肌后鞘阻滞(15 ml),椎旁组采用0.375%罗哌卡因20 ml行超声引导下T_(7-9)椎旁阻滞。记录术后24 h舒芬太尼用量;记录切皮前、切皮后1和5 min时HR和SBP的变化、麻醉后恢复室内和术后24 h VAS疼痛评分,以及患者过敏、局麻药中毒、穿刺损伤等不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者术后24 h内舒芬太尼用量差异无统计学意义[(0.98±0.33)μg/kg vs (0.95±0.28)μg/kg]。患者麻醉后恢复室内和术后24 h VAS疼痛评分差异无统计学意义。椎旁组术中低血压发生率31例(66.0%) vs 11例(22.9%)和去甲肾上腺素用量[(3.5±1.6)μg/kg vs (1.2±0.4)μg/kg]明显高于三点组(P0.01)。两组患者均未见过敏、局麻药中毒、穿刺损伤等不良反应。结论低位前锯肌阻滞、肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞、腹直肌后鞘阻滞三点阻滞复合可以产生与单侧椎旁阻滞相当的术中和术后镇痛作用,而且前者的低血压发生率明显低于椎旁阻滞,是一种可供临床选择的上腹部神经阻滞方式。     

Efficacy of erector spinae plane block for analgesia in breast surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The erector spinae plane block is a new regional anaesthesia technique that provides truncal anaesthesia for breast surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to determine if the erector spinae plane block is effective at reducing pain scores and opioid consumption after breast surgery. This study also evaluated the outcomes of erector spinae plane blocks compared with other regional blocks. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched. We included randomised controlled trials reporting the use of the erector spinae plane block in adult breast surgery. Risk of bias was assessed with the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to assess trial quality. Thirteen randomised controlled trials (861 patients; 418 erector spinae plane block, 215 no blocks, 228 other blocks) were included. Erector spinae plane block reduced postoperative pain compared with no block: at 0-2 hours (mean difference (95% CI) −1.63 (−2.97 to −0.29), 6 studies, 329 patients, high-quality evidence, I² = 98%, p = 0.02); at 6 hours (mean difference (95% CI) −0.90 (−1.49 to −0.30), 5 studies, 250 patients, high-quality evidence, I² = 91%, p = 0.003); at 12 hours (mean difference (95% CI) −0.46 (−0.67 to −0.25), 5 studies, 250 patients, high-quality evidence, I² = 58%, p < 0.0001); and at 24 hours (mean difference (95% CI) −0.50 (−0.70 to −0.30), 6 studies, 329 patients, high-quality evidence, I² = 76%, p < 0.00001). Compared with no block, erector spinae plane block also showed significantly lower postoperative oral morphine equivalent requirements (mean difference (95% CI) −21.55mg (−32.57 to −10.52), 7 studies, 429 patients, high-quality evidence, I² = 99%, p = 0.0001). Separate analysis of studies comparing erector spinae plane block with pectoralis nerve block and paravertebral block showed that its analgesic efficacy was inferior to pectoralis nerve block and similar to paravertebral block. The incidence of pneumothorax was 2.6% in the paravertebral block group; there were no reports of complications of the other blocks. This review has shown that the erector spinae plane block is more effective at reducing postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores up to 24 hours compared with general anaesthesia alone. However, it was inferior to the pectoralis nerve block and its efficacy was similar to paravertebral block. Further evidence, preferably from properly blinded trials, is required to confirm these findings.     

Ultrasound-guided ankle block. History revisited

Following forefoot surgery, compared to the traditional multimodal approach, regional anesthesia and analgesia provides high quality pain relief, decreases opioids consumption and leads to very high satisfaction scores. Traditional regional techniques relied either on wound infiltration, landmark technique ankle blocks or popliteal sciatic nerve block. Numerous anatomic variations of the different nerves might lead to failure following a blind technique.The current evolution towards ambulatory care will push surgical teams to favor techniques that simplify postoperative treatment and encourages immediate ambulation.The development of Ultrasound Guided Blocks has enabled us to perform very selective and precise nerve blocks.Ankle blocks provide excellent intraoperative anesthesia as well as long postoperative pain relief. Complications are rare using regional anesthesia for postoperative analgesia even after extensive foot surgery.Revival of ankle blocks is a perfect example of the high impact of new technological advances in improving ambulatory surgical care after foot surgery.