内镜手术治疗腺样体肥大致儿童分泌性中耳炎

目的：探讨腺样体肥大致儿童分泌性中耳炎的诊治方法和手术效果。方法：对37例患儿行内镜下腺样体切除＋鼓膜置管术。结果：患儿术后听力均提高,拔管后随访13～17个月未见复发。结论：内镜下腺样体切除＋鼓膜置管术对腺样体肥大致儿童分泌性中耳炎有确切疗效。     

儿童腺样体肥大合并慢性鼻窦炎对分泌性中耳炎发生率的影响

目的探讨儿童腺样体肥大(AH)合并慢性鼻窦炎(CRS)对分泌性中耳炎(OME)发生率的影响。方法对我院2017年至2018年行腺样体切除术或腺样体扁桃体切除术的腺样体肥大患者的临床资料进行统计和分析,包括病史和体征,电子鼻咽镜检查,声阻抗测试以评估腺样体肥大患者分泌性中耳炎和慢性鼻窦炎的患病情况。并使用统计软件SPSS 24.0进行统计分析。结果在208例AH儿童中,有分泌性中耳炎的50例(24%),在学龄儿童(6~12岁)腺样体肥大患者中分泌性中耳炎的发生率最高。腺样体肥大组和腺样体肥大合并慢性鼻窦炎组之间分泌性中耳炎的发生率在统计学上有差异(P=0.001)。结论患有慢性鼻窦炎的腺样体肥大儿童患分泌性中耳炎的风险相应增加,而学龄期的腺样体肥大儿童分泌性中耳炎发生率最高。     

布地奈德体位滴鼻治疗伴腺样体肥大的小儿分泌性中耳炎31例

目的 探讨布地奈德体位滴鼻治疗伴有腺样体肥大的小儿分泌性中耳炎的疗效。 方法 选取伴腺样体肥大的分泌性中耳炎患儿62例作为研究对象,按治疗方法不同分为治疗组和对照组,每组各31例,治疗组予布地奈德体位滴鼻,对照组行等待观察,对两组临床效果进行分析比较。 结果 治疗组有效率为83.87%,对照组有效率为61.29%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 布地奈德体位滴鼻在治疗伴有腺样体肥大的小儿分泌性中耳炎中疗效显著,局部应用不良反应小。     

腺样体切除对儿童分泌性中耳炎听力的影响

目的探讨腺样体切除术对分泌性中耳炎听力的影响。方法对72例确诊为腺样体肥大所致的分泌性中耳炎患儿随机分为非手术组和手术组，分别进行药物治疗和手术治疗。结果非手术组治疗后听阈≤20dB12耳，手术组治疗后听阈≤20dB36耳，两组治疗后听阈改变经x^2检验差异有显著性。结论腺样体切除术对分泌性中耳炎所致的听力下降的改善是非常有效的。     

Relation between adenoid size and otitis media with effusion

AimsThis study compares the efficacy of adenoidectomy on otitis media with effusion (OME) in patients with different size of adenoids and the connection between differently sized adenoids and middle ear effusion.Material and methodsChildren with a history of at least 3 months’ OME underwent adenoidectomy and myringotomy without the insertion of a tympanostomy tube. Treatment assignment was stratified by adenoids’ size causing choanal obstruction (grade I-III) and according to Eustachian tube ostium obstruction (grade A–C). The subjects were followed for 12 months.ResultsAdenoidectomy was significantly more effective in children with adenoids in contact with torus tubarius (grade B, C) compared to those with small adenoids without contact (P < 0.001). The volume of the adenoids was irrelevant (P = 0.146). The size of adenoids did not affect the viscosity of the middle ear secretion. The distribution of mucous and serous secretion was not dependent on the size of adenoids; the efficacy of adenoidectomy was 82% in mucous as well as serous secretion.ConclusionThe relation between adenoids and torus tubarius is more important than the volume of the adenoids. The viscosity of middle ear fluids (serous or mucous) did not influence the rate of treatment efficacy.     

腺样体肥大儿童伴变应性鼻炎与分泌性中耳炎的相关性分析

目的 分析腺样体肥大儿童伴分泌性中耳炎(ＯＭＥ)与变应性鼻炎(ＡＲ)发病的相关性。方法 回顾性分析12岁以下870例腺样体肥大患儿的病史,分析AR、咽鼓管功能不良及OME的相关性。结果 本组腺样体肥大患儿中AR发病率为30.11%,AR在不同年龄组中的发病率差异有统计学意义,随着年龄增加,发病率逐渐升高(P<0.01)。6岁以内发生咽鼓管功能障碍及OME的概率高,其中1~3岁组发生分泌性中耳炎的概率最大(P<0.01)。春季OME发病率高(P<0.001)。与不伴AR患者相比,伴有AR患儿患咽鼓管功能不良的概率增加了0.4倍(P=0.042);但患有OME的检出率减少了32%(P=0.0472)。结论 在腺样体肥大患儿中,多种因素使咽鼓管功能不良乃至OME高发。其中咽鼓管及其周围结构生理、病理、发育特点是最主要的因素,变态反应是次要影响因素。随着年龄增长,前者因逐渐发育完善,致病性降低,后者致病性增高,但总的发病率是逐渐降低的。     

Association of otoscopic findings and hearing level in pediatric patients with otitis media with effusion

Objective

To find the association between the abnormalities of tympanic membrane characteristics and the hearing level in pediatric patients with otitis media with effusion.

Methods

Sixty-three pediatric patients with otitis media with effusion had undergone ear examinations by pneumatic otoscopy to assess the color, transparency, mobility, fluid level and retraction of the tympanic membrane. An audiogram was done in the same setting, average hearing threshold and air-bone gap were measured. Otoscopic findings and the result of the hearing test were analyzed to identify the association between the abnormalities of the tympanic membrane characteristics and elevated hearing threshold.

Results

Hearing loss was found in 92.1% of the patients. Mean hearing level was 31.7 ± 10.3 dB. From linear regression analysis, the patients with dull or opaque tympanic membrane had a significantly higher hearing threshold of 7.2 dB than the patient with translucent ear drum after adjusting for mobility and retraction. The patients with tympanic membrane retraction had a higher hearing threshold of 5.1 dB than the patient who had no retraction after adjusting for transparency and mobility. Mobility had a significant relationship to elevated hearing threshold in the univariate analysis but not in multivariable analysis.

Conclusion

Opacity and retraction were the two characteristics of abnormal tympanic membrane that were associated with elevated hearing threshold in the patients with otitis media with effusion. Hearing test is suggested if opacity or retraction of the tympanic membrane is found.     

A study of the role of different forms of chronic rhinitis in the development of otitis media with effusion in children affected by adenoid hypertrophy

Objective

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of the different forms of chronic rhinitis in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion in children affected by obstructive adenoid hypertrophy.

Methods

81 patients, aged between 4 and 15 years (mean age of 6.9 years), affected by obstructive adenoid hypertrophy were evaluated. All patients underwent accurate history taking, physical examination with endoscopy of the nasopharynx, skin prick test, nasal cytology and hearing evaluation.

Results

Nasal citology showed that 21% of patients had a non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) subtype, 17.4% NAR overlapping with infectious rhinitis (IR), 29.6% IR, 4.9% allergic rhinitis (AR), 2.5% AR overlapping with IR and the remaining 24.6% a negative cytology. The presence of OME was positively correlated with neutrophils (p = 0.01) and mast cells (p = 0.022), while it was negatively correlated with the presence of eosinophils (p = 0.02) and bacteria (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

A chronic rhinitis was present in more than 70% of children with AH and 60% of them showed OME. Nasal cytology together with SPT showed that AR was rarely present in this group of children, while the mast-cells and neutrophils positively correlated with OME.     

Dendritic cells and lymphocyte subpopulations of the adenoid in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion

Objective

To assess dendritic cells and lymphocyte subpopulations of adenoid and peripheral blood in patients with adenoid hypertrophy and otitis media with effusion (OME). To explain the influence of immunological status of adenoid on the development of OME.

Methods

The examined group covered 123 surgically treated patients due to adenoid hypertrophy (39 children with coexisting OME). Preoperative clinical examination included anamnesis and otorhinolaryngological examination with nasofiberoscopy, videootoscopy and assessment of the hearing organ. The material of the study were surgically removed adenoids and peripheral blood samples prepared and then analyzed by the means of tri-colour flow cytometry. The obtained results were statistically analyzed.

Results

Significant differences between patients with adenoid hypertrophy with coexisting OME and children without OME concerning CD19+CD69+, CD3+CD69+, CD4+CD69+CD8+CD69+ and CD19+CD25+ cells were observed. No statistical differences were revealed in the blood of patients with and without OME. Several statistical differences were noted between the adenoid and peripheral blood in patients with otitis media with effusion concerning BDCA-2+/CD123+ cells, CD3+ and CD19+ lymphocytes with the markers of their activation.

Conclusions

The adenoid is involved in local immune response regardless of constitutional immunological mechanisms in patients with OME coexisting with adenoid hypertrophy. Significantly lower percentage of CD3+CD69+, CD4+CD69+, CD8+CD69+ and CD19+CD69+ cells of adenoid in patients with OME attests to reduced T-cells activation of the adenoid in relation to patients without OME.     

Comparison of nasal mucociliary clearance in adenoid hypertrophy with or without otitis media with effusion

Objective

To investigate pre- and postoperative mucociliary clearance in patients with adenoid hypertrophy or combined with otitis media with effusion.

Methods

Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1—patients with adenoid hypertrophy (AH), and Group 2—patients with AH and otitis media with effusion (AHOME). In all patients, AH size was recorded, and the Andersen saccharin and methylene blue tests were conducted before and 1 month after surgery to obtain mucociliary clearance time (MCT). Nasal cavity length was measured intraoperatively to establish mucociliary clearance velocity (MCV). Patients with allergic rhinitis, active infection, and history of nasal or ear surgery were excluded.

Results

This study included 64 patients with a mean age of 8.34 ± 2.98 years (range: 3–18 years). Pre- and postoperative MCT were 14.60 ± 4.83 and 9.48 ± 2.63 min in Group 1 and 16.03 ± 4.31 and 12.12 ± 3.78 min in Group 2, respectively. Pre- and postoperative MCV were 0.77 ± 0.30 and 1.16 ± 0.42 mm/min in Group 1 and 0.67 ± 0.16 and 0.89 ± 0.28 mm/min in Group 2, respectively. MCT and MCV were significantly improved postoperatively in both groups (p < 0.001). In addition, the postoperative MCT and MCV of Group 1 were significantly better than those of Group 2 (p < 0.001). Exposure to cigarette smoking and adenoid size had negative correlations with mucociliary clearance.

Conclusions

Otitis media was associated with impaired mucociliary clearance and further studies should be performed to demonstrate the causes of this deficiency.     

Magnesium levels in middle ear fluids and sera in otitis media with effusion

Summary Middle ear fluids (MEE) and matched sera (S) were obtained from 50 patients with serous otitis media and magnesium levels were measured to determine if magnesium concentration was distinctly varied in otitis media with effusion (OME). The MEE/S ratio was considerably raised along with transient sensory hearing loss in chronic OME when compared with acute OME. The higher magnesium level found in the MEE implies that it is probably produced locally by the middle ear mucosa and may contribute to the hearing loss found. We also regard the MEE/S ratio as a prognostic factor in OME. Correspondence to: W. L. Yue     

Risk factors for otitis media with effusion: case-control study in Sicilian schoolchildren

Objective

To identify the prevalence and demographic, maternal and child risk factors for otitis media with effusion (OME) in Sicilian schoolchildren and analyse the results with reference to the review of the literature.

Methods

Associations of possible risk factors with prevalence of otitis media with effusion (OME) were studied in a cohort of 2097 children, aged 5-14 years. In order to determine OME, otoscopy and tympanometry were performed at 3-monthly intervals beginning at term date. Sixteen epidemiologically relevant features were inventoried by means of standardized questionnaires and skin tests were performed. Univariate analysis was performed to examine the association between determinants and occurrence of OME; multivariate logistic regression analysis was made to investigate the joint effect of atopy and other determinants on OME.

Results

Prevalence of OME resulted 6.8% (143/2097) and it was most strongly associated with atopy (P < 0.0001; or = 12.67; 95% CI = 8.78-18.27). Other factors significantly associated with the prevalence of OME were snoring (P < 0.0001), previous history of acute otitis media (P < 0.001) and of recurrent URTIs (P < 0.0001), mother's no schooling (P = 0.01) and no breastfeed (P = 0.05). No significance was found for school type, economic status of the family, family size, family history of presence of allergy and of ear disease, mother's work status, smoking parents and birth history. Moreover on multivariate logistic regression analysis it resulted that age, positive URTI's history and smoking exposure were found to be significant (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

OME during infancy is a common and multifactorial disease; as most of the risk factors associated with its etiology and pathogenesis, are modifiable, their modification should represent the reasonable primary care intervention leading to a decrease in OME prevalence.     

儿童分泌性中耳炎致骨导听力下降的临床特征分析

目的 探讨儿童分泌性中耳炎致骨导听力下降的特点、病因和预后.方法 回顾性分析75例(82耳)分泌性中耳炎患儿骨导听力下降的临床资料,并对其发病年龄、病程、积液性质和积液量与骨导听阈的关系进行观察.结果 75例患儿(82耳)骨导听力下降,平均骨导阈值在2.0 kHz和4.0kHz处增高最明显.骨导听阈与病程和积液性质显著相关(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),与年龄、积液量无关.75例患儿均采取鼓膜切开置管术和(或)腺样体切除术,术后给予药物治疗.随访6月,听力恢复正常者76耳,气导听阈下降但骨导听阈无改善者6耳.结论 分泌性中耳炎可导致儿童骨导阈值增高,是导致儿童耳聋的危险因素之一,及早干预可避免病情发展.     

Increased IL-17 and 22 mRNA expression in pediatric patients with otitis media with effusion

ObjectivesMiddle ear effusion has been reported to be associated with immune responses in patients with otitis media with effusion (OME). Although various cytokines are involved in immunologic responses in patients with OME, no study to date has assessed the involvement of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. This study analyzed the levels of expression of IL-17 and IL-22 in the middle ear effusion of patients with OME.MethodsPatients aged <11 years who were diagnosed with chronic OME and underwent ventilation tube insertion from May 2013 to August 2015 were enrolled. Effusion fluid samples were obtained during surgery and levels of IL-17 and IL-22 mRNAs assessed by real-time PCR. IL-17 and IL-22 mRNA levels were compared in patients with effusion fluid positive and negative for bacteria; in patients with and without accompanying diseases, recurrent disease, and re-operation; and relative to fluid characteristics.ResultsThe study cohort included 70 pediatric patients, 46 boys and 24 girls, of mean age 4.31 ± 2.11 years. The levels of IL-17 and IL-22 mRNA were higher in patients with than without sinusitis, but only IL-22 mRNA levels differed significantly (p < 0.05). The level of IL-17 mRNA was significantly higher in patients who did than did not undergo T&A (p < 0.05). The level of IL-22 expression was significantly higher in mucoid and purulent middle ear fluid samples than in serous fluid samples (p < 0.05).ConclusionIL-17 and IL-22 mRNAs are involved in the pathophysiology of OME and are significantly higher in subjects with than without accompanying diseases.     

儿童分泌性中耳炎的外科手术干预

目的探讨儿童分泌性中耳炎的手术干预方式,为儿童听力筛查中分泌性中耳炎患儿的干预措施选择提供临床资料。方法总结2004-2008年我院90例儿童分泌性中耳炎接受手术治疗且资料完整者45例（82耳）的年龄特点、听力下降时间、手术方式、手术前后听力状况比较。结果术前平均纯音听阈FrrA（pure-tone threshold average,500Hz,1000Hz,2000Hz,4000Hz听阈均值）从8dBHL-61dBHL,平均（34.8&#177;12.09）dBHL。术后PTA从0dB HL-38dB HL,平均（15.9&#177;7.88）dB HL,3耳术后听闯提高,4耳无改善,75耳听阈降低,占91.5％,平均听阈降低18.9dBHL。手术方式：鼓膜置管术9例,腺样体切除＋鼓膜置管术29例,腺样体切除＋扁桃体切除＋鼓膜置管术7例。结论腺样体切除＋鼓膜置管术是我们治疗儿童分泌性中耳炎的基本术式;扁桃体切除术不作为治疗分泌性中耳炎常规选择;对儿童分泌性中耳炎的术式选择应该个体化。     

C-type lectin receptors mRNA expression in patients with otitis media with effusion

ObjectiveThe role of C-type lectin receptor, a type of pattern recognition receptor, in otitis media with effusion (OME) is unclear. We assayed the levels of expression of C-type lectin receptor mRNA in children with OME and evaluated its relationship to the presence of bacteria, accompanying diseases, and characteristics of exudates.Subjects and MethodsThe study population consisted of 73 children with OME who had undergone ventilating tube insertion. The levels of expression of Dectin-1, MR1, MR2, DC-SIGN, Syk, Card-9, Bcl-10, Malt-1, Src, Dec-205, Galectin-1, Tim-3, Trem-1, and DAP-12 mRNA in middle ear effusion were determined by real-time PCR. The level of expression of each mRNA was correlated with the presence of bacteria, accompanying diseases, and exudates characteristics.ResultsThe levels of expression of C-type lectin receptor mRNAs were not associated with bacterial presence or exudates characteristics (p > 0.05 each). Levels of expression, however, were significantly higher in patients with sinusitis, adenoid vegetation or adenoiditis, and allergic rhinitis (p < 0.05 each).ConclusionsLevels of expression of C-type lectin receptor mRNA may be associated with the pathogenesis of OME, being significantly higher in patients with than without accompanying sinusitis, adenoid vegetation or adenoiditis, and allergic rhinitis.     

分泌性中耳炎中耳积液嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白与IgE测定

目的：通过测量分泌性中耳炎（OME）患者中耳积液中嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白（MECP）、中耳积液IgE（MIgE）及血ECP（SECP）的含量,进一步探讨OME发病机制与变态反应的关系。方法：对31例OME患者,用Uni-CAP-100型变应原体外检测系统分别测量MECP、MIgE及SECP含量,得出结果并统计学处理。结果：31例OME患者检测到MECP均值为56．88μg／L,明显升高9例,占28．1％;MIgE均值为27．2ku／L,明显升高3例,占9．7％。MECP与MIgE呈正相关（P〈0．05）;SECP均值为5．6μg／L。结论：ECP存在于OME的鼓室积液中,部分OME是中耳的局限性变态反应炎性过程。OME发病过程中存在着复杂的变态反应机制。     

分泌性中耳炎患者吸鼻试验检测结果分析

目的 观察分析分泌性中耳炎(otitis media with effusion,OME)患者吸鼻试验结果,探讨咽鼓管闭合功能在OME发病中的作用.方法 选择56例成人OME患者、16例儿童OME患者、66例健康成年人和20例健康儿童做为研究对象,对4组人群采用问卷调查及使用咽鼓管功能综合检查仪进行吸鼻试验检测,并对结果进行统计分析.结果 以外耳道压低于基线10 dapa(含10 dapa)定为吸鼻试验阳性.成人OME组吸鼻试验阳性率为64.86％(对照组为9.09％),儿童OME组吸鼻试验阳性率为70.83％(对照组为38.24％),均明显高于对照组(P值均＜0.05),而成人与儿童OME患者吸鼻试验阳性率差异无统计学意义(X2=0.289,P＞0.05).结论 OME患者吸鼻试验阳性率明显高于健康对照组,提示咽鼓管闭合功能不全参与了OME的发病.     

Expression of CXCL4 and aquaporin 3 and 10 mRNAs in patients with otitis media with effusion

PurposeBacterial infections in children with underdeveloped Eustachian tubes are a major cause of otitis media with effusion (OEM), and persistent effusion in the middle ear in these patients is a major cause of surgical intervention. CXCL4 is associated with bacterial infection, and aquaporins 3 and 10 are associated with water metabolism. This study assessed the expression of mRNAs encoding CXCL-4 and aquaporins 3 and 10 in the effusion of pediatric OME patients, and the association of this expression with clinical manifestations.MethodsLevels of CXCL4 and aquaporin 3 and 10 mRNA were assayed by real-time RT-PCR in the middle ear effusion of 38 pediatric patients with OME requiring ventilation tube insertion. The relationships of these mRNA levels with the presence of bacteria; concomitant diseases such as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and adenoid disease; recurrence of OME; and number of ventilation tube insertions were evaluated.ResultsCXCL4 and aquaporin 3 and 10 mRNAs were expressed in middle ear effusion of all OME patients. CXCL-4 mRNA levels were significantly lower when bacteria were present and in patients with concomitant diseases (p < 0.05 each). Levels of all three mRNAs were unrelated to OME recurrence or number of ventilation tube insertions (p > 0.05 each). The levels of CXCL4 and aquaporin 10 mRNAs were significantly correlated (p < 0.05).ConclusionExpression of CXCL4 and aquaporin 3 and 10 mRNAs in middle ear effusion is associated with the pathophysiology of OME. CXCL4 mRNA levels are significantly lower in patients with than without concomitant diseases or bacterial infections.     

Lymphangioma of the middle ear and mastoid simulating chronic otitis media with effusion

Lymphangiomas are benign congenital malformations of the lymphatic system. Middle ear lymphangioma is extremely rare entity. A 14-year-old male patient with otitis media with effusion, which was previously diagnosed to be middle ear and mastoid lymphangioma, was treated. There were no cerebrospinal fluid fistula, solitary mass, and meningitis findings. All properties of chronic otitis media with effusion were present in that case. This case is unique with these clinical properties. Middle ear and/or mastoid lymphangioma should be remembered in the differential diagnosis of chronic middle ear effusions.