Spanish Validation of Pediatric Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain

BackgroundAlthough pain is considered a sign/symptom codified by ICD-10, it is not frequently found in the clinical reports of children who have suffered pain due to disease or interventions. It has a negative effect on their well-being, affecting different spheres of their life. Having questionnaires adapted and validated in different languages makes it possible to compare results between different centers and countries, as well as to adapt training to the deficits found in a given population.AimTo validate the Spanish version of Pediatric Nurses Knowledge and Attittudes Survey Regarding Pain.MethodA translation and back-translation process was carried out by bilingual staff. Subsequently, a test-retest was carried out among nursing professionals in the pediatric area of a third level public center of the Spanish National Health System, to analyze its internal consistency, reliability and discriminant validity.ResultsChronbach's alpha of the test was 0.701 and Pearson's r was 0.703, intraclass correlation coefficien was 0.783. Neonatal intensive care professionals obtained a higher score (59.52%) than those working in pediatric intensive care, emergency and hospitalization, this difference being statistically significant. Likewise, professionals with a specialist´s degree obtained a higher score (62.09%) compared with the rest of the professionals (56.07%).ConclusionsThe Spanish version of the Pediatric Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain is a valid tool to determine the knowledge and attitudes about pain of nursing professionals.     

Testing an instrument measuring Greek nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding pain

This pretest-post-test study was conducted to test the construct validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency of the Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain with Greek nurses. Forty-six registered nurses were randomly assigned to an expert or nonexpert group. The expert group viewed 4 translated educational videotapes about pain management. The nonexpert group received no pain education. All of the nurses completed a pretest and a post-test using a Greek translation of the Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain, with a time delay of 8 to 12 days between testing. The expert nurses learned significantly more than the nonexpert nurses from pretest to post-test, M = 9.0 and M = 1.5 items, respectively. Expert and nonexpert nurses correctly answered 51.5% and 43.3% of the pretest and 74.6% and 47.2% of the post-test questions, respectively. Test-retest reliability for the 28 nonexpert nurses was r = 0.68, P < .001. Cronbach's alpha for the entire sample was 0.88 (n = 30) at the post-test. These results contribute to the validity and reliability of the Greek version of the Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain and provide the basis for phase II of the study, which will use the Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain to examine the state of pain management in an anticancer facility in Greece.     

Enhancing Knowledge and Attitudes in Pain Management: A Pain Management Education Program for Nursing Home Staff

The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of a pain management program (PMP) in enhancing the knowledge and attitudes of health care workers in pain management. Many nursing home residents suffer from pain, and treatment of pain is often inadequate. Failure of health care workers to assess pain and their insufficient knowledge of pain management are barriers to adequate treatment. It was a quasiexperimental pretest and posttest study. Four nursing homes were approached, and 88 staff joined the 8-week PMP. Demographics and the knowledge and attitudes regarding pain were collected with the use of the Nurse’s Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain–Chinese version (NKASRP-C) before and after the PMP. A deficit in knowledge and attitudes related to pain management was prominent before the PMP, and there was a significant increase in pain knowledge and attitudes from 7.9 ± SD 3.52 to 19.2 ± SD4.4 (p < .05) after the 8-week PMP. A PMP can improve the knowledge and attitudes of nursing staff and enable them to provide adequate and appropriate care to older persons in pain. PMPs for nurses and all health care professionals are important in enhancing care for older adults and to inform policy on the provision of pain management.     

Postoperative Pain: Nurses’ Knowledge and Patients’ Experiences

The aim of this study was to determine nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding postoperative pain and identify postoperative patients’ pain intensity experiences. The assessment and management of acute postoperative pain is important in the care of postoperative surgical patients. Inadequate relief of postoperative pain can contribute to postoperative complications such as atelectasis, deep vein thrombosis, and delayed wound healing. A pilot study with an exploratory design was conducted at a large teaching hospital in the eastern United States. The convenience samples included 31 nurses from the gastrointestinal and urologic surgical units and 14 first- and second-day adult postoperative open and laparoscopic gastrointestinal and urologic patients who received patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). The Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain was used to measure nurses’ knowledge about pain management. The Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) was used to measure patients’ pain intensity. The nurses’ mean score on the Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain was 69.3%. Patients experienced moderate pain, as indicated by the score on the SF-MPQ. There is a need to increase nurses’ knowledge of pain management.     

儿科护士疼痛知识和应对态度的调查

目的调查上海市儿科护士疼痛知识的掌握程度,比较上海市3所三级甲等儿科专科医院护士掌握疼痛知识程度的差异。方法采用问卷调查法,问卷为Renne Manworren的“儿科护士疼痛知识和态度调查”（Pediatric Nurses’Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain,PNKAS）。3所医院回收的有效问卷为609份,回收率为85％。结果上海市儿科护士掌握疼痛知识的平均得分为16．67,其正确率仅为39．7％,3所医院护士掌握疼痛知识的程度存在显著差异。其中正确率最高的两题和正确率最低的两题,在3所医院完全相同。结论上海市儿科护士疼痛知识缺乏,同时信念和文化影响护士的疼痛管理能力。建议提供相应的疼痛管理培训课程,把疼痛管理作为儿科护理质量的一个重要指标,并在上海儿科护士中开展疼痛管理项目。     

强化知识培训 提高护士对结直肠癌患者疼痛管理能力

目的:探讨强化知识培训对普外科护士管理结直肠癌患者疼痛能力的影响。方法:选择2011年9～12月在我院普外科工作的25名护理人员进行强化癌性疼痛知识培训,采用疼痛管理知识和态度问卷(KASRP)和随机病历抽查的方式调查普外科护士对结直肠癌患者疼痛管理能力的效果。结果:普外科护理人员进行培训后KASRP平均分和KASRP合格率高于培训前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:癌性疼痛知识强化培训能够规范护理人员的护理行为,提高护理人员疼痛管理能力。     

Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Neonatal Pain Among Nursing Staff of Pediatric Department: An Indian Experience

Neonates receiving care in intensive care units are highly likely to experience pain due to investigations and/or treatments carried out by the health care providers. Neonates are a vulnerable population because they are unable to vocalize their pain. Unaddressed and mismanaged pain can not only affect the child’s comfort, but also may alter the development and cognitive abilities of the child in a later part of his/her life. Therefore it is entirely the caregiver’s responsibility to accurately assess and manage neonatal pain. We assessed and compared the knowledge and attitudes regarding neonatal pain among the nurses posted in the various units of a pediatric department [pediatric ward, pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)]. An appropriately modified Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain questionnaire was consensually validated, pretested, and then administered to the nursing staff of the pediatric department at a department at a hospital in Gujarat. Data were entered in Epi-Info and analyzed with the use of SPSS 14.0. The questionnaire was administered to 41 nurses working in the Department of Pediatrics, and the response rate was 97.5%. Mean age of the nurses in the study sample was 25.75 years (SD 5.513). The mean total score of the participants was 8.75 out of 17 (SD 2.549), which was unsatisfactory. The mean correct answer rate was 49.67% among the staff of NICU and 48.67% among the pediatric ward and PICU staff. The attitudes among the nurses were assessed. It was concluded that the nurses lack knowledge and that their attitudes also were hindering pain management. One of the barriers identified by the nurses was that physicians do not prescribe analgesics for managing neonatal pain. So not only the nursing staff, but all of the caregivers involved in neonatal care may be lacking in knowledge and hold perceptions and attitudes that hamper neonatal pain management.     

8家三级医院ICU护士疼痛管理知识和态度调查分析

目的：探讨ICU护士疼痛管理知识和态度的现状。方法：采用疼痛知识和态度调查（Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain,KASRP）（2008）中文版问卷,对内蒙古自治区8家三级医院的155名ICU护士进行调查。结果 ：ICU护士对KASRP（2008）中文版问卷的平均答对率为40.21%;在不同年龄、工作年限、初始学历、职称及医院重视情况方面,ICU护士对问卷的平均答对率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：ICU护士缺乏疼痛管理知识,迫切需要对其加强疼痛管理培训。     

Pediatric nurses' knowledge and attitudes survey regarding pain

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine pediatric nurses' current attitudes and knowledge regarding pain. METHOD: The Pediatric Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Pain Survey was completed by a convenience sample of 274 nurses at a large children's medical center. RESULTS: Sixty-six percent of the questions were answered correctly. Nurses with their master's degree scored significantly higher (75%). Hematology/oncology nurses (76%), nurses from the intensive care unit (71%), and emergency room nurses (70%) scored significantly higher than nurses from other patient care units. CONCLUSIONS: Pain management knowledge deficiencies were identified, including assessment; pharmacologic management with opioids, nonopioids, and adjuvant medications; risks of addiction; risks of respiratory depression; nonpharmacologic pain interventions; and the treatment of procedural pain, surgical pain, and cancer pain.     

Nursing Workload,Knowledge about Pain,and Their Relation to Pain Records

PurposeTo study the relationship between frequency of pain assessment and nursing workload, and also to analyze the frequency of pain assessment and its relation to knowledge and attitudes toward pain on nursing professionals in intensive care unit.MethodsAn ambispective study was conducted in a Spanish tertiary-level intensive care unit between October 2017 and April 2018. For measurement of workload, the Nursing Activities Score scale was used, and for measurement of pain knowledge, the Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain was used.ResultsThere were 1,207 measurements among 41 nurses and 1,838 among 317 patients. The average nursing workload was high (70.97 points). We found statistically significant positive association between nursing workload and the frequency of assessment (p < .001), as well as frequency of assessment and patients with communicative capacity (p = .008).ConclusionsNursing workload affects the registration and assessment of patients’ pain, resulting in a greater number of records as the workload performed by nurses increases. It is necessary to study in greater depth how the severity of pain, gender of the patients, and workload of nurses influence pain registration and assessment.     

Emergency nurses' knowledge of perceived barriers in pain management in Taiwan

Aims and objectives. To explore knowledge of and perceived barriers to pain management among emergency nurses in Taiwan. Background. Pain is the most common patient complaint in emergency departments. Quality care of these patients depends on the pain knowledge and pain management skills of emergency nurses. However, no studies have explored emergency nurses’ knowledge of and perceived barriers to pain management in Taiwan. Design and methods. Nurse subjects (n = 249) were recruited from nine hospitals chosen by stratified sampling across Taiwan. Data were collected using the Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitudes Survey‐Taiwanese version, a scale to assess perceived barriers to pain management and a background information form. Results. The overall average correct response rate for the knowledge scale was 49·2%, with a range of 4·8–89·2% for each survey question. The top barrier to managing pain was identified by these nurses as ‘the responsibility of caring for other acutely ill patients in addition to a patient with pain. Knowledge of pain management had a significant, negative relationship with perceived barriers to pain management and a significant, positive relationship with extent of clinical care experience and total hours of prior pain management education. In addition, scores for knowledge and perceived barriers differed significantly by the nursing clinical ladder. Perceived barriers also differed significantly by hospital accreditation category. Conclusions. Our results indicate an urgent need to strengthen pain education for emergency nurses in Taiwan. Relevance to clinical practice. The pain education should target knowledge deficits and barriers to changing pain management approaches for Taiwanese emergency nurses.     

A randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention on Hellenic nursing staff''s knowledge and attitudes on cancer pain management

The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to explore the effectiveness of an educational intervention on nurses' attitudes and knowledge regarding pain management and to explore associations with nurses' characteristics. A four Solomon group experimental design was employed to assess the effect of the intervention and potential effects of pre-intervention testing. One hundred and twelve nurses were randomized to two intervention and two control groups. The intervention was based on viewing a series of educational videotapes and case scenarios. The Validated Hellenic version of the Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (GV-NKASRP) was used. Pre-intervention scores revealed various limitations in regard to pain assessment and management. At the pre-test, the average number of correct answers was 17.58+/-7.58 (45.1%+/-19.3% of total questions). Pre-intervention scores differed significantly among participants with different educational backgrounds (P < 0.0001). A significant effect of pain education on total knowledge scores as well as regarding specific questions was detected. Intervention group participants provided 6.11+/-5.55 additional correct answers (15.66%+/-14.23% improvement, P < 0.0001), and they exhibited significantly improved post-test scores compared to controls (26.49+/-5.24 vs. 18.75+/-4.48; P < 0.0001). A potential negative effect of pre-test on knowledge gain for specific items and for total scores was detected. These findings suggest low pre-test knowledge scores among Hellenic oncology nurses and a significant effect of the intervention.     

Education Changes Mexican Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Pediatric Pain

This study explored the effectiveness of a pain education intervention on Mexican nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward pediatric pain. A convenience sample of 106 registered nurses from three hospitals in Mexico City was recruited. A Pediatric Pain Education Program (PPEP) was developed, implemented, and evaluated by a nurse researcher, clinical nurse specialist, and a child life specialist. The 4-hour program, which was translated into Spanish, consisted of pain assessment, physiology, and management, including pharmacology and nonpharmacology. The effects of PPEP were measured in a one-group pretest-posttest design using a translated Spanish version of the Pediatric Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey (PNKAS). A total of 79 nurses completed both tests. A paired t test indicated significant differences between pre- and posttest results (p < .0001) on the PNKAS. The hospital site and years of nursing experience were significantly related to nurses' pre- and post-PNKAS scores. One test item on children's ability to reliably report their pain had a significantly lower score after the intervention (p = .016). The intervention was effective in improving Mexican pediatric nurses' knowledge and attitudes. However, it is not known how long this effect was maintained. Health care professionals can share a common vision for pain management by increasing international collaborative efforts and by advancing pediatric pain knowledge.     

对儿科护士疼痛知识的调查

目的 了解儿科护士疼痛知识水平和护理态度。方法 使用儿科护士疼痛知识和护理态度问卷,发出问卷232份,回收208份,回收率为89．66％;有效问卷203份,有效率为87．5％。问卷的内容效度和概念效度已确定。信度（内部一致性）为0．7。结果 护士的疼痛知识得分为18．74,正确率为44．61％。不同年龄、不同教育程度、不同部门护士的疼痛知识得分呈显著差异。结论 提示应对儿科护士提供疼痛管理课程教育,以增加她们的疼痛管理知识,改善其对疼痛治疗的态度。     

Development and testing of the Pediatric Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain

The Pediatric Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (PNKAS) is a modification of Ferrell and McCaffery's Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (NKAS) (1997). The survey was modified for use with pediatric nurses. Following these modifications, five national content experts in pain management rated the relevance of the items to establish content validity. Using data from 12 subjects, test-retest reliability of the tool was found to be r = 0.67, indicating an acceptable level of stability. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.72 from the responses of 247 pediatric nurses working in a large children's hospital and 0.77 using the responses from 88 members of a pediatric nursing specialty organization, indicating an acceptable level of internal consistency. In keeping with the new standards from the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organization (JCAHO), it is recommended that the PNKAS be used to evaluate pediatric nurses' competency in pain management.     

A Nonrandomized Pretest Posttest Study on the Impact of an Educational Pain Management Program on Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Pain in a Middle Eastern Country

BackgroundAlthough nurse's knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management has been sufficiently studied worldwide, the impact of an educational intervention program in improving such attitudes and knowledge has not been likewise researched, especially in Middle Eastern countries.AimsTo examine nurses’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pain at a university hospital in Lebanon before and after the introduction of a pain management educational program. And to assess the relationship between the characteristic of nurses and their pain knowledge.MethodsDesign; A nonrandomized pretest posttest study design was used. Setting; A university hospital in Lebanon. Participants; Included 183 nurses using the Nurses' Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain questionnaire. The pain educational intervention was based on the principles of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior.ResultsA significant difference between the pre and post test scores was noted (p = .016). Questions answered correctly by 80% of participants were related to questions about pain, pain assessment and management, and questions related to medications, such as correct dosages and opioid side effects were not answered correctly by the majority of nurses. There were significant associations between test scores and the nurses’ educational level, their age, and their years of experience. Nurses who worked in critical care units, the emergency department and oncology had higher scores than nurses who worked on general units.ConclusionsDespite the intensive pain education provided at our institution, the pain knowledge of nurses remains below that recommended level which indicates a dire need for more intensive and continuous education in order to provide a pain free environment.