癌痛患者口服止痛药物依从性及其影响因素的调查

目的 了解癌痛患者对口服止痛药物依从性的影响因素,提高癌痛患者口服止痛药的依从性,达到更好的止痛效果,提高癌痛患者的生活质量.方法 选择经病理组织学确诊并且伴有不同程度疼痛且正在服止痛药的恶性肿瘤患者76例,其中男56例,女20例,年龄21～84岁,中位年龄58岁.发放自行设计的止痛药物依从性调查问卷80份,收回76份,回收率为95%.结果 癌痛患者总体服药依从性的情况是:定时又定量服药36例,占47.4%,定时服药40例,占52.6%,定量服药47例,占61.8%.在不定时又不定量服止痛药的40例患者中,存在有关疼痛及止痛药知识的缺乏占95.0%,担心止痛药的副作用难以耐受者占97.5%、担心止痛药治疗疼痛容易成瘾者占97.5%,担心止痛药物会逐渐产生耐药性者占95.0%,担心止痛药的副作用难以控制者占92.5%,认为不痛时就不需要服止痛药者占85.0%,认为癌性疼痛能够治疗者占55.0%,以上因素对口服止痛药依从性的影响分别具有显著性差异(P＜0.05);在只定时或只定量服止痛药的患者中同样存在上述担心,且比例也很大,对口服止痛药依从性具有明显的影响;医护人员指导用药及患者家属督促服药对患者依从性也具有明显的影响(P＜0.05);患者的年龄、性别、文化程度、职业及经济负担对服止痛药依从性的影响在本组中没有差异性(P＞0.05).结论 癌痛患者对口服止痛药物依从性方面存在许多的影响因素,主要是对止痛药物的知识缺乏、认识不足、观念陈旧.当务之急是加强宣传,对患者进行切实有效的健康教育,使患者乃至各界人士转变观念、提高认识.     

癌痛患者口服止痛药物依从性及其影响因素的调查

目的了解癌痛患者对口服止痛药物依从性的影响因素．提高癌痛患者口服止痛药的依从性，达到更好的止痛效果．提高癌痛患者的生活质量。方法选择经病理组织学确诊并且伴有不同程度疼痛且正在服止痛药的恶性肿瘤患者76例，其中男56例，女20例，年龄21～84岁，中住年龄58岁。发放自行设计的止痛药物依从性调查问卷80份，收回76份，回收率为95％。结果癌痛患者总体服药依从性的情况是：定时又定量服药36例，占47．4％，定时服药40例，占52．6％．定量服药47例，占61．8％。在不定时又不定量服止痛药的40例患者中，存在有关疼痛及止痛药知识的缺乏占95．0％，担心止痛药的副作用难以耐受者占97．5％、担心止痛药治疗疼痛容易成瘾者占97．5％，担心止痛药物会逐渐产生耐药性者占95．0％，担心止痛药的副作用难以控制者占92．5％，认为不痛时就不需要服止痛药者占85．0％，认为癌性疼痛能够治疗者占55．0％，以上因素对口服止痛药依从性的影响分别具有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；在只定时或只定量服止痛药的患者中同样存在上述担心，且比例也很大，对口服止痛药依从性具有明显的影响；医护人员指导用药及患者家属督促服药对患者依从性也具有明显的影响（P〈0．05）；患者的年龄、性别、文化程度、职业及经济负担对服止痛药依从性的影响在本组中没有差异性（P〉0．05）。结论癌痛患者对口服止痛药物依从性方面存在许多的影响因素，主要是对止痛药物的知识缺乏、认识不足、观念陈旧。当务之急是加强宣传，对患者进行切实有效的健康教育．使患者乃至各界人士转变观念、提高认识。     

电话随访提高癌痛患者止痛药服药依从性的效果观察

目的探讨电话随访对癌痛患者止痛药服药依从性的影响。方法选择240例中重度癌痛并且正在口服止痛药的住院癌症患者,在出院时随机将患者分为对照组与观察组,每组各120例。对照组患者在出院时进行止痛药物知识宣教,观察组患者在对照组基础上给予出院后电话随访,指导患者坚持定时、定量服药。比较两组患者在出院两个月后对止痛药服药依从性。结果两组患者出院后止痛药服药依从性比较,P0.01,差异具有统计学意义,观察组患者服药依从性明显优于对照组。结论电话随访能提高癌痛患者止痛药服药依从性。     

癌痛患者止痛治疗依从性影响因素分析及护理

目的探讨影响癌痛患者止痛治疗依从性的因素,为进一步控制晚期癌症患者疼痛、提高患者生活质量提供依据。方法分析119例晚期恶性肿瘤癌痛患者止痛治疗的依从性,探讨不依从止痛治疗的因素,提出护理对策。结果119例癌痛患者中,13例（10.9%）完全拒绝止痛治疗,54例（45.4%）疼痛难忍时才用止痛药。担心止痛药物的不良反应是患者止痛治疗不依从的首位原因,其次是害怕药物成瘾、止痛药使用不便利、对疾病认识不足等。结论晚期肿瘤患者缺乏规范的癌痛治疗,对止痛治疗认知不足,存在误解。医护人员应加强对止痛药知识的宣传与解释,及时处理不良反应,加强与患者的交流与沟通,促进癌痛患者规范止痛治疗,改善生活质量。     

癌痛全程管理在提高癌痛患者口服止痛药依从性中的应用

目的 探讨护士参与癌痛全程管理在提高癌痛患者口服止痛药依从性中的实施方法与效果观察.方法 选取我院肿瘤科2016年4—7月88例癌痛患者为对照组,采用常规癌痛管理流程护理;2016年8—11月84例癌痛患者为观察组,护士参与癌痛全程管理,从疼痛评估、药物滴定、效果观察、健康指导、出院回访、质量控制等方面进行护理干预,比较2组患者遵医嘱按时、按量服用止痛药,不出现漏服现象的依从性.结果 2组患者口服止痛药的依从性比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组患者按时、按量口服止痛药,未出现漏服现象的例数明显多于对照组.结论 护士参与癌痛全程管理,规范了癌痛管理流程,提高护士癌痛管理能力及患者口服止痛药的依从性,有效帮助肿瘤患者减轻、控制癌性疼痛.     

住院癌痛患者服药依从性现状及影响因素分析

目的了解住院癌痛患者口服止痛药物依从性现状,探讨癌痛患者服药依从性影响因素。方法采用一般资料问卷、服药依从性问卷、患者服药现状问卷对236例患者进行调查。结果癌痛患者服药依从性差,依从率仅41.53%;Logistic回归分析结果显示,居住情况、医疗费用支付方式、知识、信念、行为是癌痛患者服药依从性的影响因素。结论癌痛患者的服药依从性不容乐观,应针对独居患者及医疗费用支付方式、患者知识、信念、行为给予干预,以提高其服药依从性,保证止痛治疗效果,提高其生活质量。     

癌痛患者家庭功能对口服止痛药依从性影响的调查研究

目的:调查癌痛患者家庭功能状况,研究其对口服止痛药依从性的影响,为改善患者口服止痛药的依从性,提高患者的生活质量提供依据。方法:采用家庭支持功能问卷及治疗依从性问卷对2011年5～12月在我院住院的60例正在口服止痛药的癌痛患者进行调查,对癌痛患者家庭功能状况进行统计描述,分析不同家庭功能对口服止痛药依从性的影响。结果:不同性别、年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度对癌痛患者的家庭功能无显著影响(P>0.05),而人均月收入、医疗费用支付方式、家庭结构、病程对癌痛患者的家庭功能具有显著影响(P<0.05)。不同家庭功能状况对癌痛患者口服止痛药依从性具有显著影响(P<0.05)。结论:家庭功能能影响癌痛患者口服止痛药依从性,建议对病程>5年、家庭结构欠缺、家庭经济状况较差的癌痛患者,重点帮助其家属认识家庭支持功能的重要性,动员其家庭内外资源,更好地发挥患者的家庭支持功能,提高患者口服止痛药的依从性。     

家庭随访对晚期肿瘤患者癌痛规范化治疗的影响研究

目的：探讨家庭随访对晚期肿瘤患者癌痛规范化治疗的影响。方法对预计生存期三个月以上的、带口服止痛药出院止痛治疗的晚期肿瘤患者50例，出院后除常规的自我管理教育外，由专职疼痛治疗护士定期家庭随访进行自我管理教育，比较家庭随访对提高癌痛患者服药依从性、生活质量的影响。结果患者的依从服药性均提高，癌痛程度降低、生活质量得以提高，具有统计学意义。结论家庭随访提高了患者的服药依从性，使癌痛患者得到规范化、人性化治疗，最大限度地保护患者的身心健康，改善患者的生活质量。具有重要的临床意义和社会效益。     

健康教育对癌性疼痛患者口服止痛药依从性的影响

目的:通过健康教育,提高癌性疼痛患者口服止痛药物的依从性。方法:将172名口服止痛药物且大于2周的癌性疼痛患者分为实验组和对照组各86例,对照组按常规方法(内容包括:主要介绍药物的目的、作用及副作用等,不作特别强调)给予指导,实验组除按常规方法给予指导外还采取个案教育、集中教育、随机教育以及由家属全程督导教育形式进行干预。于服药后第4天、14天分别对2组患者就遵医行为、疼痛缓解程度进行调查分析。结果:实验组患者的遵医行为明显提高、疼痛缓解程度明显改善,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0·01)。结论:健康教育可提高癌性疼痛患者口服止痛药的依从性,减轻患者的痛苦,提高其生活质量。     

癌痛患者疼痛情况及随访依从性影响因素的调查分析

目的通过对出院后的癌痛患者进行电话随访,了解癌痛患者疼痛的情况、止痛药物的使用情况、止痛药使用后不良反应的发生率、辅助药物的使用情况以及患者对电话随访的满意度,并对部分癌痛患者依从性差的相关影响因素进行分析。方法癌痛随访护士应用肿瘤中心制订的癌痛患者出院随访表,对出院后的434例癌痛患者按照表格内容进行电话随访,逐项询问并做好登记,同时做好癌痛相关知识宣教、用药指导、不良反应的防治、心理疏导,并与家属沟通,共同参与到疼痛治疗中。结果在对434例癌痛患者电话随访过程中,成功随访了395例,其中发现:数字评分法(NRS)疼痛评分为无痛67例(17.0%)、轻度疼痛230例(58.2%)、中度疼痛68例(17.2%)、重度疼痛30例(7.6%)。66.6%(263/395)的癌痛患者出院后在使用止痛药,52.9%(139/263)的患者使用止痛药后出现不同程度的不良反应,23.2%(61/263)的癌痛患者在止痛治疗的同时使用了辅助药物,在随访过程中发现有34.9%(138/395)患者存在依从性差的问题,95.9%(379/395)患者对电话随访表示满意,认为疼痛随访具有重要意义。结论通过电话随访,使出院后的癌痛患者得到规范化的镇痛治疗和护理,提高癌痛患者的生活质量,早日实现癌痛患者无痛生存的目标。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.