开腹手术与腹腔镜手术治疗急性胆囊炎的疗效比较分析

目的 探讨开腹手术和腹腔镜手术治疗急性胆囊炎的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2007年2月至2010年3月住院治疗的86例急性胆囊炎患者的临床资料,其中开腹胆囊切除治疗42例(开腹手术组)、腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗44例(腹腔镜手术组),比较两组患者的术后恢复情况、手术疗效、手术情况及住院时间等指标.结果 腹腔镜手术组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、抗生素应用时间、肛门排气时间、镇痛药使用率分别为(57.2±18.3) min、(21.9±18.6) ml、(4.7±3.5)d、(3.5±1.4)d、(3.2±1.6)d、25.0％(11/44),均低于开腹手术组的(123.5±25.7) min、(119.4±43.6)ml、( 13.4±5.3)d、(8.3±2.7)d、(8.4±2.5)d、81.0％(34/42),手术费用(4945.3±1151.4)元,高于开腹手术组的( 1597.4±734.9)元,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组术后1～5d最高体温比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).腹腔镜手术组均未出现中转开腹,1例患者术后出现短暂的少量胆瘘,4d后自愈.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除手术治疗急性胆囊炎较开腹手术术中出血量少,手术时间和住院时间短,且术后肠道功能恢复较早,并发症较少,是一种值得推广的安全、有效的手术方式.     

急诊腹腔镜手术治疗急性坏疽性胆囊炎58例临床分析

目的 探讨急诊腹腔镜手术治疗急性坏疽性胆囊炎的可行性并总结手术处理技巧.方法 回顾性分析58例急性坏疽性胆囊炎患者急诊行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的临床资料.结果 58例患者中,53例成功行LC,手术时间45～ 130 (56±10) min,术中出血量5～130 (80±25) ml,所有患者均术中放置腹腔引流管;术后随访6～ 12个月,未发现与手术相关并发症.3例中转开腹,其中2例因术中胆囊暴露不佳、胆囊三角粘连严重、术中出血原因中转开腹,1例Mirizzi综合征,术中胆道损伤中转开腹行胆肠吻合术.2例患者死亡.结论 选择合适的手术时机,熟练地掌握LC的操作技巧,急性坏疽性胆囊炎时实施LC是安全、有效、可行的.     

腹腔镜下胆囊后三角解剖路径行胆囊切除的体会

目的 探讨如何预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤.方法 分析662例腹腔镜胆囊切除术使用胆囊三角后叶解剖法的临床资料.结果 662例患者平均手术时间(57.1±12.6)min,平均住院时间(4.5±0.6)d,4例中转开腹,2例因有上:腹部手术史,胆囊与周围组织紧密粘连,无法暴露胆囊,Mirizzi综合征1例,胆囊十二指肠瘘1例,腹腔镜手术成功率为99.4%(658/662),均无胆管损伤及其他并发症.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术使用胆囊三角后叶解剖法能有效地减少胆管损伤.     

腹腔镜和开腹手术治疗胃间质瘤56例临床分析

目的 比较腹腔镜和开腹手术治疗胃间质瘤的疗效,并探讨腹腔镜下胃间质瘤的临床应用价值.方法 选择胃间质瘤患者56例,其中腹腔镜手术23例(腹腔镜组),开腹手术33例(开腹组),分析两组患者临床资料,对比手术时间、术中出血量、术后进食时间、术后住院时间、术后下床活动时间、术后并发症及随访结果.结果 腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量、进食时间、术后住院时间、术后下床活动时间分别为(77.5±7.7) min、(48.0±5.8) ml、(42.0±4.3)h、(4.0±2.1)d、(2.5±1.2)d,与开腹组的(115.6±12.6) min、(158.0±16.7) ml、(73.4±8.9)h、(8.5±5.4)d、(4.6±6.3)d比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组并发症发生率和复发率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与常规开放手术相比,腔镜下胃间质瘤切除术有腹部创伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优势,有更加广阔的应用前景.     

腹腔镜下宫颈癌根治术30例临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜下宫颈癌根治术临床疗效.方法 选取西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院2010年3月至2012年10月收治的58例宫颈癌患者,30例患者行腹腔镜下根治术和盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗(腔镜组),28例患者行开腹子宫切除术和盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗(开腹组).对比两组的手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫个数、术后住院时间及术后并发症发生情况.结果 腔镜组手术时间(176.8±51.3)分钟,术中出血量(128.7±34.1)mL,平均淋巴清扫个数为(22.3±1.6)个,术后住院时间(7±3)天;开腹组手术时间(173.1±56.9)分钟,术中出血量(163.5±41.2)mL,平均淋巴清扫个数为(21.5±1.8)个,术后住院时间(16±5)天.两组患者的手术时间和淋巴结清扫个数差异无统计学意义(t值分别为0.260和1.792,均P＞0.05);腔镜组术中出血量、术后住院时间显著低于开腹组(t值分别为-3.514和-8.377,均P＜0.05).术后腔镜组有1例患者发生尿潴留,1例发生下肢静脉血栓;开腹组患者3例发生尿储留,1例发生下肢静脉血栓,2例发生腹部切口感染并行二次缝合.结论 腹腔镜下宫颈癌根治术对患者创伤较小,术中出血量较少,术后恢复较快,可减少住院时间.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性胆囊炎280例

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗急性胆囊炎的经验.方法 对280例急性胆囊炎患者行LC治疗.结果 268例成功完成LC;12例中转开腹,其中5例Calot三角粘连致密,2例出血不能控制,3例Mirizzi综合征,2例胆总管损伤分别行胆总管空肠Y型吻合术和T形管引流术.术后未发生腹腔出血、胆漏及膈下脓肿等并发症,术后平均住院时间4.7 d.结论 LC治疗急性胆囊炎是一种切实可行的方法.关键是术者选择好手术时机、把握好中转开腹指征并掌握熟练的腹腔镜操作技术.     

不同术式胆囊切除患者98例临床分析

目的比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术与开腹胆囊切除术两种术式的不同特点,总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术的优越性。方法将98例胆囊疾病患者随机分为两组,49例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,49例行开腹胆囊切除术,比较两种手术方式的手术时间、术中出血量、术后抗生素应用时间、肛门排气时间、进食时间和住院时间。结果腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量、术后抗生素应用时间、进食时间、住院时间等均较开腹组患者降低。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术是一种安全有效的手术方法,与传统的开腹手术相比具有手术时间短、出血少、术后恢复快、住院时间短等优点,值得临床推广。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与开腹手术治疗胆结石的临床效果

目的:对比分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术与开腹手术在胆结石中的临床疗效.方法:抽取我院外科2014年8月-2016年2月收治的90例胆结石住院患者,按照手术方法分为腹腔镜组(68例)和开腹手术组(22例),分别行腹腔镜胆囊切除术和一般开腹手术切除胆囊,观察两组手术效果及术后并发症发生情况.结果:腹腔镜组手术时间、出血量、住院时间、肛门排气时间及并发症发生率均明显优于开腹手术组,组间比较存在明显统计学差异(p<0.05).结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术效果优于一般开腹手术,术后并发症更少,值得临床推广.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在270例胆囊结石治疗中的临床应用分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术在胆囊结石中的临床应用。方法入选2000年6月~2010年12月在某院普通外科住院行手术治疗的胆囊结石患者270例,根据手术方式的不同将270例患者分为腹腔镜手术组(n=127)和传统开腹手术组(n=143),比较两组患者在术中出血量、手术时间、术后排气时间、住院时间、术后止痛剂使用情况和手术并发症情况。结果两组患者手术均顺利完成,疗效方面差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。腹腔镜手术组并发症发生率为3.1%显著低于传统开腹手术组8.4%,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);腹腔镜手术组7例术后使用止痛药,使用率为5.5%,显著低于传统开腹手术组24.5%,差异具有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。腹腔镜手术组手术时间、术后排气时间、住院时间均短于传统开腹手术组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);腹腔镜手术组术中出血量少于传统开腹手术组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除胆囊手术较传统的开腹手术,具有更安全,创伤小,术中出血量少,手术时间和住院时间短等优点,值得临床上广泛推广。     

临床观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应用与疗效

目的观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床应用与疗效。方法将我院与2006年1月至2010年6月期间行胆囊切除术的患者进行回顾性分析,其中行腹腔镜胆囊切除术210例(观察组),开腹胆囊切除术200例(对照组)。结果观察组在手术时间、术中出血量、术后进食时间及术后住院时间等方面,与对照组比较差异存在显著性(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中出血少、手术时间短、术后进食早及术后住院时间短等优点,值得临床手术的推广。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.