癌性疼痛的研究现状

疼痛是肿瘤患者最常见却又最难控制的症状之一。据世界卫生组织（WHO）统计,全世界每年有1000万新发癌症患者,600万人死于癌症,其中50%的患者有癌性疼痛症状,70%的晚期癌症患者以疼痛为主要症状。在疼痛患者中,     

癌性疼痛治疗现状

据世界卫生组织(WHO)统计,全世界每年有1 000万新发癌症患者,600万人死于癌症,其中30%~50%的患者有癌性疼痛症状。约有15%的早期癌症患者伴有疼痛,60%~90%的晚期癌症都伴有不同程度的癌性疼痛,其中70%以疼痛为主要症状。在癌症患者中,50%以上患者为中重度疼痛,30%为剧烈甚至难以忍受的疼痛,且有50%的癌症患者因治疗而导致疼痛,全世界每天至少有500万癌症患者忍受着癌性疼痛的折磨。控     

痔血胶囊防治盐酸吗啡缓释片引起便秘的临床观察

癌症疼痛,作为恶性肿瘤最为常见的症状,有30%～50%癌症患者在积极治疗期、70%～90%的患者在癌症进展期都会出现这一症状[1]。根据WHO三阶梯止痛原则,对于中、重度疼痛,     

老年癌症疼痛的评估与护理

不论在医疗机构还是社区,疼痛没有得到充分治疗依然是老年人群中的重要健康问题。疼痛影响老年人的心理、活动、社交及生活质量等,也导致医疗费用的增加。癌症疼痛是癌症患者常见的症状之一,50%～80%的癌症患者有程度不同的疼痛,晚期患者更高达60%～90%,约有30%的患者临终前严重的疼痛得不到缓解。疼痛不但限制活动、减少食欲、影响睡眠,在心理上也会击倒患者,当疼痛加剧时,患者会产生焦虑、抑郁甚至自杀。老年癌症患者的止痛问题越来越引起医务界和社会各界的重视。现将老年人癌痛的评估及护理作一综述。     

癌痛患者对麻醉止痛药物认知情况调查与健康教育

疼痛是癌症患者常见症状之一.30%以上癌症患者伴有疼痛,晚期癌症患者70%以上伴有疼痛[1],疼痛干扰了患者接受治疗的心态,也严重影响其的生活质量.药物镇痛是控制疼痛的主要手段,麻醉止痛药物被广泛应用在癌症疼痛患者的治疗中,引导患者对麻醉止痛药物的正确认识、让患者充分掌握麻醉止痛药物的相关知识是临床护士必须完成的工作内容之一.为更好的完成这一工作,我院对92例癌痛患者对麻醉止痛药物的认知情况进行问卷调查,现报道如下.     

护理干预对癌痛患者生活质量的影响

<正>疼痛是癌症患者最常见的症状之一。据统计,全世界每年新发癌症已超过700万,其中有51%～62%的患者伴有不同程度的疼痛,其中40%为轻度疼痛,30%为中度疼痛,30%为重度疼痛[1]。疼痛不仅给患者带来躯体上的疼痛,而且也使患者在精神上产生巨大压力,严重地影响着癌     

我国麻醉药品用于癌痛治疗的现状与分析

疼痛是癌症最常见的症状,晚期癌症患者因疼痛的困扰而渴望得到有效的止痛治疗.据WHO统计,目前全世界每年新发生的癌症患者有1000余万人,我国每年新增加癌症患者约180万人,死于癌症的患者约140万人,有30%～50%的癌症患者伴有不同程度的疼痛[1],60%～90%的晚期癌症患者都会出现剧烈疼痛[2].     

晚期癌症患者疼痛的护理

<正>疼痛是癌症患者晚期最常见的症状之一,严重影响患者的生活质量,使患者在精神上产生巨大压力,从而出现焦虑、烦躁等负面情绪。国外报道,50%~77%的危重患者存在着中重度疼痛[1]。在新近诊断的癌症患者中,约25%~30%有不同程度的疼痛[2]。除了给予其止痛药,最重要的是护士的精心护理,癌症患者的护理以疼痛护理为主[3],护士根据不同的情况,收集相关护理资料并对其进行分析,总结出相应的对     

癌性疼痛的药物控制及治疗新观念

疼痛是肿瘤患者最常见却又最难控制的症状之一。据WHO统计全世界每年有1000万新发癌症患者,600万人死于癌症,其中50％的患者有癌性疼痛症状,70％的晚期癌症患者以疼痛为主要症状。癌性疼痛（cancerpain）是指由癌症、癌症相关性病变及抗癌治疗所致的疼痛,常为慢性疼痛,是癌症患者的常见症状。包括由肿瘤直接引起的疼痛;肿瘤侵犯或压迫神经根神经干、神经丛或神经;     

癌症晚期患者疼痛的护理对策

<正>疼痛是癌症晚期患者最主要的症状之一。近年来,癌症的发病率不断上升。据世界卫生组织(WHO)的估计[1],全世界每天有(300～500)万患者在癌痛的折磨中艰难度日,其中50%～80%患者没有得到缓解;每年有250万患者因癌痛得不到及时治疗而死亡。疼痛是癌症患者的最主要临床护理问题,是影响患者生命质量和生活幸福度的第一     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.