湖州市居民代谢综合征的患病情况调查

目的调查湖州市代谢综合征(MS)患病情况,为MS的防治工作提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,进行问卷调查和一般体格检查,同时检测血糖、血脂、脂蛋白等生化指标。结果湖州市居民MS患病率为6.35%,MS各代谢异常组分的患病率分别为,高血压29.98%、糖尿病6.27%、血脂异常29.46%和超重/肥胖(BMI≥25.0kg/m2)15.97%;女性MS患病率随年龄升高呈上升趋势,而男性的MS患病率高峰在30～50岁之间;MS各代谢异常组分的不同组合患病情况存在一定的性别间差异,仅有一种代谢异常组分的患者,女性血脂异常和超重/肥胖患病率高于男性,男性高血压患病率高于女性,而同时具有2种代谢异常组分的情况中,女性患病率高于男性。结论湖州市存在一定程度的MS流行,且至少具有1种MS代谢异常组分的患病比例较高,需要加强对MS的预防控制措施。     

辽宁省城市人群代谢综合征的流行趋势和危险因素分析

目的:探讨辽宁城市代谢综合征(MS)的流行趋势。方法:选取沈阳市体检人群与社区人群(来自辽宁省各城市)进行分层抽样调查,共调查2000人,其中体检人群1000人,社区人群1000人。根据MS的诊断标准,研究对象被分为超重肥胖组(460人)和正常体重组(1540人),高血糖组(140人)和正常血糖组(1860人),高血压组(399人)和正常血压组(1601人),血脂异常组(486人)和血脂正常组(1514人),比较各分组间MS患病率。结果:符合代谢综合征诊断标准的有441例,即人群患病率为22.05%,男性代谢综合征的有263人,患病率为24.15%,女性为178例,患病率为19.53%,男性的显著多于女性(P0.01)。MS患病率随年龄增长而增加(P0.05)。超重肥胖组和正常体重组MS的患病率分别为42.12%和4.13%;高血糖组和正常血糖组MS患病率分别为49.47%和5.49%;血脂异常组和血脂正常组MS的患病率分别为38.35%和4.41%,高血压组和血压正常组的MS患病率分别为43.42%,3.56%。以上两组间比较差异均有显著性(P0.01)。结论:辽宁城市代谢综合征的患病率随年龄的增加而增长,男性高于女性;代谢综合征各分组的较对照组显著增加,以超重肥胖人群和高血压人群更甚。     

黑龙江省20～74岁居民代谢综合征流行病学调查

采取多极分层整群随机抽样的原则对黑龙江2 875名20～74岁居民进行问卷调查,并测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压、静息心率及体脂含量,测定空腹血糖、胰岛素、血脂,并晨尿测定尿微量白蛋白.采用国际糖尿病联盟关于代谢综合征(MS)的诊断标准.结果 显示,黑龙江省20～74岁居民MS粗患病率为19.34%,年龄标化后患病率为21.92%(男性20.41%,女性23.11%).且 MS患病率随年龄的增长而增加.城市、城镇及乡村MS年龄标化患病率分别25.22%、17.38%和14.75%,城市MS患病率高于城镇和乡村(均P<0.05).多元回归分析结果表明,体脂含量高、胰岛素抵抗、年龄增高、城乡地域差异、经常饮酒、每日主食量过多、白蛋白尿、教育水平低、肥胖家族史及性别均为代谢综合征的危险因素.     

泸州市社区老年人群超重、肥胖患病率及特点分析

目的:了解泸州市社区老年人群超重和肥胖的流行特点及其高血压、高血糖、高血脂的患病情况。方法:通过多级抽样方法,对泸州市社区60岁以上居民进行问卷调查、体格检查、生化检测。体质量指数(BMI)≥28.0为肥胖,24.0～27.9为超重。结果:共收集有效资料4 445份,平均BMI为24.1±3.4,男性与女性BMI不同(P<0.001)。样本人群超重和肥胖患病率分别为38.25%、12.78%;各年龄段超重率不同(P<0.05),60～69年龄段超重率最高(P<0.05),随年龄的增长,超重率有下降趋势(P<0.001);男、女性肥胖率分别为10.01%、14.69%(P<0.001),各年龄组肥胖率差异无统计学意义。高血压、高血糖、高三酰甘油等患病率随BMI升高而增加(P<0.05),在超重、肥胖组的患病率高于BMI<24.0组(P<0.05)。结论:被调查人群超重和肥胖患病率超过50%,其高血压、高血糖、高血脂患病率达40%以上;老年人超重、肥胖问题严峻,控制老年超重和肥胖刻不容缓。     

北京铁路辖区职工健康体检情况与分析

目的探讨北京辖区内铁路职工的健康状况、所患疾病的流行现状及分布特征。方法以2016年1~12月北京辖区内铁路职工66 555例,男58 878例,女7 677例。采用SPSS19.0软件对其体检资料进行统计分析。结果患病率最高的前3位疾病为颈椎异常、超重/肥胖、脂肪肝;男性铁路职工中患病率最高的前3位疾病为颈椎异常、超重/肥胖、脂肪肝;女性铁路职工中患病率最高的前3位疾病为乳腺增生、超重/肥胖、脂代谢异常。男性职工超重/肥胖、脂肪肝、脂代谢异常、血压高/高血压的患病率明显高于女性职工(P<0.05),男性职工甲状腺形态异常的患病率低于女性职工(P<0.05)。超重/肥胖在机务系统中患病率最高,客运系统患病率最低。血压增高/高血压在公务系统中患病率最高,客运系统患病率最低。脂代谢异常在车务系统中患病率最高,客运系统患病率最低。糖代谢异常在机务系统中患病率最高,客运系统患病率最低。结论慢性病已成为北京辖区内铁路职工身心健康的重要威胁因素,且不同性别、不同系统职工重点疾病的分布不同,从职工自身以及疾控角度出发制定针对性防控策略十分必要。     

甘南藏族人群代谢综合征的流行病学调查

目的调查甘肃省甘南藏族人群代谢综合征(MS)的流行病学特征及相关组分的特点,了解MS分布情况,为健康教育路径选择提供依据。方法采用多级整群随机抽样方法,对甘南藏族人群进行代谢综合征横断面调查,计算患病率,检测分析MS相关组分。结果 MS总患病率26.9%,男性(33.6%)高于女性(20.8%),差异有统计学意义(c2=28.770,P0.05);39岁以下组、40岁~组、50岁~组以及60岁以上组患病率分别为9.9%、22.5%、27.1%和41.6%,且随着年龄增长呈现递增趋势(c2=83.220,P0.001),分年龄组男性患病率均高于女性,但在60岁以上组男女差异无统计学意义(c2=3.234,P0.05);MS患者相关组分中高血压的患病率为75.2%,超重/肥胖患病率为53.1%,TG偏高患病率为93.0%,血糖升高患病率为26.4%,各组分的患病率中均为HDL-C偏低的患病率最低,且男女患病率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论甘南藏族人群MS患病率高于我国MS平均患病率水平,提示MS已成为影响甘南藏族群众生命健康的重大公共卫生问题;超重/肥胖以及TG偏高伴随高血压已成为甘南藏族代谢综合征患病的基本特征。     

上海市成人代谢综合征流行调查

目的 分析上海社区20～74岁人群中代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome，MS)及各组的患病现况及其伴发胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance，IR)情况。方法 由1999～2001年上海华阳和曹杨社区肥胖及其相关疾病基线调查资料中，取有完整血糖、血脂、血压、胰岛素、尿微量白蛋白、尿肌酐等资料的20～74岁人群共2048人(男性896例，女1152例)列入本次分析。代谢综合征的诊断根据WHO(1999)代谢综合征的工作定义。结果 (1)上海社区20～74岁人群MS患病率为17．14％，男性在45岁以上及女性在50岁以上MS患病率明显升高，65～69岁患病达到高峰。(2)MS中最多见的表现形式是高血糖(或IR) 血脂异常 中心性肥胖及高血糖(或IR) 血脂异常 中心性肥胖 高血压。(3)胰岛素抵抗在MS及各组分的伴发频率分别为：MST1．65％、糖尿病61．11％、糖调节异常38．27％、高血压35．76％、血脂异常38．40％、中心性肥胖38．39％及微量白蛋白尿37．98％。结论 上海社区20～74岁人群中约1／6者患MS，胰岛素抵抗在MS及各组分中普遍存在，尤以糖尿病及MS为甚。     

北京社区超重及肥胖人群血脂异常患病及知晓现状

目的 调查北京社区超重及肥胖人群血脂异常患病及知晓情况.方法 对9786例"首都社区居民胆固醇教育及控制"项目受调查者资料进行分析.按体质指数将受调查者分为正常体重、超重及肥胖3类人群.根据晨起空腹血浆化验结果,评价3类人群各型血脂指标水平及血脂异常患病率.根据问卷调查结果评价血脂异常患者对疾病的认知情况.结果 (1)总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯与体质指数的相关系数分别为0.17、0.18、-0.26和0.35(P均<0.01).(2)随体质指数增加,人群血脂异常患病率逐渐上升.正常体重、超重及肥胖人群标准化后,血脂异常患病率男性分别为23.9%、43.3%和65.4%,女性分别为17.9%、29.2%和42.3%.血脂异常患病率肥胖男性高于肥胖女性(65.4%比42.3%,P<0.01).患高胆固醇血症、高低密度脂蛋白血症、低高密度脂蛋白血症以及高甘油三酯血症的风险男性肥胖者分别是正常体重者的1.6、2.9、2.4及2.7倍,而女性肥胖者分别是正常体重者的1.3、1.9、1.7及2.1倍.(3)血脂异常患病知晓率正常体重、超重及肥胖男性分别为20.8%、27.8%和25.2%(P>0.05),女性分别为34.6%、34.5%及29.4%(P>0.05).结论 肥胖者血脂异常患病率高于正常体重人群,但其患病知晓率仍然较低.应将肥胖人群,尤其是年轻男性肥胖者作为降脂干预的重点对象.     

多囊卵巢综合征患者代谢综合征患病风险研究

目的 研究多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者代谢综合征(MS)患病率,并探讨MS发生的危险因素.方法 比较348例年轻的PCOS患者及113名非PCOS正常女性的MS及其组分的患病率.结果 PCOS组MS的患病率为27.0%,明显高于正常对照组的10.6%(P<0.01),除甘油三酯外,其他MS组分在PCOS组均高于正常对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),但校正年龄和体重指数(BMI)后,差异就不存在统计学意义(P=0.737).分层分析也显示PCOS非肥胖组和肥胖组的MS患病率与相应的正常对照组均无明显差异(均P>0.05).多元逐步回归分析显示稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和BMI是MS的独立预测因素(均P<0.01).结论 肥胖和胰岛素抵抗是MS的独立危险因素,PCOS单独并不增加MS的发生风险.     

青岛市市南区老年人高尿酸血症与代谢综合征的关系分析

目的探讨不同性别老年人高尿酸血症与代谢综合征(MS)的关系。方法选择2018年4月1日～11月30日青岛市市南区八大湖街道巢湖路社区卫生服务中心体检老年人1757例,男性712例,女性1045例,根据血尿酸水平分为高尿酸血症组377例,正常尿酸组1380例。采用统一调查表,测量身高、体质量、血压,检测生化指标,分析不同性别高尿酸血症和MS患病率。结果高尿酸血症患病率21.5%,MS患病率28.5%,其中男性28.1%,女性28.7%。高尿酸血症组体质量指数、MS、高血压、收缩压、舒张压、TC、TG和LDL-C水平明显高于正常尿酸组,HDL-C水平低于正常尿酸组(P0.05,P0.01)。男性和女性高尿酸血症患病率均随MS组分数量增加而升高(8.3%vs 17.0%vs 23.4%vs 25.3%vs 23.3%,P=0.001;8.9%vs 14.7%vs 21.3%vs 33.6%vs 38.5%,P=0.000)。logistic回归分析显示,调整年龄、吸烟和饮酒因素后,老年男性超重/肥胖、高脂血症为高尿酸血症发生的独立危险因素,高血糖为高尿酸血症发生的保护因素(P0.05,P0.01);老年女性MS、超重/肥胖、高血压、高脂血症为高尿酸发生的独立危险因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论青岛市市南区老年人高尿酸血症和MS患病率较高,老年女性高尿酸血症与MS存在相关性。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.