哌拉西林/舒巴坦等5种抗菌药物对常见致病菌体外抗菌活性的研究

目的 比较哌拉西林/舒巴坦与其他4种β-内酰胺类抗菌药物对临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性.方法 采用琼脂平板二倍稀释法测定对151株临床分离菌株的最低抑菌浓度.结果 哌拉西林/舒巴坦对革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌均有较好的抗菌活性.铜绿假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、肠球菌属对哌拉西林/舒巴坦的敏感性最高,敏感率均为100%,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、葡萄球菌属对哌拉西林/舒巴坦的敏感性较高,敏感率为80.00%～93.74%.大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、葡萄球菌属、铜绿假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属对两种哌拉西林酶抑制剂复方制剂均比较敏感.结论 哌拉西林/舒巴坦与哌拉西林比较,有较强的抗药活性.     

国产哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及4种抗菌药物体外抗菌活性

目的：对比研究哌拉西林／他唑巴坦(TZXL)与抗菌药物特治星(TZX)、哌拉西林(PIP)、特美汀(TMT)和头孢他啶(CAZ)对154株临床分离菌的体外抗菌活性。方法：采用琼脂平板稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果：TZXL对革兰阳性球菌敏感率100％(34／34),抗菌活性与TZX、TMT一致,强于PIP、CAZ。对革兰阴性杆菌敏感率100％,与TMT相近,强于PIP及CAZ。尤其对产β-内酰胺酶的金黄色葡萄球菌、假单胞菌属仍显示较高的抗菌活性。结论：TZXL与TZX的抗菌谱、体外抗菌活性基本一致,与TMT作用相似,比PIP、CAZ作用强。     

夏枯草提取物的薄层层析及体外抗菌活性研究

目的：对夏枯草中化学组成进行薄层层析，研究具有抗菌作用的有效部位。方法：采用95％乙醇和水连续浸提夏枯草分别获得醇提（A）和水提浸膏（B）。醇提浸膏用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水连续萃取，获得不同萃取部分（A-a，A-b，A-C，A-d）；水提物采用3倍乙醇沉淀分为醇溶部分（B-a）和醇不溶部分（B-b），然后对其进行薄层层析。采用2倍稀释法比较夏枯草各萃取部分的体外抗菌活性。结果：醇提物中的水溶部分（A-d）对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌均有抗菌作用。结论：夏枯草具有抗菌作用。     

普卢利沙星对呼吸、泌尿系统感染菌株的体外抗菌活性观察

氟喹诺酮类药物是近年来发展迅速的抗菌药，对多种细菌感染都显示出优良的临床效果。普卢利沙星（Pnflifloxacin）属于第3代氟喹诺酮类抗生素，为了解普卢利沙星的体外抗菌活性，为新药研制提供科学依据，我们对普卢利沙星对32种168株呼吸、泌尿系统感染菌株的体外抗菌活性进行观察，并与左氧氟沙星进行了抗菌作用比较。现将结果报告如下。     

4种常见菌对26种抗菌药物的耐药性监测

为观察各种抗菌药物的抗菌活性,了解本地区细菌的耐药现状,我们选择了２６种抗菌药物,监测了４种（金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌）共１４８株细菌的耐药性,结果报告如下。１　材料与方法１１　菌株来源　从临床标本（呼吸道、泌尿生殖道、血、伤口及术后感染等）中共分离出致病菌１４８株,按全国临床检验操作规程鉴定至种的水平,其中金黄色葡萄球菌５２株,粪肠球菌２２株,大肠埃希菌３０株,铜绿假单胞菌４４株。１２　抗菌药物选择　共选择２６种（见附表１）,其中青霉素类４种,头孢菌素类１１种（第…     

下呼吸道铜绿假单胞菌血清分型及体外抗菌活性分析

目的了解临床下呼吸道感染标本中的铜绿假单胞菌的血清分型及耐药性。方法常规分离培养细菌,获纯培养后用VITEK微生物全自动分析仪或API系统鉴定到种;血清分型按试剂盒操作说明进行;药敏实验采用KB纸片扩散法,按NCCLS规定的标准进行;ESBLs检测采用表型确认法,AmpC酶检测采用三维实验确认法。结果75株铜绿假单胞菌分型率为89.3%,B型占57.3%,次为G型和E型分别为6.7%和5.3%;对11种抗菌药物的耐药率为:头孢曲松74.7%、阿洛西林45.5%、替卡西林克拉维酸58.7%、左氧氟沙星53.3%、哌拉西林56.6%、阿米卡星54.7%、头孢哌酮46.7%、亚胺培南西拉司丁42.6%、头孢吡肟33.3%、头孢他啶22.7%、头孢哌酮舒巴坦9.3%;产ESBLs的阳性率为38.7%,产AmpC的阳性率为14.7%。结论铜绿假单胞菌血清型以B型为主,次为G型和E型;该菌耐药现象日趋严重,对非产酶菌的治疗根据药敏实验结果可选用头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、亚胺培南西拉司丁,对产酶菌应与阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星等抗菌药物联用。     

钛表面TiO2纳米管抗菌覆膜药物释放动力学表征及其抗菌活性体外研究

 目的 明确钛表面TiO₂纳米管抗菌覆膜药物释放动力学特征,并通过体外试验测试其抗菌活性。方法 电化学氧化法在钛金属表面构建TiO₂纳米管表层,利用冻干法加载庆大霉素,在磷酸盐缓冲液中进行药物释放动力学研究。选择标准表皮葡萄球菌菌株,分别在负载和未负载药物纳米管及纯钛3种钛表面进行培养,通过观察细菌粘附和活性菌落存活情况进行表面抗菌活性对比研究。结果 NTS-G庆大霉素药物释放可分为两部分:初始突发释放和后期缓慢释放,初始释放浓度为51.50 μg/mL,第6 h为73.13 μg/ml,大多数负载的庆大霉素大约在9 h内释放。经过一个爆发性初始释放后,庆大霉素从纳米管释放呈现一个平台期,释放量几乎保持不变,维持在89.10 μg/ml水平。3种钛表面体外抗菌活性检测发现,TiO₂纳米管抗菌覆膜假体表面死亡细菌菌落显著增加(P<0.05)。结论 钛表面TiO₂纳米管抗菌覆膜为人工关节相关感染预防提供了新途径,骨科植入材料表面纳米管抗生素覆膜具有广泛的应用潜力。     

28种云南中草药体外抗菌活性筛选

目的测定28种云南中草药乙醇提取物的体外抗菌活性。方法制备28种云南中草药80％乙醇提取物,采用常规琼脂扩散法进行体外抑菌试验,微量肉汤稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果28种中草药乙醇提取物中,分别有14、1、15、6种对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌有抑制作用;其中尤以紫金标的乙醇提取物抑制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）活性最高,其MIC和MBC分别为32μg／ml和64μg/ml。结论紫金标乙醇提取物呈现广谱抗菌特性,且具有抗MRSA作用。     

20种滇东南中草药体外抗菌活性筛选

目的测定20种采自滇东南红河州原始森林中草药的80%乙醇提取物的体外抗菌活性及对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检测的活性,筛选出抑菌效果好的药材进一步提取分离并追踪其有效成分。方法制备20种云南中草药醇提物,采用常规琼脂扩散法对金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠埃希菌,白色念珠菌,铜绿假单胞杆菌以及临床分离得到的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌菌株进行体外抑菌实验,倍比稀释法测定最小抑制浓度（MIC）和最小细菌浓度。结果 20种云南中草药的醇提物中有16种对标准金黄色葡萄球菌、标准大肠埃希菌、标准铜绿假单胞菌、标准白色念珠菌均有不同程度的抑制活性;其中迟花杜鹃,壮丽含笑等7种中草药对标准金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用较好,对标准金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径在11～24 mm,对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌菌株抑菌直径在9～26 mm,MIC在8～512μg.ml-1。结论壮丽含笑和迟花杜鹃等7种中药具有广谱的抗菌活性,且对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌菌株也有较好的抑制作用。     

痤疮丙酸杆菌对抗菌药物的体外抗菌活性分析

目的 研究外伤后细菌性致死性肉芽肿(FBGT)病原菌的培养分离方法并了解常用抗菌药的体外抗菌活性,为该病的诊断和治疗提供实验室依据.方法 采用改良兔脑厌氧增菌肉汤(RRNB)、厌氧琼脂平板置厌氧环境培养,用API鉴定系统20A鉴定板鉴定病原菌;采用肉汤稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC).结果 从13例FBGT患者中应用RRNB培养基分离到14株病原菌,经ATB/API细菌鉴定系统20A检测,确定为痤疮丙酸杆菌.该菌严格厌氧,培养初期生长极为缓慢,在RRNB中生长良好,但需1～2周时间.环丙沙星对14株病原菌的MIC值均在0.0625～0.5mg/L,青霉素、氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮、林可霉素、亚安培南/西司他丁的MIC值均在0.125～0.5mg/L,替卡西林/克拉维酸的MIC值为0.25～1.0mg/L,甲硝唑的MIC值为64.0～256.0mg/L.结论 FBGT的病原菌为痤疮丙酸杆菌,该菌对甲硝唑耐药,临床不能用该类药物治疗;青霉素、氨苄西林、林可霉素等常用抗菌药物体外抗菌活性均较高,临床可选择不同种类的抗菌药物联合应用,并与其他疗法联合治疗FBGT.     

哌拉西林与环丙沙星对铜绿假单胞菌的联合药敏研究

目的　评价哌拉西林与环丙沙星联合应用 ,对铜绿假单胞菌的体外联合杀菌作用。方法　采用棋盘法设计 ,微量肉汤稀释法测定其MIC值 ,计算FIC指数。结果　哌拉西林与环丙沙星联合应用后 ,哌拉西林对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC50 值由 8mg·L-1降至 0 .2 5mg·L-1,环丙沙星对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC50 由 1mg·L-1降至 0 .2 5mg·L-1。FIC指数在 0 .5、0 .5～ 1、1～ 2、2的百分率分别为 33.3%、5 0 %、18.8%、0 %。结论　哌拉西林与环丙沙星药物联合应用 ,对铜绿假单胞菌的体外抗菌作用以协同和相加为主 ,无拮抗效应     

壳聚糖碘液体外抗真菌活性研究

目的　研究壳聚糖碘液的体外抗真菌作用。方法　采用RPMI16 4 0液培养基稀释法测定壳聚糖碘液的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)和最小抑菌浓度 (MIC)。结果　壳聚糖碘液对 10种临床常见的致病性癣菌和白色念珠菌具有良好的抑菌与杀菌活性 ,且菌量在 10 4～ 10 7CFU·ml-1范围内其抗菌活性不受接种量影响。结论　壳聚糖碘液具有良好的杀菌与抑菌效果     

抗菌药物联用对耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的：了解万古霉素与头孢唑啉、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星联合应用对耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）的体外抗菌活性。方法：常规方法分离培养细菌，用VITEK微生物自动分析仪或API系统鉴定细菌。药敏试验采用琼脂平板稀释法，MRS监测按CLSI规定的标准进行。结果：万古霉素、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、头孢唑啉单独用药对72株MRS的MIC90分别为2．0mg／L、16．0mg／L、64．0mg／L、64．0mg／L，而万古霉素与左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、头孢唑啉联合用药后MIC50分别为2．0mg／L、1．0mg／L、1．0mg／L。结论：左氧氟沙星、头孢唑啉与万古霉素联合用药后协同作用为主，并无拮抗作用。临床上治疗由MRS引起的重症感染应根据药敏结果采用万古霉素与左氧氟沙星、头孢唑啉或其它有效抗菌药物联合应用。以利于提高抗菌药物的临床疗效，以防感染菌的变迁及出现异质性耐万古霉素的MRS。     

念珠菌对5种抗真菌药物的体外敏感性试验

目的 :了解呼吸道感染患者痰中念株菌对抗真菌药物的敏感性特性 ,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 :采用标准微量稀释法 (NCCLSM - 2 7A) 〔1〕测定 4 3株念株菌对氟康唑片、伊曲康唑胶囊、大蒜素注射液、大蒜液及氟康唑注射液的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC)。结果 :氟康唑MIC为 0 8～ 10 0 0 μg/ml,83 7% (36 / 4 3)敏感 ;氟康唑注射液MIC为 6 2 5～ 2 5 0 μg/ml,10 0 0 %敏感 ;伊曲康唑胶囊 2 5～ 10 μg/ml,90 7% (39/ 4 3)敏感 ;大蒜素注射液 4 6 9～ 18 75 μg/ml,10 0 0 %敏感 ;大蒜液 (本院制剂 0 78～ 10 0 0 μg/ml,88 4 % (38/ 4 3)敏感。 结论 :氟康唑注射液、大蒜素注射液对白色念珠菌 12 5 μg以上能提供临床有效的治疗深部念珠菌感染。     

多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌的耐药表型及联合药物的体外抗菌活性分析

目的 了解多药耐药绿脓杆菌(MDRP)的产酶状况和耐药性,为临床治疗MDRP感染提供联合用药的实验室依据.方法 常规培养分离细菌,应用VITEK-2全自动细菌分析仪鉴定细菌,MIC检测采用琼脂平板倍比稀释法,按CLSI法规进行.结果 从临床感染的标本中分离出101株绿脓杆菌,MDRP23株占22.77%(痰标本占86.96%).产金属β-内酰胺酶的MDRP占91.3%,产诱导型AMPC酶和质粒型AMPC酶的MDRP分别为52.17%和21.74%.美罗培南与亚胺培南MIC比值≥1的占34.78%.多黏菌素B和亚胺培南对MDRP抑菌率为零,阿米卡星和头孢他啶的抑菌率为4.35%,环丙沙星和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的抑菌率为43.38%,帕珠沙星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的抑菌率为21.74%和26.07%.美罗培南的抑菌率为47.83%.联合药物头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦与阿米卡星的协同作用分别为65.2%、47.8%、43.5%.结论 MDRP主要来源于呼吸道标本,其耐药性与多种耐药机制并存有关,临床应高度重视MDRP的防治,应首选含酶抑制剂复合药物(如头孢哌酮/舒巴坦或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦)联合阿米卡星或多黏菌素B来治疗MDRP引起的感染,并密切结合病情和感染特征及根据感染菌的耐药表型、药敏结果和经验用药的药物疗效等综合情况合理用药.     

In vitro antibacterial activity and durability of a nano-curcumin-containing pulp capping agent combined with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy

BackgroundConsidering the antibacterial properties of nano-curcumin (nCur) reinforced with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), this study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity and durability of Activa BioActive Base/Liner (ABBL) containing nCur (nCur-ABBL) as a pulp capping agent against Streptococcus mutans, the most common cause of secondary caries.Materials and methodsIn this in vitro experimental study, ABBL discs containing 0.5 %, 1%, 2%, and 5% (w/w) concentrations of nCur were fabricated. After aPDT using light emitting diode (LED) at 435 ± 20 nm wavelength for 5 min, the discs were undergone aging in artificial saliva for 90 days. The antibacterial activity of the discs against S. mutans was evaluated by the disc agar diffusion test, and the number of bacterial colonies present in the biofilm formed on the disc surfaces was counted after 0, 15, 30, and 60 days of aging.ResultsThe maximum growth inhibition zone was noted around the 5% nCur-ABBL discs. Increasing the concentration of nCur from 0.5 % to 5% combined with aPDT significantly decreased the number of S. mutans colonies in the biofilm over time (P < 0.05). nCur-ABBL discs containing 2% and 5% nCur had no difference in antibacterial activity at any time point up to 60 days (P > 0.05).ConclusionAccording to our data, 5% nCur-ABBL revealed the largest growth inhibition zone in S. mutans culture. Moreover, 5% nCur can serve as an excellent ABBL additive in aPDT producer against S. mutans biofilms up to 60 days of aging period.     

Effects of commonly used topical antimicrobial agents on Acinetobacter baumannii: an in vitro study

Acinetobacter baumannii has recently emerged as an important pathogen among wounded soldiers in Iraq. Because of its ability to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents, wound infections with A. baumannii are difficult to treat and can lead to septicemia and even death. Use of appropriate topical antimicrobial agents in these circumstances could be one of the first steps in the prevention of A. baumannii wound infections. In this study, we present the in vitro effects of seven common topical antimicrobial creams and dressings on A. baumannii. A. baumannii was subjected to sensitivity tests with mupirocin, silver sulfadiazine, mafenide acetate, a double-antibiotic combination of polymyxin and bacitracin, a triple-antibiotic combination of neomycin, bacitracin, and polymyxin, and two silver-containing dressings. Zones of inhibition were measured after 24 hours of incubation. Of the evaluated antimicrobial agents, mafenide acetate was the most efficacious, followed by mupirocin and triple- and double-antibiotic combinations (in decreasing order). The silver-containing dressings yielded smaller zones of inhibition, compared to the previously mentioned agents, and no zone of inhibition was observed with silver sulfadiazine. Further in vivo studies on the effects of antimicrobial agents against A. baumannii are necessary to substantiate these findings and to determine the potential clinical relevance of these therapies.     

The influence of implant surface roughness on decontamination by antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and chemical agents: A preliminary study in vitro

BackgroundThe aim of this preliminary study was to analyze the effectiveness of three different protocols of decontamination on five commercial moderate rough implants.Material and methodsThe types of implants investigated were: Neoporos Drive CM (CM; Neodent®), Drive CM Acqua (ACQ; Neodent®), SLActive (SLA; Straumann®), Osseotite (OT; Biomet 3i®) and Nanotite (NT; Biomet 3i®). Implant surface properties (n = 2/type of implant; control groups) were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images to determine surface roughness parameters (SRP) and energy disperse X-ray spectrometry to determine the chemical composition. Implants were then inoculated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetencomitans in vitro (n = 6/type of implant;experimental groups) and the contaminated areas were determined in SEM images (500x magnifications). Decontamination of implants was performed in duplicate by three protocols: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), EDTA associated with citric acid (EDTA + CA) and 0.12 % chlorhexidine (CHX). The remaining contaminated area (rCtA) was determined in SEM images (500x magnifications). All quantitative analysis through SEM images were analyzed in ImageJ® software for two-dimensional parameters.ResultsNo significant differences were found in SRP among implants (control group), except for Rv (lowest valley) between SLA vs. OT (p=0.0031; Kruskal Wallis post hoc Dunn). NT implants showed highest contaminated area vs. ACQ implants (68.19 % ± 8.63 % and 57.32 % ± 5.38 %, respectively; p = 0.0016, Tukey's test). SRP after decontamination showed statistical difference for Ra (arithmetical mean deviation) for all decontamination groups when compared to control (p < 0.05; ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's multiple comparisons test), only CM implants showed statistical difference when compared decontamination protocols to control with highest modification of SRP for EDTA + AC group. For decontamination analysis, for applicability of different protocols in the same type of implant, only SLA showed statistical significant difference for aPDT vs. EDTA + CA (p = 0.0114; ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's multiple comparisons test) with lowest rCTA for aPDT, however for ACQ implants the aPDT showed lowest rCTA with no statistical difference (p > 0.05; ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's multiple comparisons test). No statistical difference was observed between the decontamination protocols at other implant types.ConclusionIt can be suggested that the chemical-physical characteristics of dental implants can be effected by the process of contamination and decontamination by aPDT and chemical agents.     

The antibacterial activity of photodynamic agents against multidrug resistant bacteria causing wound infection

Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of multidrug-resistant (MDR) wound pathogens was evaluated with cationic porphyrin derivatives (CPDs). MDR bacterial strains including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used. The CPDs named PM, PE, PN, and PL were synthesized as a photosensitizer (PS). A diode laser with a wavelength of 655 nm was used as a light source. aPDI of the combinations formed with different energy densities (50, 100, and 150 J/cm²) and PS concentrations (ranging from 3.125 to 600 µM) were evaluated on each bacterial strain. Dark toxicity, cytotoxicity, and phototoxicity were determined on fibroblast cells. In the aPDI groups, survival reductions of up to 5.80 log₁₀ for E. coli, 5.90 log₁₀ for P. aeruginosa, 6.11 log₁₀ for K. pneumoniae, and 6.78 log₁₀ for A. baumannii were obtained. The cytotoxic effect of PL and PM on fibroblast cells was very limited. PN was the type of CPD with the highest dark toxicity on fibroblast cells. In terms of providing broad-spectrum aPDI without or with very limited cytotoxic effect, the best result was observed in aPDI application with PL. The other CPDs need some modifications to show bacterial selectivity for use at 50 µM and above.