人外周血树突状细胞培养和地塞米松对其分化的影响作用

目的分离培养和鉴定人外周血树突状细胞（DC）,以及探讨地塞米松对其分化的影响作用。方法密度梯度离心法分离人外周血单个核细胞,贴壁后加入GM-CSF、IL-4和LPS培养,部分组另加入地塞米松,观察细胞形态学、流式标志和DC与T淋巴细胞共培养后的增殖变化。结果外周血单核细胞诱导培养后具有DC形态学特征,CD83表达上调,CD14表达下调,DC与T淋巴细胞共培养后呈增殖反应。培养液中加入地塞米松后CD83表达下调,CD14表达上调,DC与T淋巴细胞共培养后增殖反应减弱。结论外周血单核细胞经联合细胞因子可诱导为DC;地塞米松可使DC在功能上处于不成熟状态。     

IL-34 对类风湿关节炎髓系树突状细胞表型的影响

目的:探讨IL-34 对类风湿关节炎(RA)患者单核细胞向髓系树突状细胞(DC)分化的诱导作用,及其在分化过程中对细胞表型的影响。方法:采集RA 患者外周血,Ficoll 密度梯度离心法获得PBMC,培养4 h 后将贴壁细胞分别用GM-CSF+IL-4、IL-4、IL-4+IL-34 刺激3 d,流式细胞术检测CD83、CD86 和CD14 的表达水平;再将GM-CSF+IL-4 刺激3 d 后的细胞加入TNF-α和(或)IL-34 培养4 d,流式细胞术检测CD83、CD86 和(或)CD14 的表达水平。结果:(1)IL-34+IL-4 诱导后CD83、CD86 表达水平较IL鄄4 单独作用明显上调(P<0.01),CD14 表达无差异(P>0.05);IL-34+IL-4 诱导CD86、CD14 表达水平较GM-CSF+IL-4 刺激组下降(P<0.05),CD83 表达无差异(P>0.05)(2)GM-CSF+IL-4+IL-34 诱导CD83、CD86 表达水平较GM-CSF+IL-4+TNF-α组低(P<0.05),但与GM-CSF+IL-4 刺激组对比CD83、CD86 表达水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)GM-CSF+IL-4+TNF-α+IL-34 诱导DC CD83 表达水平较GM-CSF+IL-4+TNF-α刺激组低(P<0.05),但两组CD86、CD14 表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:IL-34 在不成熟DC 诱导过程中发挥一定作用,效应略弱于GM-CSF;IL-34 对成熟DC诱导作用不显著,但参与了不成熟DC 的维持。     

外周血单核细胞诱导的CD123＋髓系树突状细胞的特性研究

目的:探讨体外髓系培养体系中外周血单核细胞来源的CD123+髓系树突状细胞(mDC)的生物学特性.方法:分离健康人外周血单核细胞,用重组的粒/单核细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和白细胞介素4(IL-4)将其诱导为树突状细胞(DC).用流式细胞术(FCM)检测DC表面共刺激分子、 CD304 、 CD123和CD11C的表达,并用间接免疫磁珠法将其中CD123+DC加以分离纯化; 激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜观察CD123+DC形态; ELISA法检测CD123+DC的IL-12 分泌量; 葡聚糖吞噬试验和3H-TdR渗入法分别检测CD123+DC的吞噬功能和对同种异体T细胞的刺激能力.结果:外周血单核细胞经GM-CSF和IL-4诱导7 d后,细胞表面高度表达CD86和CD11C,中等量表达CD1a和CD123,低表达CD83,丧失CD14的表达,其中,CD123和CD11C均匀分布于DC表面.免疫磁珠纯化后的CD123+DC呈现典型的不成熟DC形态,除细胞体积较小外,其表面突起类似于CD123-DC.CD123+DC仅微量分泌IL-12,其吞噬能力强于CD123-DC(P<0.05),但抗原刺激功能低于后者(P<0.05).结论:GM-CSF和IL-4培养体系中的CD123+DC可能是DC分化发育过程中更早期的未成熟mDC,具有独特的生物学特性.     

子痫前期患者外周血树突状细胞对Th1/Th17细胞分化的影响

目的 观察正常妊娠妇女和子痫前期患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)来源的树突状细胞(DC)对Th1、Th17细胞分化的影响.方法 实验组为子痫前期疾病患者32例;对照组为正常妊娠妇女20例.分离正常妊娠组和子痫前期组PBMC,经贴壁获得单核细胞,加GM-CSF,IL-4和LPS培养诱导为成熟DC,流式细胞术检测表面分子标志CD14,CD80,CD83,CD86的表达,ELISA检测培养上清液中IL-23的含量.磁珠分选出CD4+T淋巴细胞,与正常妊娠孕妇外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞(N-DC)共同培养,同时添加细胞因子IL-2,或与子痫前期患者外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞(P-DC)、IL-2共同培养;或与N-DC共同培养,同时添加细胞因子IL-1p、IL-6;或与P-DC共同培养,并添加细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6.以上各组培养到第6天用流式细胞术检测CD4+ IFN-γ+ Th1、CD4+ IL-17+ Th17细胞比例.结果 P-DC中CD83、CD80、CD86的表达高于N-DC,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).P-DC与不同的细胞因子共同作用,促使CD4+T细胞分化为Th1、Th17细胞的能力高于N-DC,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 子痫前期患者外周血DC表型和功能的改变可能与患者免疫失衡有一定关系.     

ManLAM对树突状细胞成熟及下游免疫的影响

目的:研究结核分枝杆菌(MTB)成分带甘露聚糖帽的脂阿拉伯甘露聚糖(mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan,ManLAM)对树突状细胞(dendriticcells,DCs)成熟及下游免疫的影响。方法:分离健康人外周血单个核细胞,用GM-CSF和IL-4诱导DCs生长,培养至第五天换液加细胞因子,第六天分三组,按实验设计加ManLAM和LPS。第七天收集细胞送流式检测DC-SIGN、HLA-DR、CD86、CD83表达水平;ELISA检测DCs培养上清液中IL-12和IL-10水平;混合淋巴细胞反应检测DCs诱导CD4+T淋巴细胞增值能力;DCs与初始CD4+CD45RA+T细胞共培养48小时后,ELISA检测培养上清液中IFN-γ水平。结果:(1)ManLAM组DCs表达CD86、CD83等成熟标志物较成熟DCs组下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)ManLAM组DCs培养上清液中IL-10水平较成熟组升高,IL-12水平较成熟组下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);ManLAM组DCs刺激淋巴细胞增殖能力及刺激初始CD4+CD45RA+T细胞向Th1细胞分化能力较成熟组下调,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:ManLAM干扰DCs成熟,下调DCs诱导的淋巴细胞增殖能力和激活初始CD4+CD45RA+T细胞向Th1细胞分化能力。     

人脐血源性MSCs成骨诱导分化后对DCs的免疫抑制研究

目的探讨人脐血源性间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood,UCB-MSCs)经成骨诱导分化后,对树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)的分化、成熟及免疫功能的影响。方法对UCB-MSCs通过细胞形态、表面标记及成骨诱导分化能力进行鉴定;在外周血单核细胞培养体系中加入GM-CSF+IL-4+TNF-α,刺激DCs诱导分化及成熟;收集与成骨诱导分化前后UCB-MSCs共培养的DCs,流式细胞仪检测DCs免疫表型的表达情况;将成熟DCs作为刺激因素,外周血淋巴细胞作为反应细胞,3H-TdR标记β液体闪烁计数仪检测与成骨诱导分化前后UCB-MSCs共培养后,DCs刺激淋巴细胞增殖能力的变化。结果人UCB-MSCs成骨诱导分化后能抑制DCs表面CD40、CD80、CD83、CD86和MHC-II的表达,上调CD14的表达;DCs具有明显刺激淋巴细胞增殖的功能,而UCB-MSCs成骨诱导分化后能显著抑制DCs刺激的淋巴细胞增殖。结论成骨诱导分化的UCB-MSCs在体外可抑制同种异体DCs的分化、成熟及免疫功能,为UCB-MSCs作为同种异体源性种子细胞在骨组织工程中的应用提供了依据。     

人脐带血来源树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和单核细胞体外培养及鉴定

目的建立从人脐带血体外诱导扩增树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和单核细胞的方法。方法从正常人脐带血中分离出单核细胞,经3种细胞因子—重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rh GM-CSF)、重组人白细胞介素4(rh IL-4)和重组人肿瘤坏死因子(rh TNF-α)联合诱导培养,7 d后收获细胞,并利用光学显微镜、免疫组化的方法进行鉴定。结果培养收获了高纯度的树突状细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞,细胞高水平表达CD1a、CD86、CD68和CD14。结论人脐带血单核细胞经细胞因子诱导培养可以得到大量的成熟树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和单核细胞。     

人外周血单核细胞源性朗格汉斯细胞和表皮炎症样树突状细胞的诱导及表型分析

目的利用人外周血单核细胞体外诱导培养朗格罕氏细胞(Mo-LC)和炎症性树突状表皮细胞(Mo-IDEC)并观察其表型特点。方法联合应用LymphoPrepTM梯度离心试剂和CD14+磁珠分离和筛选外周血CD14+单核细胞;在重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和重组人白介素4(IL-4)的基础上分别于第0、2、4天加入人天然TGF-β1或β-巯基乙醇(β-ME)。培养第6天时收集细胞,通过相差显微镜观察其形态,并利用单克隆抗体和流式细胞术对诱导细胞亚群检测细胞表面分子的表达水平。结果 CD14+单核细胞体外诱导培养6 d后可形成具有树突状外观的Mo-LC和Mo-IDEC,2种细胞均不同程度表达CD1a、FcεRI、FcεRII、TLR1、TLR2;Mo-LC表达CD207,Mo-IDEC表达CD206。特应性皮炎患者来源的Mo-IDEC表面CD1a表达高于Mo-LC,且CD23、TLR2、FcεRI的表达水平显著高于健康对照组。结论利用外周血单核细胞可在体外成功诱导Mo-LC和Mo-IDEC,这2种细胞表型特点与体内分离的细胞在形态和表型上类似,为体外进一步研究这2类细胞的功能打下基础。     

肾癌细胞冻融抗原负载树突状细胞瘤苗的活化

目的: 探索体外诱导DCs活化的方法和制备肾癌树突状细胞(DCs)瘤苗。方法: 制备肾癌细胞冻融抗原；取健康人新鲜血分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),应用GM-CSF+IL-4刺激，诱导PBMC为iDCs,然后进行分组，采用不同因子刺激iDCs转化为mDCs,其中Ａ组:冻融抗原负载；Ｂ组: TNF-α+冻融抗原负载；Ｃ组: IL-1β+冻融抗原负载；Ｄ组: TNF-α+IL-1β+冻融抗原负载。 结果:各组均可诱导iDCs的成熟,并高表达CD86、CD80和HLA-DR；相对于其它组，D组DCs 更显著上调CD83和CD54表达(P<0.05)和IL-12分泌(P<0.01)，且D组mDCs更有效地刺激淋巴细胞增殖(P<0.05)。 结论: TNF-α+IL-1β与肾癌细胞冻融抗原协同可有效促进DCs成熟、增强诱导淋巴细胞活化的能力。     

通过肿瘤致敏的DCs活化的CD8+ T细胞可有效地杀死肿瘤细胞

目的：探索肿瘤裂解物负载的DCs诱导活化的初始T细胞介导细胞免疫及活化的T细胞杀死肿瘤细胞的能力。方法:应用黏附法分离外周血中的淋巴细胞和单核细胞,应用GM-CSF+IL-4刺激单核细胞并诱导为iDCs,然后进行分组，应用相应的细胞因子等刺激iDCs转化为mDCs,其中肿瘤裂解物冲击DCs组:冻融抗原负载+TNF-α+IL-1β; 无肿瘤裂解物冲击组: TNF-α+IL-1β。再分别用上述DCs与淋巴细胞进行混合培养以刺激混合淋巴细胞中的T细胞转化为细胞毒性T细胞, 并进行分组, 肿瘤裂解物冲击DCs组: 肿瘤裂解物冲击DCs+IL-2+IL-7；无肿瘤裂解物冲击DCs组: 无肿瘤裂解物冲击DCs+IL-2+IL-7；对照组: IL-2+IL-7。结果:成功获得iDCs,并高表达CD86、CD80和HLA-DR；相对于其它组，肿瘤裂解物冲击DCs组mDCs更显著上调CD83，且更有效地刺激淋巴细胞增殖； 肿瘤裂解物冲击DCs组的CTLs也高表达CD95(Fas)且TNF-α和IFN-γ的表达水平显著提高(P<0.05)。结论: 肿瘤裂解物冲击DCs可有效促进T细胞活化、增殖；并显著增强相应CTLs的杀死靶细胞的能力，这为发展DCs+CTLs的免疫治疗肿瘤提供了一种新而且简便的生物治疗模式。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.