LAT介导GPI锚固蛋白CD59对Jurkat细胞的生物学效应研究

目的探讨在T系急性白血病的Jurkat细胞中,GPI类锚固蛋白CD59通过LAT介导的细胞增殖、活化、凋亡等相关的生物学效应,研究GPI锚固类膜蛋白分子对细胞调控的作用方式。方法分别构建LAT-EGFP、neg-EGFP融合蛋白慢病毒载体,转染Jurkat细胞,建立稳定表达株(LAT-EGFP作为实验组,neg-EGFP转染空病毒组作为对照组)。利用CD59单克隆抗体刺激实验组及对照组细胞后,通过CCK-8检测细胞的增殖活性,利用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡状况,并通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察LAT与CD59分子在细胞中的定位表达。最后利用免疫印迹技术检测细胞内相关信号转导蛋白的表达情况。结果 CD59单抗交联刺激后,细胞增殖活性增加。实验组细胞出现明显晚期凋亡甚至坏死现象。而免疫荧光显示LAT-EGFP组细胞中LAT分子高亮聚集于脂筏区,相较于对照组细胞呈现明显的戒指环状。Western blot显示,CD59抗体交联后,ZAP70、Fyn、LCK的表达均下降且LATEGFP组蛋白表达量低于对照组。结论 GPI锚固蛋白CD59通过T细胞活化连接蛋白LAT对T细胞信号转导发挥正向调控作用,转染LAT-EGFP的Jurkat细胞处于活化状态,LAT呈戒指环状定位于脂筏。     

hLMO3基因真核表达载体的构建及蛋白的表达和定位

目的 构建hLMO3真核表达载体并证实融合蛋白在细胞内的表达及定位.方法 以人胎脑文库cDNA为模板,PCR扩增hLMO3基因cDNA全长,亚克隆至pEGFP表达载体中.将构建的重组质粒进行酶切测序鉴定,并转染到人上皮细胞HEK293细胞中,提取细胞蛋白进行Western blot检测.利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察pE...     

EGFP-Sam68融合蛋白在HeLa细胞的表达和定位

目的克隆有丝分裂Src相关蛋白p68(Sam68)基因cDNA全长,构建Sam68真核绿色荧光蛋白表达载体,并确定其在HeLa中的表达和定位。方法提取HeLa细胞总RNA,RT-PCR扩增Sam68基因片段,经酶切鉴定及测序正确后,克隆到真核绿色荧光蛋白表达载体(pcDNA3.0-EGFP)上,并转染HeLa细胞,Western blot法检测Sam68表达,免疫荧光细胞化学染色观察其细胞定位。结果酶切和测序证实Sam68正确插入pcDNA3.0-EGFP载体中,且载体正确表达了EGFP-Sam68融合蛋白,该蛋白定位在HeLa细胞核内。结论成功构建了真核表达载体pcDNA3.0-EGFP-Sam68。     

hCAP基因真核表达载体的构建及蛋白的表达和定位

目的:构建hCAP真核表达载体并检测融合蛋白在细胞内的表达及定位。方法:提取工具细胞CV-1的mRNA,反转录为cDNA。PCR扩增hCAP基因的cDNA全长,并将其克隆至pEGFP-C1表达载体中。进一步将构建的重组载体进行酶切和测序鉴定,并转染到工具细胞COS-7中,提取细胞蛋白进行Western blot。最后利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察pEGFP-hCAP在NIH3T3成纤维细胞内的定位。结果:hCAP基因cDNA全长克隆到了真核表达载体pEGFP-C1中,酶切鉴定片段为3 879 bp,测序证实成功。Western blot检测GFP-hCAP融合蛋白表达,相对分子质量(Mr)约为169 000。pEG-FP-hCAP在NIH3T3细胞中主要定位于细胞周边。结论:成功构建了真核表达载体pEGFP-hCAP,融合蛋白在NIH3T3细胞中主要定位于细胞周边。     

HAX-1对Jurkat细胞的抗凋亡作用研究

目的 研究HAX-1过表达在T淋巴瘤细胞株Jurkat细胞中的抗凋亡作用.方法 构建HAX-1真核表达载体pEGFP-C3-HAX-1并转染Jurkat细胞.分别采用RT-PCR以及Western blot从mRNA和蛋白水平上检测HAX-1的表达,然后通过光镜、电镜以及TUNEL法检测在去血清培养、电子线照射以及地塞米松诱导等不同处理因素下HAX-1过表达Jurkat细胞的凋亡情况.结果 构建的表达载体经酶切和测序鉴定序列正确,载体构建成功;PCR 及 Western blot 结果表明,转染后HAX-1的表达水平明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);经检测过表达HAX-1的Jurkat细胞具有明显的抗凋亡作用,能够对抗去血清培养、电子线照射以及地塞米松诱导等的凋亡诱导作用.结论 HAX-1基因在Jurkat细胞中过表达具有明显的抗凋亡作用.     

脆性X精神发育迟缓基因1(FMR1)真核表达载体的构建及其应用

目的构建人脆性X精神发育迟缓基因1(FMR1)真核表达载体,建立稳定转染FMR1的He La细胞系。方法采用PCR扩增出人FMR1的c DNA编码区序列,利用DNA重组技术将其定向插入p EGFP-N2真核表达载体中,并对重组质粒进行双酶切及DNA测序鉴定。用脂质体将验证的重组质粒转染至He La细胞,通过G418筛选建立FMR1稳定转染的He La细胞系。进一步运用Western blot法、免疫荧光染色结合激光扫描共聚焦显微镜技术鉴定FMR蛋白(FMRP)在He La细胞中的表达及定位。结果双酶切和DNA测序结果表明p EGFP-N2-FMR1真核表达质粒构建成功。Western blot和激光共聚焦显微镜结果显示GFP-FMRP融合蛋白在He La细胞中成功表达且主要定位在细胞质。结论成功建立FMR1稳定转染的He La细胞系并可以表达FMRP。     

人RUVBL2真核表达载体的构建及其在HeLa细胞中的表达

目的:构建带有绿色荧光蛋白的RUVBL2真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-RUVBL2,并鉴定其在HeLa细胞中的表达。方法:以pGADT7-RUVBL2质粒为模板,PCR扩增RUVBL2基因,首先克隆至T载体中,进一步亚克隆至p-EGFP-N1,并对重组表达载体进行酶切及测序鉴定。采用脂质体转染法将重组质粒瞬时转染HeLa细胞系,应用荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光融合蛋白的表达,并用Western blot法检测RUVBL2-GFP融合蛋白的表达。结果:经限制性酶切鉴定及测序分析证实pEGFP-N1-RUVBL2载体序列正确;荧光显微镜下可见转染的HeLa细胞中有绿色荧光蛋白的表达,Western blot法证实转染细胞中能表达RUVBL2-GFP融合蛋白。结论:pEGFP-N1-RU-VBL2表达载体构建成功,并在HeLa细胞内成功表达。     

CD59真核表达载体的构建及其对Jurkat细胞增殖的影响

目的构建pIRES-CD59融合基因真核表达载体,探讨重组CD59在Jurkat细胞增殖中的作用。方法 RT-PCR法选择性扩增编码CD59的基因片段,克隆入pIRES真核表达质粒。脂质体法将重组载体转染Jurkat细胞,通过G418筛选获得稳定表达CD59的细胞克隆,利用RT-PCR和Western blot检测细胞中CD59的表达,通过MTT法检测Jurkat细胞的增殖。结果经酶切和测序鉴定表明携带CD59基因的重组质粒构建成功,RT-PCR和Western blot结果显示转染Jurkat细胞的CD59基因高表达,MTT实验显示转染CD59重组质粒的Jurkat细胞增殖速度明显快于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 pIRES-CD59真核表达载体在转染细胞Jurkat中可高表达CD59分子,并可影响Jurkat细胞的增殖,为研究CD59的生物学作用奠定了基础。     

hLMO4基因重组质粒的构建及蛋白表达和定位

目的构建hLMO4真核表达载体并证实融合蛋白在细胞内表达及定位。方法提取人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的mRNA,反转录为cDNA。PCR扩增hLMO4全长编码基因,亚克隆至pCDNA3.1-myc-hisA表达载体中。将构建的重组质粒测序并转染到胃癌细胞BGC823中,提取细胞蛋白进行Western blot检测。利用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察pEGFP-LMO4在乳腺癌MCF-7细胞内定位。结果hLMO4全长基因序列克隆到了真核表达载体pCDNA3.1-myc-hisA中,酶切鉴定片段为500bp。Western blot检测到了融合蛋白表达,分子量约为23KD。pEGFP-LMO4在乳腺癌MCF-7细胞内定位以细胞核为主,在细胞浆内少量表达。结论成功的构建了hLMO4全长基因真核表达载体,pEGFP-LMO4蛋白定位于乳腺癌细胞质和核内。     

真核表达载体pEGFP-claudin-1的构建及其在293T细胞中的表达

目的:构建真核表达载体pEGFP-claudin-1,并在293T细胞中进行表达.方法:用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法扩增claudin-1开放读码框(ORF)基因,将其插入到pEGFP-C3载体的Xho Ⅰ和BamH Ⅰ酶切位点,构建真核表达载体pEGFP-claudin-1,酶切鉴定并测序.通过脂质体法转染293T细胞,进行荧光检测和Western blot分析.结果:构建了含有claudin-1 ORF的真核表达质粒pEGFP-claudin-1,转染293T细胞后,经荧光可见细胞膜有EGFP-claudin-1 融合蛋白的表达,Western blot检测发现有相对分子质量(Mr)49 000的蛋白条带.结论:成功地构建真核表达载体pEGFP-claudin-1,并在293T细胞中表达,为研究claudin-1的功能奠定了基础.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.