基于鸽局部场电位信号的数字字符图像重建研究

利用鸽视顶盖神经元对视觉图像刺激产生的局部场电位信号(LFP),重建刺激数字字符图像。采用微电极阵列记录数字图像扫屏刺激下的神经元LFP信号,对其进行傅里叶变换并提取幅值、相位特征,然后利用逆滤波器算法构造重建模型,重建数字图像,并采用互相关系数进行评价。研究结果发现,在最优通道组合下,依据单因素重建试验,确定重建模型下神经元对视觉刺激的响应延迟时间为0.01 s,响应持续时间为0.55 s,频带范围为1 Hz< f₁<30 Hz、140 Hz< f₂<240 Hz。在各单因素最优的条件下,通过重建模型重建4只鸽子8组数据的10幅数字字符图像(0～9),与原始图像相比,其互相关系数均超过了0.90,总体互相关系数为0.935±0.01。总之,数字图像的扫屏视觉刺激模式所诱发的神经元响应可以以信息积累的方式重建该视觉刺激图像,同时也表明LFP信号的幅值、相位特征可较好地表征视觉刺激图像。     

基于能量估计的小波阈值与经验模态分解相结合的滤波方法研究

本文针对基于经验模态分解(EMD)的时空滤波器存在的固有模态函数分量中频率混叠交叉,导致有用信号与噪声一起被滤除的问题,结合小波在时间、尺度两域表征信号局部特征的特性,提出了一种基于能量估计实现EMD分解层数确定,小波变换阈值处理与EMD相结合的时空滤波方法。该方法既利用小波变换多分辨率的特性,又结合EMD的自适应分解与希尔伯特(Hilbert)谱分析中瞬时频率与能量意义的关系,从而解决了有用信号在滤波时被削弱的问题。以MIT/BIH标准心电数据库数据为对象的实验结果表明,该方法对于生理信号这一类强噪声下的微弱信号是一种有效的数据处理方法。     

双眼剥夺猫视皮层细胞的某些反应特性

小猫出生后第四周开始将其双眼剥夺,成年后记录。以正弦光栅为刺激研究了这些猫纹状皮层细胞的单眼和双眼反应特性。结果说明:在发育过程中,出生后早期视觉经验,对于保持相当比例的皮层细胞对视差调谐,是重要的。同样地,正常视觉环境刺激,对于保持双眼匹配的空间频率和朝向调谐是必需的。     

基于经验模态分解-小波包变换的表面肌电信号手势识别

为了提高表面肌电信号（sEMG）手部运动识别的正确率,比较常规的sEMG预处理和特征提取方法,提出一种基于经验模态分解（EMD）和小波包变换（WPT）的sEMG手势识别模型。首先,使用EMD方法将sEMG进行平稳化,得到一系列的固有模态函数。其次,求取各个固有模态函数与原始信号的相关性,选取相关性较高的前4个分量作为有效分量。然后,采用Db3小波函数进行WPT,提取小波包系数中的平均能量、平均绝对值、最大值、均方根和方差等特征。分别采用线性判别分析和支持向量机对12种手部运动进行模式识别。结果表明基于EMD和WPT的sEMG手势识别正确率比直接提取小波包系数中的特征识别正确率高。     

叠加刺激下神经元集群同步(相关)编码的研究进展

神经元集群(neural ensemble)编码是理解大脑信息处理机制的重要突破口.不同的功能神经元集群编码了不同的刺激信息.研究神经元集群编码信息的关键问题之一是在多个刺激同时输入时,大脑的响应如何由不同的功能神经元集群来表达.综述了应用神经元集群同步(相关)编码来表达叠加刺激的典型研究:猫视觉皮层在两个光棒刺激条件下的神经元集群发放的同步(相关)编码;猫视觉皮层在光栅刺激下的神经元集群同步(相关)编码;麻醉状态下的猫上丘脑在两个组合的叠加光棒刺激下神经元集群发放的同步(相关)编码;清醒状态下猫上丘脑对组合多个光点刺激的神经元集群的同步(相关)编码.     

基于大鼠初级视觉皮层局部场电位的复杂度麻醉状态监测及效果分析

在微电极阵列植入的有创电生理实验条件下,记录大鼠麻醉过程中初级视觉皮层(V1)局部场电位(LFP),采用非线性动力学分析方法得到时间演化的复杂度变化曲线,并结合热刺激甩尾延迟时间和心率两项麻醉深度辅助判定指标,通过视觉刺激实验验证复杂度判定麻醉状态的可靠性。实验结果表明,麻醉过程中LFP的复杂度变化趋势相似,在相同麻醉状态下,视觉刺激前后大鼠初级视觉皮层响应LFP的复杂度差异不显著;但是不同麻醉状态下视觉刺激前后的LFP的复杂度具有显著性差异,说明复杂度可以作为麻醉深度判定的指标。进一步利用优化方法得到判定麻醉深度的复杂度阈值,其可靠性和准确率较高,为开颅手术的患者临床麻醉状态检测提供了有效的方法。     

基于EMD的左右手运动想象脑电信号分析研究

基于经验模态分解(EMD)理论,提出一种左右手运动想象脑电信号分析方法.首先利用时间窗对脑电信号数据进行划分,对每段数据通过经验模态分解法将其分解为一组固有模态函数IMF,提取主要信号所在的IMF层去除信号中的噪声.对含有主要信号的几层IMF进行Hilbert变换,得到瞬时频率与对应的瞬时幅值.再提取左右手想象的特定频段mu节律和beta节律的能量信号作为特征,分别利用支持向量机(SVM)和Fisher进行了分类比较.对EMD和小波包在去噪和特征提取进行了比较.结果表明,EMD是一种很有效的去噪方法,经过EMD分解后提取的能量信号在区分左右手想象上更具有优势,识别率高.     

一种基于经验模态分解的癫痫棘波检测方法

脑电癫痫特征波的自动提取对于患者的诊断以及减轻医生的繁重劳动都具有重要的意义.我们提出一种基于经验模态分解(EMD)的癫痫特征波检测方法,该方法首先经过EMD分解得到若干个固有模态函数(IMF),然后对其中的第一个IMF应用非线性能量算子(NBO)进行特征波提取,从而达到自动检测的效果.在对数值模拟的和真实的癫痫脑电信号(EEG)的仿真实验中,该方法都取得了较好的结果.     

基于变分模态分解的心电信号QRS波检测

为了解决含噪心电信号QRS波的提取问题,本研究提出了一种基于变分模态分解(variation mode decomposition,VMD)的心电信号QRS波群检测和定位的方法。首先确定合适的分解层数,利用变分模态分解将心电信号分解为一系列模态分量。对每层模态分量进行分析,选取含有QRS波的模态分量层。通过小波变换的奇异值检测原理,确定心电信号的奇异值,定位心电信号R波的峰值位置,再检测QRS波的波形宽度。实验证明了该方法对含噪的QRS波检测准确度在96%以上,能够准确的检测和定位心电信号QRS波。     

空间调谐神经元的动态极化矢量

研究耳石神经元的动态特性过去一直被认为很困难,这是由于不同的细胞对特殊刺激方向有不同的响应灵敏性,同时也缺少一个基本数学模型来解释说明这些响应特性。本文描述了一种方法用于估计,类似耳石神经元经空间调谐具有不同的刺激方向,这种神经元的空间和时间响应特性。在每一个刺激频率,沿着三个线性独立轴的刺激诱发的神经响应能形成一个响应椭球。椭球的半长轴将精确测定神经元最大灵敏方向(即极化矢量),同时半短轴将说明垂直方向的灵敏性,这种非零半短轴方法能够预测同时实验观察到相位响应     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

电磁辐射生物效应的机理研究述评

电磁辐射好似一束带刺儿的玫瑰,她所奉献的物质文明绚丽多彩,日新月异;但人类在享用的同时,也必须提防被刺儿扎着。随着社会的发展,环境中的电磁辐射剂量（能量密度）会呈几何级数式增长。有人把电磁污染称为除空气、水、噪声污染以外的第四类污染。而且是看不见、听...