HPLC法测定无糖型胃炎灵颗粒中柚皮苷的含量

目的采用HPLC法测定无糖型胃炎灵颗粒中的柚皮苷。方法色谱柱为SunFire C18,流动相为乙腈—水(22∶78,磷酸调pH=3),检测波长283 nm,流速1.0 mL·min-1,柱温30℃。结果柚皮苷浓度15.56~140.04 mg·L-1与峰面积的线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均加样回收率为98.5%,RSD=1.26%。结论所建方法准确、重复性好,可用于测定无糖型胃炎灵颗粒中的柚皮苷。     

HPLC法测定小儿消积止咳颗粒中柚皮苷的含量

目的建立小儿消积止咳颗粒处方药材枳实中药效成分柚皮苷的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Hypersil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(35∶65),流速1 mL·min-1;检测波长283nm,柱温25℃。结果柚皮苷在0.254 2～1.271 0μg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为1.000 0,平均回收率为99.50%(RSD=1.48%,n=6)。结论该方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于小儿消积止咳颗粒中柚皮苷的含量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定乳结消片中柚皮苷和黄芩苷的含量

目的建立乳结消片中柚皮苷和黄芩苷的含量测定方法.方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为VP-ODS C18柱(250 min×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.6%磷酸溶液(2872),流速为0.9 mL·min-1,检测波长282nm,柱温30℃;进样量20μL.结果柚皮苷在32.8～196.8 mg·L-1范围内,质量浓度与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为98.95%,RSD为1.84%(n=6);黄芩苷在12.6-168 mg·L-1范围内,质量浓度与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为100.94%,RSD为1.32%(n=6).精密度测定柚皮苷日内RSD≤1.18%,日间RSD≤1.24%;黄芩苷日内RSD≤1.25%,日间RSD≤1.75%.结论该方法简便易行,准确可靠,可用于乳结消片的质量控制.     

绿衣枳壳中柚皮苷含量测定方法的研究

目的建立高效液相法测定绿衣枳壳中柚皮苷的含量.方法色谱柱为Hypersil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,10 μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸(21:79),检测波长为283 nm,流速为1.0 mL·min-1.结果柚皮苷在0.108 6～1.304 0 μg呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为Y=1 484 X 2.4(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.02%,RSD为3.23%.结论方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确、重现性好,可作为绿衣枳壳中柚皮苷的含量测定方法.     

高效液相色谱法测定四磨汤颗粒中柚皮苷含量

目的建立用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定四磨汤颗粒中柚皮苷含量的方法。方法色谱柱为Inertsil ODS-3柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(V/V=37∶63),检测波长为226nm,流速为1.0mL/min,柱温为室温。结果柚皮苷进样量在0.1202～1.202μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9998,平均加样回收率为99.27%,RSD=0.73%(n=6)。结论HPLC法灵敏、快速、准确,可用于四磨汤颗粒中柚皮苷含量的测定。     

胃痛丸质量标准研究

目的:建立胃痛丸质量控制方法,提高完善其质量标准.方法:采用TLC法鉴别处方中木香、丁香、延胡索以及当归;采用HPLC法测定枳壳中柚皮苷的含量,色谱柱为Hypersil ODS C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(20∶80),柱温为35℃,流速为1.0ml· min-1,检测波长为283 nm.结果:TLC色谱斑点清晰,柚皮苷在0.069 ～1.030 μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.20％,RSD=1.26％(n=6).结论:本方法准确度高,简便可行.     

复方枳芍健胃颗粒的质量控制

目的:建立复方枳芍健胃颗粒的质量控制方法.方法:采用薄层色谱法对枳壳、白芍、蒲公英进行定性鉴别,用HPLC法测定枳壳中柚皮苷的含量.结果:柚皮苷含量在21.12～49.28 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.96%.RSD为1.78%(n=5).结论:制定的质量标准可以保证复方枳芍健胃颗粒的质量.     

HPLC法同时测定消栓再造丸中芍药苷等5种成分的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定消栓再造丸中芍药苷、阿魏酸、芦丁、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷的含量。方法:采用C₁₈色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,柱温35℃;检测波长：230 nm(芍药苷),321 nm(阿魏酸),254 nm(芦丁),283 nm(柚皮苷和新橙皮苷);流速1.0 mL·min^-1。结果:芍药苷、阿魏酸、芦丁、柚皮苷、新橙皮苷的线性范围分别为4.772 6～190.903 7μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 3),0.391 6～24.477 2μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 7),9.190 5～459.523 0μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 7),4.613 9～184.555 4μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 4),5.007 8～200.310 9μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 3),加样回收率(n=9)分别为99.6%、100.8%、99.1%、98.9%、98.4%,RSD为1.5%～2.4%。...     

高效液相色谱法同时测定枳壳饮片中4种黄酮类化合物的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定枳壳饮片中柚皮芸香苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量.方法:采用Sunfire C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(20:80)为流动相,流速为1 mL·min-1,检测波长为283 nm,柱温为30℃.结果:柚皮芸香苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷分别在0.074～123.7,0.60～999.0,0.072～120.3和0.59～982.0μg·mL-1范围内线性良好,其平均回收率分别为96.6%,96.1%,96.0%和97.2%.结论:该方法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,可用于枳壳中柚皮芸香苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷的同时测定.     

RP-HPLC法测定消块散胶囊中柚皮苷的含量

目的建立消块散胶囊中柚皮苷含量测定的方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为SunFire C18柱,流动相为乙腈-水(20∶80),检测波长为283 nm;流速为1.0 ml·min-1,柱温为30℃。结果柚皮苷进样量在0.148～1.628μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 8;平均加样回收率为98.5%(n=6),RSD为1.8%。结论该方法准确、快速、方便,可以用来测定消块散胶囊中柚皮苷的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.