蜜炙麻黄中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量测定

目的:对蜜炙麻黄饮片进行质量研究,为评价市场麻黄饮片的质量提供依据。方法:进行水分及HPLC法测定样品中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱总含量。结果:麻黄蜜炙后盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱总量降低。结论:蜜炙麻黄饮片中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的总量下限应较生麻黄低。     

麻黄炮制的初步研究

麻黄是一种常用中药,始载于《神农本草经》,有“发表出汗,去邪热气,止咳逆上气,除寒热”之功效。麻黄的炮制方法主要是蜜炙,据文献记载:麻黄蜜炙后,其挥发油含量减少了二分之一,而麻黄碱减少甚微:;。为进一步探讨麻黄不同炮制的(麻黄、炙麻黄、麻黄绒)对临床疗效的影响,本文以麻黄总生物碱为依据,     

玄龙止咳方中药物配伍对麻黄有效成分影响的研究

目的:考察玄龙止咳方中其它药物对麻黄中麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱含量的影响。方法:色谱条件为Wondasil-C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm x 4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:以0.1%的磷酸(含0.1%的三乙胺)为流动相A,甲醇为流动相B;柱温30℃;流速:1.0 m L.min~(-1);进样体积:10μL,检测波长210 nm。结果:与麻黄单煎液的滤液相比,五味子能促使麻黄碱的含量升高,升高率达39.98%;僵蚕和百部都能使麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱含量降低,约降低10%。结论:麻黄与其他药物配伍时,麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱容易受到影响,含量或升高或降低。故而在麻黄提取时,配伍应当得到重视,同时为玄龙止咳方的制备方法提供依据。     

SPE技术在风湿骨痛片麻黄含量测定中的应用

目的采用SPE-HPLC联用技术测定风湿骨痛片麻黄中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量。方法采用Oasis MCX-SPE阳离子固相萃取小柱对样品进行前处理,Welch XDB-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1mL·L~(-1)磷酸(用三乙胺调pH值至3.0)(5∶95)为流动相等度洗脱,流速1.0mL·min~(-1),检测波长207nm,柱温30℃。结果该实验条件下,盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱分离度好。盐酸麻黄碱进样量在22.99~1 150ng、盐酸伪麻黄碱进样量在14.60~730.2ng范围内线性关系良好,盐酸麻黄碱平均回收率为100.8%(RSD=2.8%),盐酸伪麻黄碱平均回收率为98.6%(RSD=2.4%)。结论该方法简便、专属性好,能有效消除复方中其他干扰,可用于风湿骨痛片中麻黄的质量控制。     

微波光波法蜜炙桑白皮的炮制工艺研究

目的优化蜜炙桑白皮的炮制新工艺。方法用微波光波法炮制蜜桑白皮,以桑白皮总黄酮含量为考察指标,采用正交法进行优化。结果微波光波法蜜炙桑白皮的最佳炮制工艺为A3B3C1,即拌蜜润药1 h,用组合3(微波67%+光波33%),加热7 min。3批验证试验结果为:外观金黄色到深黄色,总黄酮平均含量为4.713%。结论此工艺条件可行,可作为蜜桑白皮的炮制改革工艺。     

十二种国产麻黄的品质评价

本文应用高效液相色谱法对我国24个产地所产的12种麻黄生药进行了六种生物碱的定量分析,这六种生物碱是:麻黄碱(ephedrine),伪麻黄碱(pseudoephedrine),去甲基麻黄碱(norephedrine),去甲基伪麻黄碱(norpseudoephedrine),甲基麻黄碱(methylephedrine)和甲基伪麻黄碱(methylpseudoephedrine)。根据分析结果,对这些麻黄生药的品质作出了评价。     

哪些人要慎用含“麻”感冒药

正目前,市面上的感冒药种类繁多,大致可分为中成药和西药两大类。这些中成药和西药常含有类似的成分,如中成药中多见麻黄碱,西药中多见伪麻黄碱。我们将这些含有麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱成分的感冒药,统称为含"麻"感冒药。同门"兄弟",作用有异麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱都是中药麻黄的有效成分。麻黄具有辛温解表和宣肺平喘的作用,应用历史悠久,始载于汉代《神农百草经》。现代研究发现,麻黄中的主要有效成分是麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱。麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱互为立体异构     

HPLC-可变双波长法测定麻黄不同炮制品中麻黄类生物碱和川芎嗪的含量

目的建立同时测定麻黄及其不同炮制品中盐酸麻黄碱(1),盐酸伪麻黄碱(2),盐酸甲基麻黄碱(3)和川芎嗪(4)含量的方法。方法采用HPLC法,Agilent TC-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-水-磷酸-三乙胺(体积比为4.0∶96.0∶0.1∶0.1),流速:0.8 m L·min-1,柱温:30℃,检测波长:(0~22 min)210、(22~30 min)300 nm。结果化合物1-4分别在18.30~366.1、17.87~357.4、5.070~101.4、0.3050~6.100 mg·L-1质量浓度内,峰面积线性关系良好(r≥0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为98.7%(RSD=1.8%)、100.9%(RSD=1.6%)、100.8%(RSD=1.6%)和97.7%(RSD=1.3%)。该方法应用于麻黄及其不同炮制品中麻黄类生物碱和川芎嗪的含量测定,测得化合物1-4的含量质量分数分别为0.83%~1.0%、0.48%~0.84%、0.087%~0.22%和0.001 7%~0.009 0%。结论麻黄经炮制后,4种化合物含量均发生了不同程度的改变,表明炮制方法对麻黄化学成分的含量影响较大,该分析方法的建立为控制不同炮制品的质量提供了一定的参考依据。     

气-质联用分析比较麻黄及其炮制品中挥发性成分(英文)

采用气质联用法分析麻黄生品及其炮制品种的挥发油成分。采取水蒸汽蒸馏法和超临界流体萃取技术提取麻黄各品种中的挥发油, 其中通过水蒸汽蒸馏法提取得到的麻黄生品、蜜麻黄和清炒麻黄挥发油中, 鉴定的成分分别为48, 57和48种, 蜜炙和清炒后分别产生14 和 9种新成分通过超临界流体萃取法提取得到的麻黄生品、蜜麻黄和清炒麻黄挥发油中, 鉴定的成分分别为22, 36和28 种, 蜜炙和清炒后分别产生15 和23种新成分。麻黄经炮制后挥发油成分和相对含量均发生了明显变化, 这可能是导致麻黄炮制品功效的改变原因之一。     

咳喘丸质量标准的建立

摘要：目的:建立咳喘丸的质量标准。方法:采用显微鉴别法鉴别处方中甘草、荆芥、炒紫苏子;采用TLC法鉴别处方中蜜麻黄、苦杏仁、甘草;采用HPLC法测定处方中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量,色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse Plus C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相:乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（3∶97）;流速:1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长:210 nm;进样量:10μl。结果:在显微鉴别中,显微特征明显,检出甘草、荆芥、炒紫苏子;在TLC鉴别中,TLC色谱斑点清晰,检出蜜麻黄、苦杏仁、甘草;盐酸麻黄碱在2.014～100.7μg·ml-1浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为100.3%,RSD为0.80%（n=9）;盐酸伪麻黄碱在2.048～102.400μg·ml-1浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为100.7%,RSD为1.62%（n=9）;本品每1 g含蜜麻黄以盐酸麻黄碱(C10H15NO·HCl)和盐酸伪麻黄碱(C10H15NO·HCl)的总量计,不得少于0.60 mg。结论:该方法简便、准确可靠,精密度、稳定性、重复性良好,可用于咳喘丸的质量控制。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.