早期乳腺癌保乳术后放化疗顺序临床分析

目的 分析191例早期乳腺癌保乳术后患者,探讨不同放化疗顺序对不同高危因素患者预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析自2006年1月1日至2015年12月31日大连医科大学附属第二医院收治的191例早期乳腺癌保乳术后患者（T_1-2N_0-1M₀）临床资料。按放化疗顺序分为先放疗组、先化疗组和化疗-放疗-化疗组（"三明治组"）。先放疗组32例、先化疗组107例、三明治组52例。对各组病例的年龄、是否绝经、肿瘤大小（T₁、T₂）、淋巴结转移情况、病理学类型、脉管癌栓、分子分型、手术放疗间隔时间等因素进行单因素及多因素分析,寻找影响患者预后的独立危险因素。比较存在不同高危因素的患者在先放疗组、先化疗组、三明治组中5年局部复发（LRR）和总生存（OS）的差异。结果 肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移情况、脉管癌栓、手术放疗间隔时间是影响5年OS的独立危险因素。先放疗组、先化疗组、三明治组中T₁、T₂期患者的5年LRR和OS比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。先放疗组、先化疗组与三明治组淋巴结转移N₀期患者5年LRR比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。先化疗组和三明治组N₁期患者5年LRR分别为4.5%和16.2%,两组差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.813,P=0.028）。先化疗组和三明治组N₁患者5年OS差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。先放疗组、先化疗组、三明治组有脉管癌栓患者5年LRR分别为5.3%、9.2%、18.1%（P>0.05）;5年OS分别为61.5%、90.1%、87.2%（χ²=6.282,P=0.043）。3组无脉管癌栓患者5年LRR、OS比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。先放疗组、先化疗组、三明治组手术放疗间隔时间≤ 6个月的患者5年LRR差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。手术放疗间隔时间>6个月均为先化疗组,先化疗组中手术放疗间隔≤ 6个月与>6个月患者的5年LRR为5.2%和14.1%（χ²=4.886,P=0.027）,OS分别为96.9%和85.7%（χ²=5.758,P=0.038）。结论 临床治疗时根据个体化选择方案。对于腋窝淋巴结阴性而局部存在复发高危因素的患者,可以先进行放疗;对于腋窝淋巴结转移或脉管癌栓的高危患者,应早期开始化疗,放疗可以延迟,但不能超过6个月。     

新辅助放疗与辅助放疗对T3N0期食管癌患者疗效的对比

目的 通过对美国SEER数据库2004-2014年收录的术前或术后行放疗的食管癌根治术患者资料,探讨新辅助放疗与辅助放疗对T₃N₀期行食管癌根治术患者疗效。方法 将美国SEER数据库2004-2014年间收录的接受术前放疗或术后放疗的行食管癌根治术的555例T₃N₀期患者资料纳入研究,其中接受新辅助放疗的有486例（新辅助放疗组）,接受术后辅助放疗的有69例（辅助放疗组）。分析并比较新辅助放疗与辅助放疗对T₃N₀期行食管癌根治术患者疗效,同时采用1：1倾向性匹配方法分析两组患者的疗效。结果 新辅助放疗组肿瘤特异性生存明显优于辅助放疗组（χ²=6.030,P<0.05）;多因素COX回归分析提示年龄、性别及放疗顺序是影响预后的重要因素（Wald=10.099、10.562、4.331,P<0.05）,其中辅助放疗组肿瘤特异性死亡风险及总体死亡风险分别是新辅助放疗组的1.649（95%CI 1.173~2.316,P=0.004）倍、1.402（95%CI 1.020~1.928,P=0.037）倍。1：1倾向性匹配后分析提示,新辅助放疗组肿瘤特异性生存率明显优于辅助放疗组（χ²=6.293,P<0.05）。结论 与术后辅助放疗相比,新辅助放疗能够改善T₃N₀期食管癌患者的预后,具有重要的临床价值。     

T1-4N0-1M0期胸段食管鳞癌根治性切除术后失败模式对术后辅助治疗的意义

目的 分析接受根治性切除（R0）术后的胸段食管鳞癌（thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,TESCC）患者的失败模式,并分析其影响因素和其对术后辅助治疗意义。方法 回顾性分析1 191例接受R0手术的TESCC患者,分析其失败模式、失败模式的影响因素及不同病变部位和N分期对失败模式的影响。结果 全组患者胸腔-区域复发率为31.7%,远处转移率为16.4%。多因素分析结果显示病变部位、术中病变炎性粘连程度、T和N分期及阳性淋巴结转移率均为影响患者胸腔-区域复发的独立性因素（P<0.05）;患者性别、肿瘤组织分化程度和阳性淋巴结转移率为影响患者远处转移的独立性因素（P<0.05）。胸上/中段食管癌患者的胸腔内淋巴结复发率高于胸下段患者（χ²=6.179,P=0.046）,而后者的腹腔淋巴结复发率高于前两者（χ²=15.853,P<0.05）。N₁期患者的各项复发率和远处转移率均高于N₀期患者（χ²=7.764~56.495,P<0.05）。胸上段N₁期食管癌患者中腹腔淋巴复发率高于N₀期（χ²=7.905,P<0.05）;胸中段N₁期食管癌患者中锁骨上淋巴结和胸腔内淋巴结复发率均高于N₀期（χ²=12.506、18.436,P<0.05）;胸下段N₁期食管癌患者中锁骨上淋巴结、吻合口和腹腔淋巴结复发率均高于N₀期（χ²=5.272、4.878、18.006,P<0.05）;T₃₊₄期患者中的胸中/下段癌的吻合口复发率高于T₁₊₂期（χ²=4.341、7.154,P<0.05）,且前者的胸下段癌的腹腔淋巴结复发率亦高于后者（χ²=5.366,P<0.05）。结论 食管癌术后靶区设计应该有选择性,术后靶区范围除常规应该依据不同病变部位制定外,建议对于胸上段N₁期患者应该注意腹腔淋巴结引流区、胸下段N₁期患者应该注意锁骨上区淋巴结引流区的预防性照射,另外T₃、T₄期胸中/下段癌患者的术后靶区建议包括吻合口。     

术后放疗对局部晚期胆道癌患者长期生存的影响——基于SEER数据库的回顾性研究

目的 探讨术后放疗对可切除局部晚期（T_3~4和/或N₊）胆道癌患者长期生存的影响以及预后因素分析。方法 利用美国监测、流行病学及预后（Surveillance,Epidemiology and End Results,SEER）数据库收集并筛选出2006—2016年手术切除的局部晚期胆囊癌患者1 922例和肝外胆管癌患者3 408例,根据不同治疗方案分为单纯手术组和手术+放疗组。倾向评分匹配方法用于均衡单纯手术组和手术+放疗组患者的差异性预后特征。使用Kaplan-Meier方法分析两种治疗方案对患者生存的影响,采用Cox回归分析评价预后因素。结果 1 174例胆囊癌患者和2 144例肝外胆管癌患者通过倾向评分进行匹配。与单纯手术组相比,接受术后放疗的胆囊癌患者（χ²=35.73,P< 0.001）和肝外胆管癌患者（χ²=9.878,P=0.002）的5年癌症特异性生存率（cancer-specific survival,CSS）均显著提高。对于胆囊癌及肝外胆管癌患者,病理分级、T分期、N分期、治疗方式和年龄均为影响其预后的独立危险因素,而对于肝外胆管癌患者,种族也是其影响其预后的独立危险因素。除T_1-2期胆囊癌患者和病理I~Ⅱ级、N₀或70岁以上肝外胆管癌患者以外,其他临床病理特征因素均显示出术后放疗的生存获益。结论 对于可切除局部晚期（T_3~4和/或N₊）的胆道癌患者,术后放疗与患者长期生存获益相关。但对于T_1~2期胆囊癌患者和病理I~Ⅱ级、N₀或老年肝外胆管癌患者,应谨慎采用术后放疗的治疗模式。     

局限期小细胞肺癌不同局部治疗方式的比较研究

目的比较局限期小细胞肺癌手术联合化疗与放疗联合化疗的预后生存,并分析其相关影响因素。方法回顾性分析2006—2011年230例局限期小细胞肺癌临床资料,其中手术联合化疗（S+C）组121例,放疗联合化疗（R+C）组109例,采用2010版AJCC肺癌TNM分期标准将局限期小细胞肺癌进行分期,两组比较均采用术前临床分期,Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析。结果全组1、3、5年生存率分别为87.0%、38.9%、25.4%,中位生存期为26个月;S+C和R+C两组中Ⅰ+Ⅱ期患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为92.6%、63.2%、47.3%和76.2%、42.9%、30.6%,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.851,P<0.05）;两组中Ⅲ_A期患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为88.5%、26.9%、10.6%和86.0%、25.1%、25.1%（P>0.05）。单因素分析显示,肿瘤部位、T分期、N分期、TNM分期、化疗周期数、治疗方式对生存产生明显影响（RR＝1.735,P<0.05）;多因素分析显示,TNM分期是影响患者生存的独立因素。结论手术联合化疗有可能使早期小细胞肺癌患者生存获益,而Ⅲ期患者应接受放化疗综合治疗;TNM分期仍然是影响局限期小细胞肺癌预后的独立性因素。     

局部晚期直肠癌两组术前放疗剂量方案短期疗效分析

目的 评估局部晚期直肠癌新辅助放化疗不同放疗剂量短期疗效差异及耐受性。方法 回顾性分析2010年8月至2015年5月在本院接受新辅助放化疗的局部晚期直肠癌患者。根据放疗剂量分为46和50 Gy两组,同步化疗方案以卡培他滨为基础,<75岁且一般情况较好的患者联合奥沙利铂,所有患者完成新辅助放化疗和直肠癌根治术。结果 共有213例患者纳入研究,其中2010年8月至2013年8月接受46 Gy放疗剂量治疗61例,2013年9月至2015年5月接受50 Gy放疗剂量治疗152例,其中男性145例,女性68例;T₂期22例,T₃期180例,T₄期11例;下、中、上段直肠癌分别为82、115和16例。两组患者年龄、性别、治疗前T分期及N分期差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,临床特征匹配。50和46 Gy组病理完全缓解（PCR）率分别为24.3%和18.0%（P>0.05）;病理缓解良好（GR）率分别为75.0%和67.2%（P>0.05）;T降期率分别为46.7%和39.3%（P>0.05）。T₃N₂/T₄亚组分析：50和46 Gy组CR率分别为23.3%和6.3%（P>0.05）;GR （病理消退分级3+4）率分别为72.1%和50.0%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。T降期率为46.5%和31.3%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 50 Gy较46 Gy放疗剂量治疗局部晚期直肠癌未能提高肿瘤病理缓解率及T降期率,对T₃N₂/T₄期患者,两组差异也无统计学意义,远期疗效有待进一步随访验证。     

局部进展期直肠癌术前同步放化疗后联合新辅助化疗的前瞻性Ⅱ期随机对照研究

目的 探索术前同步放化疗加新辅助化疗治疗局部进展期直肠癌的疗效及安全性。方法 收集2012年1月-2015年12月贵州省肿瘤医院腹部肿瘤科收治的中低位局部进展期直肠癌患者80例,采用抽签法随机分为：试验组40例,为同步放化疗加化疗组。盆腔放疗D_T：45 Gy/25次 ,5周,直肠肿块同步加量至50 Gy/25次,5周,放疗每周第1~5天同步5-FU持续滴注,随后行4周期FOLFOX4方案化疗,治疗结束后行全直肠系膜切除术（TME手术）,术后4周再行4周期FOLFOX4方案辅助化疗。对照组40例,为同步放化疗组。盆腔同步放化疗方案同试验组,治疗结束后6~8周行TME手术,术后4周行8周期FOLFOX4方案辅助化疗。比较两组患者病理完全缓解率、降期率、R₀切除率、局部复发率、远处转移率、总生存率、不良反应发生率、手术并发症及观察各组治疗完成情况。结果 试验组、对照组病理完全缓解率（pCR率）分别为20.0%、5.0%（χ²=4.114,P<0.05）;降期率分别为77.4%、55.6%（P>0.05）;R₀切除率分别为77.5%和65.0%（P>0.05）。3年局部复发率分别为9.6%及11.5%（P>0.05）,3年总生存率、3年远处转移率分别为72.5%和65.5%（P>0.05）、25.0%和37.5%（P>0.05）。两组完成新辅助同步放化疗、根治性切除术及围手术期全身化疗患者共57例,试验组31例,对照组为26例。接受8周期全身化疗完成率试验组与对照组分别为87.1%及61.5%（χ²=4.985,P<0.05）。试验组患者发生1~4级急性反应低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;两组术中出血发生率、伤口延期愈合发生率及吻合口瘘发生率差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 术前同步放化疗联合新辅助化疗治疗局部进展期直肠癌较标准术前同步放化疗能提高近期疗效（pCR率）,不良反应发生率更低,但尚需长时间随访观察及扩大病例数进行进一步临床研究。     

动态增强磁共振参数与局部晚期鼻咽癌患者预后相关性的前瞻性长期随访研究

目的 探讨动态增强磁共振（DCE-MRI）半定量参数与局部晚期鼻咽癌患者长期预后的关系,为局部晚期鼻咽癌患者预后寻找无创性的预测指标。方法 收集贵州省肿瘤医院2011年1月至2012年1月一项前瞻性临床研究的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者的临床信息,国际抗癌联盟（UICC）2010分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ_A、Ⅳ_B期,先行多西紫杉醇+顺铂+5''-氟尿嘧啶（TPF）方案时辰诱导化疗3周期;后予调强放疗（IMRT）同期紫杉醇化疗2周期。诱导化疗前均行DCE-MRI检查,并获取DCE-MRI相关半定量参数,将DCE-MRI相关半定量参数与同期放化疗结束的鼻咽病灶近期疗效进行相关性分析。结果 77例患者中,71例完成治疗并有长期完整随访信息,中位随访77个月（9~86个月）,3年、5年OS分别为80.2%、67.6%;3年、5年PFS分别为73.2%、60.5%;同步放化疗结束鼻咽病灶近期疗效评价完全缓解（CR）组与部分缓解（PR）组之间的造影剂到达组织时间的差异具有统计学意义（t=0.537,P<0.05）;单因素生存分析发现,造影剂到达组织时间短组的OS（χ²=3.982,P<0.05）和PFS（χ²=4.019,P<0.05）均高于造影剂到达组织时间长组;年龄≥ 45岁的患者OS（χ²=7.593,P<0.05）和PFS（χ²=5.624,P<0.05）明显低于年龄<45岁的患者。Cox多因素回归模型发现,临床分期晚（Ⅳ_A、Ⅳ_B期）（P=0.048）、年龄≥ 45岁（P=0.031）是鼻咽癌患者OS的独立不良预后因素;而造影剂到达组织时间长（P=0.018）、年龄≥ 45岁（P=0.004）、N（2~3期）分期晚（P=0.032）和强化峰值<3 000（P=0.005）则为鼻咽癌患者PFS的独立不良预后因素。结论 DCE-MRI参数造影剂到达组织时间可能作为局部晚期鼻咽癌患者预后可靠的影像学指标。     

Ⅲa-pN2非小细胞肺癌术后同步放化疗与单纯化疗随机对照研究

目的 通过随机对照研究、比较非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者放化疗（POCRT）和单纯化疗（POCT）的疗效。方法 对术后140例病理分期为Ⅲ_a-pN₂的NSCLC患者用随机信封法分为POCRT组和POCT组,每组70例。两组化疗方案均采用紫杉醇和顺铂,共化疗4个周期。在第1、21、43、64天给予紫杉醇175 mg/m²,顺铂60 mg/m²静脉滴注。POCRT组在化疗的第1天给予同期放疗,50.4 Gy/28次。结果 POCRT组5年总生存率为37.9%;POCT组5年总生存率为27.5%,POCRT组死亡风险比为0.69（95%CI,0.457~1.044,χ²=3.224,P>0.05）。POCRT组5年无复发生存率为30.3%;POCT组5年无复发生存率为18.8%,POCT组复发风险比为1.49（95%CI,1.008~2.204,χ²=4.193,P<0.05）。亚组分析显示POCRT组能明显提高pN₂淋巴结≥2枚患者总生存率（χ²=5.308,P<0.05）。POCRT组复发率（χ²=5.308,P<0.05）和远处转移率（χ²=3.840,P<0.05）均显著低于POCT组。POCRT组1例患者死于脓毒血症,POCRT组发生3,4级放射性食管炎高于POCT组（χ²=8.010,P<0.05）,两组血液学毒性相似且可耐受。结论 和POCT相比,POCRT能减少 Ⅲ_a-pN₂的非小细胞肺癌患者的局部复发率和远处转移率,提高无复发生存率,POCRT未能提高总生存率。     

凋亡刺激蛋白抑制因子表达对鼻咽癌预后预测的研究

目的 探讨凋亡刺激蛋白抑制因子（iASPP）的表达水平与鼻咽癌预后的关系。方法 随访2012年1月至12月广西医科大学第一附属医院放疗科治疗的初诊鼻咽癌患者130例。临床分期依据2009 AJCC/UICC分期标准。所有患者均接受调强放射治疗,Ⅲ~Ⅳ_B期患者行铂类为基础的同步放化疗。采用免疫组织化学法检测iASPP在130例鼻咽癌组织中的表达情况,比较iASPP表达与临床病理因素的关系,并分析其表达对鼻咽癌患者疗效和生存的影响。结果 130例患者中iASPP阳性表达者86例（66.2%）,阴性表达者44例（33.8%）。不同N分期和临床分期患者的iASPP阳性表达率比较,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.565、4.947,P<0.05）。治疗后3个月,iASPP阳性表达者与阴性表达者的近期疗效差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。单因素分析显示,iASPP阳性表达者3年无远处转移生存（DMFS）和无进展生存（PFS）均低于iASPP阴性表达者（82.6% vs. 95.4%,χ²=4.335,P=0.037和74.4% vs. 93.1%,χ²=6.640,P=0.01）。N_2~3患者3年DMFS、PFS和总生存（OS）均低于N_0~1患者（χ²=8.058、9.554、6.987,P<0.01）。多因素分析显示,iASPP表达水平及N分期是影响PFS的独立预后因素（χ²=4.336、5.228,P<0.05）。结论 鼻咽癌患者iASPP阳性表达水平升高是影响预后的不利因素。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）