螺旋CT在胃癌术前TNM分期中的应用价值

目的:探讨螺旋CT对胃癌术前TNM分期的准确性,指导临床合理地制订治疗方案和进行预后分析．方法:术前对45例胃癌患者的腹部SCT资料进行TNM分期,并与术后病理进行对照研究．结果:螺旋CT对胃癌T分期、N分期、M分期和TNM分期的准确率分别为75．6％、73．3％、 86．7％和75．6％．如以平扫CT值≥25 Hu或动脉期CT值≥70 Hu或静脉期CT值≥80 Hu为诊断阳性淋巴结标准,则阳性淋巴结的敏感性高达 98．4％,特异性为64．0％．结论:螺旋CT对胃癌的术前TNM分期可提供较高的准确率．     

多层螺旋CT在胃癌术前分期中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT三维重建在胃癌患者术前精确分期的准确性及影响分期准确性的因素。方法回顾性分析73例胃癌患者的病例资料,将64层螺旋CT检查结果与病理结果进行比较分析。结果 64层螺旋CT判定的TNM分期结果与病理分期结果的总符合率分别为T期73.97%、N期76.71%、M期93.15%,其中CT结果对远处转移的诊断吻合程度较高(P=0.000);多因素回归分析结果显示,影响64层螺旋CT胃癌征象与分期准确性的主要因素是胃癌病理类型、浸润深度、瘤周低密度带厚度、淋巴结转移(P<0.05)。结论 64层螺旋CT能较好地显示胃癌的浸润深度、淋巴结转移及远处转移,对M分期判定的准确率较高,对胃癌术前分期有较好的临床应用价值。     

腹腔镜探查在不明原因腹水中的诊断价值

目的讨论腹腔国。镜在不明原因腹水中的诊断价值。方法分析27例不明原因的腹水的检查结果。结果明确诊断27例,诊断率100％,其中18例腹腔结核,7例腹腔转移癌,2例妇科肿瘤。结论腹腔镜检查是一种安全、有效、确诊率高的诊断方法。     

腹腔镜超声技术在胰腺癌诊断分期中的应用

随着腹腔镜技术的广泛开展，临床上越来越关注腹腔镜手术中因触觉丧失叉无法直视的腹腔内脏器深部及腹膜后间隙的病变及病灶与邻近器官之间的解剖关系等问题。腹腔镜超声（LUS）的问世使腹腔镜应用范围更加广泛，几乎涉足了开腹手术的各个领域。近年来，国内外学者开始利用LUS对胰腺癌进行诊断和分期，对肿瘤侵犯程度或淋巴结转移做出进一步评估，达到选择最适宜的手术方法的目的。     

腹腔镜下根治术对进展期老年胃癌患者细胞免疫功能的影响

目的观察腹腔镜胃癌根治术对老年胃癌患者的细胞免疫功能的影响。方法选取102例进展期胃癌患者(≥65岁),根据随机数字表随机分成腹腔镜组50例、开腹组52例,分别行腹腔镜胃癌根治术和开腹胃癌根治术,测定患者术前1 d及术后第1、7、14天外周血中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、CD19、自然杀伤(NK)细胞比例、白细胞介素(IL)-6与C反应蛋白(CRP)的水平。结果术后第1天,两组患者外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、CD19及NK细胞活性较术前均明显下降(P0.05),腹腔镜组与开腹组比较无明显差异(P0.05)。腹腔镜组术后7 d上述指标迅速恢复至接近术前水平,而开腹组术后7 d内仍持续处于低水平,术后14 d才逐渐恢复至接近术前水平。与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组患者上述指标术后7 d及14 d均显著升高(P0.05)。术后第1、7天2组患者外周血IL-6、CRP水平较术前明显升高(P0.05),开腹组较腹腔镜组升高更明显(P0.05)。另外与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组术手术时间缩短(P0.05),且术中出血量显著减少(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜胃癌根治术较开腹胃癌根治术对患者造成的损伤较小,对患者术后细胞免疫功能的影响亦较小。     

多层螺旋CT增强扫描在胃癌术前TNM分期中的应用价值

目的探讨多层螺旋(MS)CT三期增强扫描在胃癌术前TNM分期的应用价值。方法回顾性分析161例经手术和病理组织学证实的胃癌患者术前MSCT三期增强扫描的影像数据,由2名有经验的副主任/主任医师共同阅片后,根据肿瘤位置、胃壁浸润深度、淋巴结转移等情况对其进行TNM分期,并与术后病理组织学结果对照。结果与病理组织学TNM分期比较,MSCT术前TNM分期中T、N、M分期准确率分别为73.29%、77.02%、96.27%,T、N分期与病理组织学的一致性一般、较好(Kappa=0.715 4,0.724 1)。而M分期与病理组织学的一致性较好(Kappa=0.823 6)。结论胃癌MSCT三期增强扫描的CT征象与病理组织学具有较好的相关性,术前TNM分期的准确度较高,对临床手术和判断预后具有重要的指导意义。     

胃癌术前分期超声诊断的临床应用价值

通过对47例胃癌患者术前超声与术后病理分期的对比研究，结果表明超声对胃癌分期准确率为72．3％。其中对Ⅳ期胃癌诊断准确率为89．4％，灵敏度71．4％，特异度97．0％，提示超声对胃癌术前分期，特别是对Ⅳ期胃癌的检出，有重要的临床实用价值。     

内镜超声检查在胃癌诊断和分期中的临床应用

目的评价内镜超声检查(EUS)对胃癌患者术前诊断和分期的准确性,以指导临床治疗方案的选择。方法22例经胃镜加活检病理检查确诊(17例)和疑诊为胃癌但常规活检阴性的患者(5例),同时行EUS、腹部螺旋CT检查,疑诊者在EUS检查的同时行EUS引导下细针穿刺活检(FNAB)以明确诊断。确定肿瘤侵犯深度(T)、局部淋巴结转移(N)、周围及远处器官转移(M)等分期情况,并与手术及病理对照,以评价EUS对胃癌诊断及TNM临床分期的准确性。结果5例疑诊者行EUS引导下FNAB全部成功取得肿瘤组织,病理诊断腺癌4例,印戒细胞癌1例。1例术前EUS诊断为T1N0M0期的患者行内镜下黏膜切除术,其余患者全部行外科胃癌根治术。与手术和病理结果比较,EUS对于TNM分期诊断总的敏感性和特异性分别为T:84.9%,74.2%;N:92.1%,77.1%;M:63.4%,87.5%。螺旋CT对于胃壁是否增厚及N、M分期的敏感性和特异性分别为T:27.3%,75%;N:31.5%,100%;M:50%,100%。其中EUS对于T和N分期的敏感性较CT高(P<0.05)。结论EUS术前评价胃癌临床分期具有显著的优越性,尤其是对于肿瘤侵犯深度和局部淋巴结转移的诊断,对指导临床治疗方案的选择及术后随访具有重要的参考价值。     

Lauren分类法在胃癌CT分期及术前评估中的价值

目的：通过对本组胃癌患者的螺旋CT（SCT）扫描图像应用Lauren组织临床分类法进行分期及术前评估,旨在提高胃癌CT分期和术前评估的准确性。方法：通过对48例胃癌患者SCT的轴位图像和重建的MPR及SSD图像的观察分析,以Lauren组织临床分类法为基础按TNM对各病例进行分期及术前评估。结果;所有患者的肿瘤诊断符合率为100％,I期肿瘤2例,Ⅱ期肿瘤18例,Ⅲ期肿瘤15例,Ⅳ期肿瘤13例,CT分期的准确性为85．4％,术前评估的准确性为95．0％。结论：以Lauren组织临床分类法为基础,SCT可以比较准确地对胃癌进行TNM分期及术前评估,为临床治疗提供具有价值的信息。     

超声内镜对胃癌术前分期的诊断价值

目的评估超声内镜在胃癌术前分期的价值。方法 75例经胃镜及病理证实的胃癌患者于术前进行超声内镜检查,并与术后组织病理分期比较。结果超声内镜分期结果与病理学分期结果比较,超声内镜对胃癌术前T分期判断的准确率为82.7%、N分期判断的准确率为86.7%。结论超声内镜能较准确地判断胃癌分期,有助于制订合理的手术方案。     

Clinical significance of telomerase activity in peritoneal lavage fluid from patients with gastric cancer and its relationship with cellular proliferation

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of telomerase activity assay and peritoneal lavage cytology (PLC) examination in peritoneal lavage fluid for the prediction of peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer patients, and to explore the relationship between telomerase activity and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. METHODS: Telomeric repeated amplification protocol (TRAP)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the telomerase activity in 60 patients with gastric cancer and 50 with peptic ulcer. PLC analysis of the 60 patients with gastric cancer was used for comparison. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in gastric carcinoma was immunohistochemically examined. RESULTS: The telomerase activity and PLC positive rate in peritoneal lavage fluid from patients with gastric cancer was 41.7/ (25/60), and 25.0/ (15/60), respectively. The positive rate of telomerase activity was significantly higher than that of PLC in the group of pT4 (15/16 vs 9/16, P < 0.05), P1-3 (13/13 vs 9/13, P < 0.05) and diffuse type (22/42 vs 13/42, P < 0.05). The patients with positive telomerase activity, peritoneal metastasis, and serosal invasion had signifi cantly higher levels of average PCNA proliferation index (PI), (55.00 ± 6.59 vs 27.43 ± 7.72, 57.26 ± 10.18 vs 29.15 ± 8.31, and 49.82 ± 6.74 vs 24.65 ± 7.33, respectively, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The TRAP assay for telomerase activity is a useful adjunct for cytologic method in the diagnosis of peritoneal micrometastasis and well related to higher proliferating activity of gastric cancer. The results of this study also suggest a promising future therapeutic strategy for treating peritoneal dissemination based on telomerase inhibition.     

超声检查与螺旋CT对胃癌术前TNM分期准确性的meta分析

目的利用meta分析方法比较超声检查与螺旋CT对胃癌术前TNM分期的准确性。方法计算机检索PubMed(Med-line)、CBM、CNKI、VIP及万方数据库相关文章。按照事先制定的纳入、排除标准筛选文献、提取资料和进行方法学质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.0软件进行meta分析。结果共纳入15个临床试验,合计1 019例患者。meta分析结果显示:①超声检查及螺旋CT对于T3和N3期的判断的准确率接近;②对于T1、T2和N0期的判断超声检查明显优于螺旋CT;③对于T4、N1、N2和M期的判断螺旋CT明显优于超声检查。结论超声检查对胃癌术前T1、T2分期及N0分期具有较高的临床应用价值,而螺旋CT对于远处淋巴结转移的分期及M分期的准确性较高。     

胃癌患者术前腹腔冲洗液游离DNA中TIMP-3基因甲基化与腹腔微转移的相关性

目的:探讨胃癌患者术前腹腔冲洗液中组织金属蛋白酶抑制因子-3(tissue inhibitor ofmetalloproteinase 3,TIMP-3)基因启动子CpG岛异常甲基化与腹腔微转移的相关性.方法:应用甲基化特异性实时荧光聚合酶链反应技术检测92例胃癌患者术前腹腔冲洗液中TIMP-3基因启动子CpG岛甲基化状态,分析TIMP-3基因异常甲基化与患者临床病理参数及预后之间的关系.结果:在92例胃癌患者术前腹腔冲洗液标本中,有49(53.26%)例检测到了TIMP-3基因甲基化,且TIMP-3基因甲基化与肿瘤大小(P=0.013)、静脉侵犯(P=0.030)和远处转移(P=0.013)间均存在相关性,与生长方式、分化程度、淋巴管侵犯、淋巴结转移、浸润深度和临床分期间存在显著相关性(P=0.000),而与性别、年龄、Helicobacter pylori感染状况以及肿瘤部位等不存在相关性(P分别为0.833、0.236、0.300、0.236).生存分析发现TIMP-3基因非甲基化患者具有独立的生存优势(P=0.000).结论:胃癌患者术前腹腔冲洗液游离DNA中TIMP-3基因异常甲基化可反映腹腔微转移发生,并提示预后不良.     

Molecular mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer

Peritoneal dissemination represents a devastating form of gastric cancer(GC) progression with a dismal prognosis. There is no effective therapy for this condition. The 5-year survival rate of patients with peritoneal dissemination is 2%, even including patients with only microscopic free cancer cells without macroscopic peritoneal nodules. The mechanism of peritoneal dissemination of GC involves several steps: detachment of cancer cells from the primary tumor, survival in the free abdominal cavity, attachment to the distant peritoneum, invasion into the subperitoneal space and proliferation with angiogenesis. These steps are not mutually exclusive, and combinations of different molecular mechanisms can occur in each process of peritoneal dissemination. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular events involved in peritoneal dissemination is important and should be systematically pursued. It is crucial to identify novel strategies for the prevention of this condition and for identification of markers of prognosis and the development of molecular-targeted therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of recently published articles addressing the molecular mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination of GC to provide an update on what is currently known in this field and to propose novel promising candidates for use in diagnosis and as therapeutic targets.     

Clinical significance of CT-defined minimal ascites in patients with gastric cancer

AIM: To study the clinical significance of minimal ascites, which was only defined by the CT and whose nature was not determined preoperatively, in the relationship with the peritoneal carcinomatosis. METHODS: The medical records and the dynamic CT films of 118 patients with gastric cancer were reviewed. Factors associated with peritoneal carcinomatosis were analyzed in 40 patients who had CT-defined ascites of which the nature was surgically confirmed. RESULTS: Only 12.5-25% of the CT-defined minimal ascites, whose volume was estimated to be less than 50 mL, were associated with peritoneal carcinomatosis. When the estimated CT-defined ascitic volume was 50 mL or more, peritoneal carcinomatosis was identified in 75-100%. When CT-defined lymph node enlargements were not found beyond the regional gastric area, perigastric invasions were not suspected, and the size of tumor was less than 3 cm, peritoneal carcinomatosis seemed significantly less accompanied at the univariate analysis. However, except for the minimal volume of CT-defined ascites in comparison with the mild or more, other factors were not confirmed multivariately. CONCLUSION: In the patients with gastric cancer, CT-defined minimal ascites alone is rarely associated with peritoneal carcinomatosis, if it does not accompany other signs suggestive of malignant seeding. Therefore, consideration of active curative resection should not be hesitated, if CT-defined minimal ascites is the only delusive sign.     

Increased incidence of positive peritoneal lavage cytology early after fine needle aspiration in patients with pancreatic ducal adenocarcinoma

BackgroundThe influence of fine needle aspiration (FNA) on peritoneal lavage cytology (CY) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is unknown.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 29 patients with resectable left-sided PDAC undergoing FNA prior to CY examination. We assessed clinical factors related to CY+, scored the tumor diameter (<20 mm = 0, ≥20 mm = 1) and examination interval between FNA and CY (>18 days = 0, ≤18 days = 1), and investigated the probability of CY + by the sum of each score (0–2).ResultsThe probability of CY+ was 31%. The CY + group had larger tumors and shorter examination intervals than the CY? group. The CY + probability was 75%, 15%, and 13% for a score of 2, 1, and 0, respectively (P = 0.011).ConclusionA short interval between FNA and CY examination for a large tumor may be a risk factor for CY+ in patients with left-sided PDAC.     

Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography in preoperative TNM staging of gastric cancer

AIM:To evaluate the value of endoscopic ultrasono-graphy (EUS) in the preoperative TNM staging of gastriccancer.METHODS :Forty-one patients with gastric cancer(12 early stage and 29 advanced stage) provedby esophagogastroduodenoscopy and biopsiespreoperatively evaluated with EUS according to TNM(1997) classification of International Union ContreleCancer (UICC).Pentax EG-3630U/Hitachi EUB-525 echoendoscope with real-time ultrasound imaging linearscanning transducers (7.5 and 5.0 MHz) and Dopplerinformation was used in the current study.EUS stagingprocedures for tumor depth of invasion (T stage) wereperformed according to the widely accepted five-layerstructure of the gastric wall.All patients underwentsurgery.Diagnostic accuracy of EUS for TNM stagingof gastric cancer was determined by comparingpreoperative EUS with subsequent postoperativehistopathologic findings.RESULTS:The overall diagnostic accuracy of EUS inpreoperative determination of cancer depth of invasionwas 68.3% (41128) and 83.3% (12110),60% (20112),100% (5/5),25% (4/1) for T1,T2,T3,and T4,respectively.The rates for overstaging and understagingwere 24.4% (41/10),and 7.3% (41/3),respectively.EUStended to overstage T criteria,and main reasons foroverstaging were thickening of the gastric wall due toperifocal inflammatory change,and absence of serosallayer in certain areas of the stomach.The diagnosticaccuracy of metastatic lymph node involvement or Nstaging of EUS was 100% (17/17) for NO and 41.7%(24/10) for N ,respectively,and 66% (41/27) overall. Misdiagnosing of the metastatic lymph nodes was relatedto the difficulty of distinguishing inflammatory lymphnodes from malignant lymph nodes,which imitate similarecho features.Predominant location and distribution oftumors in the stomach were in the antrum (20 patients),and the lesser curvature (17 patients),respectively.Three cases were found as surgically unresectable (T4 N ),and included as being correctly diagnosed by EUS.