盐酸氯胺酮控释片的研制

目的：为延长盐酸氯胺酮的作用时间,便于给药,制成盐酸氯胺酮控释片,方法：以HPMC（羟丙基甲基纤维素）及Carbopol 934p(卡泊姆）为辅料,制成胃内漂浮片并进行体外累积释放度测定。结果：体外释药基本达到零级释放过程,r=0.9404,体外释药量与释药时间具有良好的相关性。Peppas方程中n值为0．5109,控释片中药物的释放机制是亲水凝胶层扩散和骨架溶蚀,结论:盐酸氯胺酮控释片达到了设计的要求,5min内体外释药约为标示量的10％左右,6h后释药约90％左右。     

制片工艺对芦丁缓释骨架片释药机制影响研究

目的：考察制片工艺对芦丁缓释骨架片释药机制的影响情况。方法：以羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)为骨架材料制备缓释骨架片，利用Peppas经验式释放指数n值，评价制片工艺对芦丁缓释骨架片体外释药机制的影响。结果：干法制片的释药比湿法快。结论：干法制片与湿法制片有相同的释药机制。     

复方莨菪碱缓释片的制备及体外释放特性

目的 制备复方莨菪碱缓释片。方法 用正交试验优化处方,以羟丙甲基纤维素为骨架材料,用疏水性阻滞剂乙基纤维素调节药物释放速度,采用湿法制粒压片制备复方莨菪碱缓释片。用紫外分光光度法测定主药氨茶碱的含量,用HPLC法测定其他组分的含量。通过测定氨茶碱的体外释放度,进行释放机制及影响因素的研究。结果 所制备的缓释片12h内呈现良好的缓释特性,符合Higuchi方程（Q=24．176t^1/2-7．699,r=0．9956）。结论 复方莨菪碱缓释片体外释药缓慢、平稳,符合设计要求。     

布地奈德结肠靶向脉冲片的制备及体外释放度研究

目的　制备治疗溃疡性结肠炎药物布地奈德的结肠靶向脉冲片 ,并考察其体外释放特性。方法　采用粉末直接压片法制备速释片芯 ,以EudragitL为材料 ,喷雾包衣法制备结肠靶向脉冲片 ,紫外分光光度法进行体外溶出度测定。结果　按照优化后的处方所制备的脉冲片的体外释药时滞为 (6 .18± 0 .15 )h。结论　本脉冲片达到设计要求 ,体外试验满足结肠靶向和脉冲释药效果。     

粉末直接压片法制备川芎嗪骨架片最佳工艺研究

目的：研制持续释药12h的磷酸川芎嗪骨架片。方法：根据预实验结果，采用正交设计进行处方设计和工艺优化，并用中国药典(2000年版)释放度测定方法测定骨架片的体外释放度。结果：直接压片可得到理想的片型，缓释片体外释药1h释放度为25．0％左右，12h在90．0％以上。12h内释药特性符合Higuchi方程。结论：粉末直接压片法工艺简单可行，骨架片体外释放效果良好。     

毛冬青缓释胶囊的制备

目的 制备膜控释毛冬青缓释微丸胶囊并研究其体外释药性能。方法 用乙基纤维素等辅料包衣材料,以PEG1000为致孔剂,经薄膜包衣制备毛冬青缓释微丸胶囊,并以体外释放度试验来评价。结果 实验表明体外释药符合Higuchi方程,Q=18．415t^1/2 29．649(r=0．9874)。结论 毛冬青缓释微丸具有较好的释药性能,为一种较理想的口服缓释剂型,制备工艺可行。     

双氯芬酸钠壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球的制备和性质简

目的制备双氯芬酸钠微球,获得理想的释药行为。方法以微球的载药量、包封率及体外释药行为评价指标,采用单因素考察确立了最佳处方;结果最佳处方为：壳聚糖分子量为150kD,海藻酸钠：壳聚糖=3：1,药物：空白微球=1：4,吸附时间为12h,吸附温度为37℃,得到药物浓度为5．0mg·ml-1结论以该最佳处方制备的微球,具有均匀的粒径和理想的释药行为。     

复方非洛地平/酒石酸美托洛尔渗透泵控释片的研制

目的制备复方非洛地平/酒石酸美托洛尔渗透泵控释片,并优选最佳处方。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定不同处方制剂累积释药百分率,建立体外评价方法,并通过相似因子和正交设计筛选出最佳处方。结果 渗透泵片的片芯处方、包衣增重是影响释药的主要因素。优化的处方为15 mg聚氧乙烯、45 mg NaCl、11%包衣增重。结论按优化处方制备的渗透泵控释片符合零级释放特征,且两种药物释放同步。     

单硝酸异山梨酯定时脉冲控释片的研究

目的制备单硝酸异山梨酯定时脉冲控释片(ISMN-5-PRT)并考察体外释药的影响因素和家犬体内药动学。方法采用压制包衣技术制备ISMN-5-PRT,考察体外影响因素、释药机理,并进行家犬体内药动学和生物利用度研究。结果硬度、包衣层用量、溶出介质粘度对时滞影响显著。药物除少部分通过扩散释放外,主要是通过包衣层的不断溶蚀、破裂后释放。体外ISMN-5-PRT在约3h后开始释药,4h内释药大于80%;家犬体内定时脉冲释放片和普通片的Tmax分别为5.3±0.4、1.4±0.5h,Camx分别为288±47、302±69ng·ml-1,相对生物利用度为111.5%±8.6%。结论ISMN-5-PRT在体内外均具有脉冲释药特征。     

对乙酰氨基酚温敏凝胶的处方筛选与体外释放研究

目的筛选对乙酰氨基酚温度敏感型原位凝胶处方组成,并对其体外释药进行研究。方法以泊洛沙姆407、泊洛沙姆188为考察因素,以胶凝温度为考察指标,分别用多元线性模型、二次多项式模型描述考察指标和因素之间的数学关系,用中心组合设计-效应面法确定最优处方。采用相似因子法对优化处方与传统栓剂进行体外溶出比较。结果对乙酰氨基酚温度敏感型原位凝胶的最优处方为7.5%药物、21%泊洛沙姆407和18%泊洛沙姆188,胶凝温度为36.2℃。对乙酰氨基酚温敏凝胶与传统栓剂均在45 min内释药达80%,2 h内药物基本释放完全,且释药曲线相似（差异因子f1=2.06%,相似因子f2=68.7%）。结论优化的处方具有适宜的胶凝温度且释药符合要求。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

Diagnóstico ecográfico del neumotórax

The ultrasonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax is based on the analysis of artifacts. It is possible to confirm or rule out pneumothorax by combining the following signs: lung sliding, the A and B lines, and the lung point. One fundamental advantage of lung ultrasonography is its easy access in any critical situation, especially in patients in the intensive care unit. For this reason, chest ultrasonography can be used as an alternative to plain-film X-rays and computed tomography in critical patients and in patients with normal plain films in whom pneumothorax is strongly suspected, as well as to evaluate the extent of the pneumothorax and monitor its evolution.     

Carbohydrate Supplementation during Exercise: Does It Help? How Much is Too Much?

KEY POINTS· Carbohydrate intake during exercise can delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance of prolonged exercise as well as exercise of shorter duration and greater intensity (e.g., continuous exercise lasting about 1h and intermittent high-intensity exercise), but the mechanisms by which performance is improved are different.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.