小儿病毒性脑炎继发癫痫的EEG影像学及临床分析

目的探讨儿童病毒性脑炎继发癫痫(PEE)的脑电图(EEG)及影像学特点,进一步探讨其临床高危因素。方法以明确诊断的34例PEE患儿为观察组,选取同时期就诊的同年龄段病毒性脑炎未继发癫痫(no-PEE)患儿102例为对照组。收集患儿病毒性脑炎(VE)急性期临床资料,并进行随访。结果单因素分析得出2组病脑急性期痫性发作≥2次、癫痫持续状态(SE)、昏迷,EEG癫痫样放电、广泛或弥漫性慢波,影像学单纯皮层受损、皮层及皮层下受损、丘脑基底节受损差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,病毒性脑炎急性期痫性发作≥2次、SE、昏迷、EEG癫痫样放电、影像学皮层及皮层下同时受损差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),为PEE危险因素。2组患儿随访期间智力发育落后差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论病毒性脑炎急性期EEG癫痫样放电、影像学皮层及皮层下同时受损、痫性发作≥2次、SE、昏迷为PEE危险因素。PEE患儿远期多有智力发育落后,应密切随访,及时干预治疗。     

血清硫化氢水平与小儿热性惊厥转为癫痫的相关性分析

目的探讨血清硫化氢(H_2S)水平与小儿热性惊厥及转为癫痫的相关性。方法选取2018年5月至2019年5月我院收治的108例小儿热性惊厥患儿,1年内转为癫痫的27例患儿纳入癫痫组,剩余81例患儿纳入热性惊厥组。选取同期体检健康的86名健康儿童作为健康对照组。检测三组血清H_2S水平,分析其与小儿热性惊厥转为癫痫的相关性。结果癫痫组患儿血清H_2S水平显著低于热性惊厥组和健康对照组(均P0.05)。小儿热性惊厥患儿血清H_2S水平变化与惊厥发作持续时间密切相关,惊厥发生前高热持续时间≥1 h的患儿血清H_2S水平显著低于惊厥发生前高热持续时间1 h的患儿,惊厥发作持续时间15 min的患儿血清H_2S水平显著低于惊厥发作持续时间≤15 min的患儿(均P0.05)。108例小儿热性惊厥患儿1年内癫痫转化率为25.00%。癫痫组与热性惊厥组间年龄、初发惊厥时体温、惊厥发生前高热持续时间、惊厥发作持续时间、合并围生期异常、合并颅脑影像异常、首次发热惊厥1周后EEG异常及血清H_2S水平的差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,血清H_2S水平不是小儿热性惊厥转为癫痫的独立影响因素(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果示,血清H_2S水平与小儿热性惊厥转为癫痫呈负相关(r=-0.637,P=0.012)。结论血清H_2S水平越低,小儿热性惊厥及转为癫痫的可能性越大。     

急性期病毒性脑炎患儿临床特点及对继发癫痫的影响

目的探讨急性期病毒性脑炎(VE)患儿临床特点,并分析影响继发癫痫(SEP)的相关因素。方法收集2014-06—2017-06就诊于郑州大学附属儿童医院的76例急性期VE患儿的临床资料,对患儿临床特点进行统计分析,采用Logistic回归模型分析影响急性期VE后SEP的危险因素。结果76例患儿中21例出现SEP,发生率为27.6%。单因素分析显示,VE后SEP组急性发作时出现癫痫持续状态、发作次数>10次的比例均明显高于非SEP组(P<0.05),急性期后继续服用抗癫痫药物(AEDs)比例明显低于非SEP组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,急性期出现癫痫持续状态(OR=1.570)、发作次数>10次(OR=1.988)是VE后发生SEP的危险因素(P<0.05),急性期后使用AEDs(OR=0.725)是VE后发生SEP的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论VE患儿SEP发生率较高,癫痫持续状态、发作次数>10次是SEP发生的独立危险因素,建议急性期继续予以AEDs以预防SEP发生。     

病毒性脑炎后癫痫的预后及其影响因素

目的探讨病毒性脑炎后癫痫(PEE)的预后及其影响因素。方法对50例病毒性脑炎伴PEE患者进行随访,以从未达到1年无发作为预后差评价指标,观察其预后。收集患者的临床资料,分析影响PEE预后差的危险因素。结果预后差组患者脑炎急性期有意识障碍及脑炎急性期有痫性发作、发作次数10次的比率显著高于预后好组(均P0.01)。年龄、性别、发作类型、脑炎急性期精神障碍、脑炎急性期神经系统缺损、脑炎急性期SE、CSF细胞数增多、EEG异常、头颅CT/MRI异常与预后差无相关性(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,脑炎急性期意识障碍、脑炎急性期发作是PEE患者预后差的独立危险因素(OR=7.269,95%CI:1.22~43.35,P=0.029;OR=22.893,95%CI:4.02~130.43,P=0.000)。结论脑炎急性期意识障碍、脑炎急性期痫性发作是影响PEE预后差的独立危险因素。     

婴幼儿病毒性脑炎脑电图与临床相关性研究

目的 探讨婴幼儿病毒性脑炎的临床与脑电图关系.方法 对42例婴幼儿病毒性脑炎患儿的临床资料及脑电图(EEG)、检查情况进行对比分析.结果 EEG异常40例,异常率95.2%,表现为弥漫性慢波增多,有的出现(NFDCC)样放电;脑脊液异常者,EEG均异常.治疗后EEG异常率大为减少(40.5%),两者比较,P＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.EEG异常程度与临床症状有一定的平行关系.结论 EEG改变与临床症状基本一致,与脑脊液异常具有一定相关性.EEG对协助婴幼儿病毒性脑炎的临床诊断及早期诊断、疗效观察,了解脑功能状况、跟踪随访、评估预后具有重要的参考作用.     

剥夺睡眠脑电图对儿童精神运动性癫痫的诊断价值及其影响因素

目的 研究剥夺睡眠脑电图(EEG)对儿童精神运动性癫痫的诊断价值及其影响因素.方法 对110例常规EEG检查阴性的精神运动性癫痫患儿进行剥夺睡眠EEG检查;比较剥夺睡眠EEG检查阳性与阴性患儿的有关临床资料;并对有关指标作多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 睡眠剥夺EEG检查阳性62例(56.4％)、阴性48例(43.6％).与睡眠剥夺EEG阴性组相比,阳性组有缺氧窒息史的比率显著增高,有发作诱因的比率和癫痫的发作频率明显降低,发作时间明显延长(P ＜0.05 ～0.01).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,发作诱因、发作频率和发作时间是影响睡眠剥夺EEG阳性率的相关因素(P ＜0.05～0.001).结论 剥夺睡眠EEG可提高儿童精神运动性癫痫的诊断率,癫痫的发作诱因、发作频率和发作时间均为影响其阳性率的因素.     

剥夺睡眠脑电图对儿童精神运动性癫痫的诊断价值及影响因素

目的探讨剥夺睡眠脑电图(EEG)在小儿精神运动性癫痫(psychomotor epilepsy,PE)中的临床应用价值及相关影响因素。方法 2012-01—2014-01选取行常规性EEG检查正常的158例PE患儿行剥夺性EEG检查,根据检查结果将PE患儿分为剥夺睡眠EEG阴性组102例以及阳性组56例,分析2组患儿临床资料,并采用Logistic多因素分析影响剥夺睡眠EEG诊断阳性率的相关影响因素。结果剥夺睡眠EEG阳性组癫痫发作频率及有发展诱因的比率低于阴性组,而缺氧窒息史比率高于阴性组,发作时间较长,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。经Logistic多因素分析显示,发作时间、发作诱因、发作频率是影响剥夺睡眠EEG阳性率的独立危险因素。结论对PE患儿应用剥夺睡眠EEG诊断可提高阳性检查率,患儿癫痫发作时间、发作诱因及发作频率可影响剥夺睡眠EEG诊断阳性率。     

儿童重型病毒性脑炎预后的相关因素分析

目的回顾性分析儿童重型病毒性脑炎患者的临床资料,探讨影响其预后的相关因素。方法收集我院2011-03—2014-06儿科病房收治的112例重症病毒性脑炎患儿的临床资料,并在患儿出院后6个月时采用Liverpool预后评分量表评估其预后。根据预后情况将患儿分为痊愈组(n=46)和未愈组(n=62),分析患儿各项临床资料与预后的相关性。结果单因素分析发现,惊厥、偏瘫、合并多脏器损伤、低钠血症、高血糖、EEG中度异常、头颅MRI显示病灶累及幕下或超过2处对SVE预后均有影响(P0.05),为影响SVE预后的因素。患儿性别、年龄、有无发热、意识障碍、低钾血症、脑电图轻度异常、单侧幕上单一病灶对预后均无影响。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,惊厥、低钠血症、高血糖、EEG中度异常、头颅MRI显示病灶累及幕下或超过2处为SVE预后不良的高危因素。合并其他脏器损伤及偏瘫不是预后不良的高危因素。结论儿童SVE患者预后差,严重后遗症发生率及病死率高,严重威胁儿童的生存及生活质量,惊厥、低钠血症、高血糖、EEG中度异常、头颅MRI显示病灶累及幕下或超过2处等因素是儿童重症病毒性脑炎预后不良的高危因素。     

影响小儿重症病毒性脑炎预后的相关危险因素分析

目的观察小儿重症病毒性脑炎的临床特点,探讨影响其预后的危险因素,为临床早期识别重症病毒性脑炎,指导临床治疗及预防提供理论依据。方法选取2012-09—2015-09在我院儿科及重症监护病房住院并首次确诊为重症病毒性脑炎的151例患儿为研究对象。对所有入组患儿进行定期随访,回顾分析入组患者的临床及辅助检查资料。并应用Lo-gistic回归模型分析影响重症病毒性脑炎患儿预后的危险因素。结果重症病毒性脑炎患儿预后良好率为56.2%,预后不良率为43.8%。预后良好组与预后不良组性别、年龄、住院时间、有无发热、意识障碍、合并低钠血症、低钾血症、CSF白细胞数、CSF蛋白量组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);预后良好组发热时间、惊厥及惊厥时间、意识障碍时间显著短于预后不良组,意识障碍程度Glasgow评分显著低于预后不良组,其组间比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);预后良好组脑电图异常、头颅MRI异常情况所占比例低于预后不良组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示发热时间、惊厥时间、意识障碍及意识障碍时间、意识障碍程度、脑电图异常、头颅MRI异常可增加重症病毒性脑炎患儿预后不良的发生风险,是影响重症病毒性脑炎患儿预后的危险因素。其风险比分别为2.59、5.62、2.68、4.59、4.97、11.59、9.74。结论发热时间、惊厥时间、意识障碍及意识障碍时间、意识障碍程度、脑电图异常、头颅MRI异常可增加重症病毒性脑炎患儿预后不良的发生风险,是影响重症病毒性脑炎患儿预后的危险因素。     

新诊断癫痫患者演变为难治性癫痫的发生率及危险因素探讨

目的 调查新诊断癫痫患者中难治性癫痫(Refractory Epilepsy,RE)的发生率,探索早期预测RE的危险因素.方法 以2009年RE新定义为标准,将新诊断癫痫患者分为RE组和非RE组,观察其RE的发生比例;通过单因素和多因素logistic回归分析,比较两组患者的临床特点,探索癫痫患者易发展为RE的预测因素.结果 本研究共收集156例诊断明确、治疗合理的癫痫患者,平均随访5年,其中22例为RE患者,RE发生率为14.10%.单因素1ogistic回归分析显示:部分性发作、多种癫痫发作类型、病程中发作类型改变与RE有关;未发现性别、初次发病年龄、治疗前发作次数、睡眠中发作、隐源性或症状性癫痫、家族史、围产期危险因素史、热性惊厥史、既往脑损伤史、早期智能障碍、脑影像学异常、治疗前及治疗早期EEG异常与RE有关;多因素logistic回归分析显示:部分性癫痫发作(OR=4.13,95%CI 1.54～11.08,P=0.005)、病程中发作类型改变(OR=7.04,95%CI 1.19～41.66,P=0.031)是癫痫患者易发展为RE的预测因素.结论 新诊断癫痫患者演变为RE的机率较低,部分性癫痫发作、病程中发作类型改变的癫痫患者易发展为RE.     

急性病毒性脑炎并发癫癎持续状态的临床研究

目的探讨急性病毒性脑炎并发癫癎持续状态和难治性癫癎持续状态的临床特征及预后影响因素。方法回顾分析26例急性病毒性脑炎并发癫癎持续状态患者癫癎持续状态出现的时间,以及脑脊液、影像学、脑电图变化特点和预后相关影响因素。结果26例患者中15例（57．69％）进展为难治性癫癎持续状态,与非难治性癫癎持续状态患者相比,12例（12／15）于急性病毒性脑炎发病后10d内出现癫癎持续状态;14例（14／15）脑脊液压力升高;7例（7／15）急性期呈弥漫性脑水肿;14例（14／15）脑电图检查显示普遍重度异常;7例（7／15）同时应用≥5种抗癫癎药物;15例患者均伴有并发症,其中14例（14／15）需呼吸机辅助呼吸;住院时间明显延长f（446±336）d];5例死亡。6例难治性癫痈持续状态患者随访2～10年,2例呈植物状态生存;3例为难治性癫癎伴智力减退;1例发作终止,遗留轻度记忆力减退。结论急性病毒性脑炎是导致癫癎持续状态的常见原因,其中近半数患者可进展为难治性癫癎持续状态。危险因素包括疾病早期即出现癫癎持续状态、脑脊液压力升高、急性期脑水肿、脑电图异常等。难治性癫癎持续状态患者病死率高,预后不良。     

EEG in dengue virus infection with neurological manifestations: a clinical and CT/MRI correlation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate electroencephalography (EEG) changes in dengue virus infection and correlate these with clinical, laboratory and CT/MRI changes. METHODS: Consecutive patients with dengue virus infection were prospectively evaluated. A detailed history and clinical examination were carried out. Level of consciousness was assessed by Glasgow Coma scale (GCS). Cranial CT scan or MRI or both were carried out. EEG was carried out within 24h of hospitalization and repeated after 15-30 days. Outcome was defined at 1 month into death, poor, partial and complete recovery. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients aged 5-65 years with dengue virus infection having neurological manifestations were included; of whom six were females. EEG revealed theta to delta slowing in 11 out of 20 patients. Five of these patients had seizures, 12 altered sensorium, 3 hypotension, 9 CSF pleocytosis, 3 moderate to severe liver dysfunction and 2 MRI abnormalities who had Japanese encephalitis virus coinfection. Presence of EEG slowing correlated with altered sensorium and depth of coma but not with outcome. At 1 month, three patients died and 16 had complete, three partial and two poor recovery. CONCLUSIONS: EEG revealed non-specific slowing in 55% patients with dengue virus infection, which correlated with level of consciousness but not with CT/MRI abnormalities or clinical recovery. SIGNIFICANCE: Dengue virus infection results in non-specific EEG slowing in 55% patients, which may be due to dengue virus encephalitis per se or associated confounding variables such as seizure, metabolic encephalopathy, or structural brain lesion.     

A study of CSF catecholamine and its metabolites in acute and convalescent period of encephalitis

AIMS: To evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) catecholamine (CA) and its metabolites in encephalitis patients in acute and convalescent period and correlate these with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with acute encephalitis diagnosed on the basis of clinical, CSF, MRI and virological parameters underwent detailed neurological evaluation including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Dystonia Rating Scale. Cranial MRI was carried out and CSF dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) levels were estimated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The CSF catecholamine levels were compared with convalescent phase as well as with controls. These levels were also correlated with parkinsonian features, dystonia and radiological abnormalities. RESULTS: There were 29 encephalitis patients; whose age ranged between 2 and 65 years, 4 were females and 11 children. 25 patients had Japanese encephalitis (JE) and 4 nonspecific encephalitis. The mean GCS score was 8 and 13 had seizures. Movement disorders were present in 13 patients and included parkinsonian features in 5, dystonia in 1 and combination of both in 7 patients. MRI revealed abnormalities in 15 out of 21 patients and included thalamic lesion in 10, globus pallidus in 4, putamen in 5, caudate in 4 and midbrain in 9 patients. In acute stage NE, DOPAC, 5HT and HVA levels were significantly lower compared to controls. NE levels significantly correlated with dystonia and thalamic lesions. Convalescent CSF study revealed significantly lower levels of DOPAC compared to acute phase. CSF catecholamine levels in encephalitis patients with and without movement disorders were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: In encephalitis, catecholamine and its metabolites are lower in acute and convalescent phase. Norepinephrine level correlates with dystonia and thalamic lesions.     

EEG leading to the diagnosis of limbic encephalitis

Limbic encephalitis is characterized by subacute onset of short-term memory loss, seizures, sleep disturbances, as well as psychiatric and behavioral symptoms. A subgroup is associated with voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies (VGKC-Abs). In many cases, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrates hyperintense areas in the medial part of the temporal lobe. Also, pleiocytosis is frequently found. In this study, we describe a 69-year-old man with VGKC-Abs limbic encephalitis with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, increasing memory deficits, visual hallucinations, depression, and severe insomnia. Brain MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were normal, while the electroencephalogram (EEG) showed bilateral frontal and temporal intermittent rhythmic delta activity with disorganization and slowing of background activity, ultimately leading to the diagnosis of limbic encephalitis. The patient improved markedly after starting immunosuppressive therapy, both clinically and electrophysiologically. In addition to temporal lobe involvement on the brain MRI and CSF inflammation, we propose EEG abnormalities as an additional diagnostic criterion for limbic encephalitis.     

儿童病毒性脑炎急性期脑脊液细胞学分析及其诊断价值

目的探索儿童病毒性脑炎急性期的脑脊液细胞学(CSFC)特点及临床意义。方法对63例病毒性脑炎急性期患儿的CSFC进行分析。采用微型脑脊液细胞玻片离心法收集细胞,MGG染色。结果52.38%患儿脑脊液常规白细胞数增高,而CSFC异常为90.48%,且以淋巴细胞为主的淋巴细胞反应为多见(49.21%)。结论与脑脊液常规相比,CSFC检查对病毒性脑炎的早期诊断有重要的参考价值。     

儿童脑外伤脑电图特征分析

目的探讨脑电图在儿童脑损伤中的应用价值及脑电图诊断标准与儿童伤后智力障碍的相关关系。方法对86例儿童脑外伤后行脑电图检测并给予儿童韦氏智力量表进行评分。结果中、重度异常脑电图的脑外伤患儿有显著的智力下降(P<0.05);对脑电图分级与智力评分采用Spearman秩相关分析,二者呈负相关。结论脑电图可以作为间接了解儿童脑外伤后智力水平的辅助指标。     

Seizures in encephalitis: Predictors and outcome

BackgroundSeizures are common in encephalitis but there is paucity of comprehensive studies evaluating predictors of seizures.AimTo evaluate the frequency and predictors of seizures in encephalitis patients and its effect on outcome.MethodsIn a prospective hospital based study, the patients with encephalitis were evaluated clinically and presence of seizure, its type and duration were noted. Patients’ consciousness was assessed by Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score and neurological findings were recorded. Blood count, serum chemistry, electroencephalography (EEG), cranial MRI and CSF examination were done. The diagnosis of encephalitis was based on ELISA and PCR and grouped into herpes, Japanese, dengue and nonspecific encephalitis. Hospital mortality and 3-month outcome were noted.Results148 patients with encephalitis whose median age was 26 (range 1–75) years were included. Seizures occurred in 63 (42.6%) patients; 18 of whom had status epilepticus. Seizures were more common in herpes (75%) followed by Japanese (54%) encephalitis. The predictors of seizure in encephalitis were age, GCS score and cortical involvement on MRI. 61% children had seizures compared to 36.6% adults and 53.3% with cortical involvement on MRI had seizure compared to 14.3% without. Seizures were not related to mortality but associated with poor outcome.ConclusionIn encephalitis, seizures occur in 42.6% patients especially in children with low GCS score and having cortical involvement on MRI.     

Encephalopathy with continuous spike‐waves during slow‐wave sleep: evolution and prognosis

Encephalopathy with continuous spike‐waves during slow‐wave sleep (CSWS) evolves over time, and three stages can be recognized: before the onset of CSWS, during CSWS, and after the CSWS period. Clinical seizures tend to remit spontaneously around puberty. This pattern is independent of the etiological lesion. The CSWS also disappears in all cases. Focal abnormalities instead, may persist for some time after the disappearance of CSWS. The disappearance of the clinical seizures and CSWS may be simultaneous or seizures may disappear before or after disappearance of the CSWS pattern on the EEG. Electroclinical parameters in the pre‐CSWS period that have been proposed to predict a poor outcome are early‐onset seizures, appearance of new seizures, and a significant increase in seizure frequency. From the electrical point of view, an increase in the frequency of the interictal EEG paroxysms while awake and during sleep and bilateral spike‐and‐wave paroxysms may also be predictive of a poor evolution in CSWS. When CSWS disappears, neurocognitive and behavioral status improve, but in most patients, residual moderate to severe neurocognitive impairments remain. In non‐lesional epilepsy, cognitive recovery after cessation of the CSWS depends on the severity and duration of the initial regression. The duration of the CSWS seems to be the most important predictor of cognitive outcome. Early recognition and effective therapy to reduce the seizures and resolve the CSWS may be crucial to improve long‐term prognosis. Cognitive recovery is observed in patients who respond well to AED treatment and outcome depends on the etiology.