神经源性膀胱并发上尿路损害患者膀胱漏尿点压测定的意义

目的探讨神经源性膀胱并发上尿路损害患者膀胱漏尿点压的变化。方法对33例神经源性膀胱患者先行泌尿系统的B超或静脉肾盂造影检查,再行尿动力学检查的膀胱漏尿点压测定。结果 21例上尿路损害患者中,20例膀胱漏尿点压〉40cmH2O,明显高于正常值。而12例无上尿路损害患者,膀胱漏尿点压均〈40cmH2O。结论神经源性膀胱患者行尿动力学检查的同时应了解膀胱漏尿点压力和膀胱尿道功能,预测上尿路损害的危险因素,避免上尿路损害。     

腰椎间盘突出症术后神经源性膀胱的影像尿动力学评估

目的了解腰椎间盘突出症术后引起的神经源性膀胱的尿动力学表现。方法回顾性分析腰椎间盘突出症术后引起的神经源性膀胱功能障碍25例患者的尿动力学检查结果。以腰椎间盘突出部位将患者分为L4-5和L5-S1两组,以鞍区感觉检查结果分为存在、减弱和消失3组,进行统计分析。结果L4-5及L5-S1两组间,膀胱感觉、膀胱顺应性、膀胱稳定性、膀胱颈开放程度、膀胱容量和尿道压力均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,两组的鞍区感觉也无显著性差异（P=0.51）。膀胱感觉和尿道压力在不同鞍区感觉组之间有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论尿动力学表现似与腰椎间盘突出的病位无关;鞍区感觉情况可能提示膀胱感觉和静息尿道压力的状态。腰椎间盘突出病引起的尿动力表现的神经生理学机制仍待进一步阐明。     

国际功能、残疾和健康分类指导下康复护理对神经源性膀胱病人康复效果的影响

目的:研究国际功能、残疾和健康分类(ICF)指导下康复护理对神经源性膀胱病人的康复效果的影响.方法:选取2017年10月—2019年12月医院收治的80例神经源性膀胱病人为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组、观察组,每组40例.对照组给予常规康复护理,观察组在ICF指导下予以康复护理,比较两组病人膀胱功能、泌尿症状困扰程度、下尿路症状及日常生活能力.结果:干预后观察组病人膀胱压力水平比对照组低,膀胱容量比对照组高,而残余尿量比对照组少,经比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组病人泌尿症状困扰程度(USDS)及下尿路症状(LUTS)评分均比对照组低(P<0.05);观察组病人巴氏指数(MBI)评分为(68.83±14.77)分,高于对照组的(52.28±13.39)分(P<0.05).结论:ICF指导下康复护理应用于神经源性膀胱病人中有助于改善其膀胱功能、泌尿症状困扰程度、下尿路症状,提升病人日常生活能力.     

尿动力学检查在青年男性下尿路症状患者中的应用

目的评价尿动力学检查在青年男性下尿路症状(LUTS)患者中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析189例18~40岁的青年男性下尿路症状患者的尿动力学检查资料.排除有糖尿病史、退行性神经系统疾病、泌尿系统外伤、手术史或急性尿路感染的患者.所有患者均接受多通道的尿动力学检查并对检查前后的诊断进行比较.结果 189例患者平均年龄(29.1±5.6)岁,147例(78%)有潴尿期症状,而121例(64%)有排尿期症状.尿动力学检查前诊断主要有慢性前列腺炎/前列腺痛37例(20%)、神经源性膀胱46例(24%)、膀胱过度活动症63例(33%)和其他43例(23%).104例(65%)患者出现异常尿动力学检查结果,包括膀胱顺应性降低24例(13%),膀胱逼尿肌过度活动87例(46%),逼尿肌-外括约肌协同失调13例(7%),膀胱出口梗阻57例(30%)和逼尿肌活动低下/无收缩32例(17%).结论 青年男性LUTS患者的流行病学病因多种多样;临床诊断和治疗常依靠经验,并不准确;尿动力学检查在评价青年男性LUTS患者中具有重要价值.     

神经源性膀胱的影像学特征及其病因分析（附38例报告）

目的：分析神经源性膀胱的影像学表现及其病因。材料与方法：综合分析38例神经源性膀胱患者静脉肾盂造影和逆行造影影像,并与膀胱检查、尿动力学检查对比,根据影像学表现提出诊断。结果：38例神经源性膀胱可分为2型：痉挛性、弛缓型。结论：在神经源性膀胱的影像检查中,静脉肾盂造影和逆行尿路造影为主要手段,可显示神经源性膀胱及其并发症。CT、MRI可协助发现神经源性膀胱病变。其病因为下尿路贮尿机能障碍或排空机能障碍。     

生物反馈联合电刺激治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱的疗效观察

目的:观察生物反馈联合电刺激对脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱患者膀胱功能的影响。方法:将80例神经源性膀胱患者随机分为2组各40例。2组采用常规间歇式导尿技术并制定饮水计划,观察组加用生物反馈联合电刺激治疗。治疗前后评定2组患者膀胱功能及国际下尿路症候群症状(LUTS)评分。结果:治疗4周后,2组患者每日最大排尿量均较治疗前明显增加(P<0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P<0.05);2组每日平均排尿次数、残余尿量、平均漏尿次数及LUTS评分均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05),且观察组更低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:生物反馈联合电刺激治疗方法对SCI患者神经源性膀胱功能康复的疗效优于常规的膀胱功能治疗训练。     

膀胱变形指数评估神经源性膀胱上尿路损害的初探

目的探讨神经源性膀胱形态变化与上尿路功能损害的关系,提出-膀胱变形指数作为评估的简单指标。方法回顾我院资料完整的神经源性膀胱患者111例:脊髓损伤者56人,脊髓栓系等疾病者55例。按发现肾盂输尿管积水扩张和/或伴有膀胱输尿管返流作为上尿路功能损害诊断指标进行分组分析。结果上尿路损害组膀胱变形指数50%发生率显著高于无上尿路损害组。结论膀胱变形指数可作为神经源性膀胱上尿路功能损害的进展监测、术前评估和术后疗效评定的较敏感指标。     

高压氧联合电针八髎穴对脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者尿动力学的影响

目的：分析高压氧（HBO）联合电针八髎穴治疗对脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者尿动力学的影响。方法：将60例脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者,按随机数字表法分成对照组20例、电针组20例、联合组20例,各组均接受常规膀胱功能训练,电针组增加电针治疗,联合组增加电针治疗及高压氧治疗,分别于治疗前和治疗8周后通过尿流动力学检查及排尿日记评价3组患者的膀胱功能,并进行统计学分析。结果：治疗前3组患者的充盈期逼尿肌压(Pdet)、膀胱顺应性（BC）、最大尿流率(Qmax)、残余尿量（RV）组间差异均无统计学意义。治疗8周后,3组患者BC及Qmax明显高于治疗前(均P＜0.05),Pdet及RV明显低于治疗前(均P＜0.05)。治疗后组间比较,电针组及联合组患者BC及Qmax明显高于对照组(均P＜0.05),Pdet及RV显著低于对照组(均P＜0.05);联合组BC及Qmax明显高于电针组(均P＜0.05),Pdet及RV显著低于电针组(均P＜0.05)。治疗后,3组患者日平均排尿次数、日平均尿失禁次数均明显少于治疗前(均P＜0.05),日平均单次尿量、下尿路症状（LUTS）评分均明显高于治疗前(均P＜0.05)。治疗后组间比较,电针组及联合组日平均排尿次数、日平均尿失禁次数均明显少于对照组(均P＜0.05),日平均单次尿量、LUTS评分均明显高于对照组(均P＜0.05);联合组日平均排尿次数、日平均尿失禁次数均明显少于电针组(均P＜0.05),日平均单次尿量、LUTS评分均明显高于电针组(均P＜0.05)。结论：高压氧联合电针八髎穴治疗能有效改善脊髓损伤神经源性膀胱患者尿动力学及排尿功能,提高生存质量,该方法值得临床推广。     

神经源性膀胱合并上尿路扩张患者尿动力学检查的护理

目的探讨神经源性膀胱合并上尿路扩张患者尿动力学特点及检查过程中的护理配合。方法回顾性分析150例神经源性膀胱合并上尿路扩张患者膀胱功能测定的护理配合要点、检查结果和并发症发生情况。结果上尿路扩张患者多表现为膀胱低顺应性、逼尿肌过度活动、高逼尿肌漏尿点压、相对安全容量显著降低、残余尿量显著增多、膀胱活动低下等,尿动力学检查后患者并发泌尿系感染的风险和严重程度明显增加。结论神经源性膀胱合并上尿路扩张患者行尿动力学检查时需加强相关的护理配合,如严格控制膀胱充盈速度及重复检测次数、及时留置导尿管持续引流尿液或进行清洁间歇导尿、预防性使用抗生素等,以保证检查结果的准确性,并有效预防检查后泌尿系感染的发生。     

督脉穴、夹脊穴电针联合电子生物反馈治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱临床观察

目的:观察督脉穴、夹脊穴电针联合电子生物反馈治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱的临床效果。方法:选取我院收治的60例符合纳入标准的神经源性膀胱的患者随机分组到电针组、生物反馈组、电针生物反馈组。3组患者均接受基础康复治疗,电针组取穴督脉、夹脊穴,生物反馈组进行电子生物反馈治疗,电针生物反馈组在电针组的基础上加上电子生物反馈治疗。4周后观察3组患者的膀胱容量、膀胱充盈压力、最大尿流率、残余尿量,生存质量评分和国际下尿路功能症状评分,盆底肌的肌电指标等指标。结果:3组患者治疗后膀胱容量、膀胱充盈压力、最大尿流率、残余尿量,生存质量评分和国际下尿路功能症状评分,盆底肌的肌电指标等指标与治疗前比较,均有显著性差异(P0.05),且电针生物反馈组疗效优于单一电针组和生物反馈组治疗,差异具有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:督脉、夹脊穴电针联合电子生物反馈能有效治疗脊髓损伤后神经源性膀胱,且疗效优于单一电针治疗或单一生物反馈治疗。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.