改良膀胱全切新回肠膀胱术治疗男性浸润性膀胱癌

目的 探讨根治性全膀胱切除术中保留远端的前列腺包膜及精囊对原位新膀胱功能及勃起功能的影响。方法 对24例男性浸润性膀胱癌患者施行改良根治性全膀胱切除及原位回肠膀胱术：保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，新回肠膀胱与残留前列腺包膜连续缝合；对术后新膀胱的储尿、排尿、控尿功能及患者的勃起功能进行随访和比较。结果 术后病理分期：T2aN0M0 5例，T2bN0M0 9例，T3aN0M0 7例，T3bN1M0 3例。术后随访3—24个月，平均12．7月。无瘤生存22例；带瘤生存2例。新膀胱容量（385±68）mL，最大充盈压（24±16）cmH2O。排尿良好，最大尿流率（18±5）mL／s，剩余尿（35±16）mL；完全控尿22例，夜间尿失禁2例；21例术前勃起功能正常者术后2例发生勃起功能障碍。结论 在改良根治性膀胱全切术中保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，可明显改善患者术后的储尿、排尿、控尿功能和勃起功能，同时可有效防止新膀胱一尿道吻合口狭窄的发生。     

保留前列腺包膜及射精功能的腹腔镜膀胱全切回肠新膀胱术

目的评价保留前列腺包膜及射精功能的腹腔镜膀胱全切回肠新膀胱术的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2008年7月至2010年9月在我院行保留前列腺包膜及射精功能的腹腔镜膀胱全切回肠新膀胱术的男性患者临床资料,共24例,年龄35～72岁,其中19例术前有经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术史。临床病理分期：T2N0M0 15例,T3aN0M0 6例,T3bN0M0 3例。结果本组24例患者均成功施行手术,术中出血量200．700ml,平均360ml。手术时间平均380min。随访7个月一2年,3例出现轻度尿失禁,其余尿控好,11例能完成性交及射精功能,远处转移3例,其中己死亡2例。结论保留前列腺包膜及射精功能的腹腔镜膀胱全切回肠新膀胱术根据我们的早期随访结果疗效满意,明显提高了患者的生活质量。     

Studer原位回肠膀胱术24例报告

目的 总结Studer原位回肠膀胱术治疗膀胱肿瘤的疗效.方法 2003年2月至2006年12月采用膀胱全切Studer原位回肠膀胱术治疗膀胱肿瘤患者24例,患者均为男性,平均年龄60岁,其中移行细胞癌23例,T1 6例、T2 12例、T3 5例,鳞癌1例.术中近端回肠输入袢改为10cm;远端袢完全去管道化后排列成W形,输尿管直接与回肠输入袢的近段端侧吻合.观察随访术后排尿及肾功能等情况.结果 24例手术时间220～330 min,平均270 min术中出血量400～1600ml,平均600 ml.患者围手术期均无严重并发症发生,术后可自行排尿,13例发生遗尿.患者平均随访18个月(3～36个月).2例膀胱剩余尿＞100 ml,合并输尿管轻度扩张;1例术后12个月出现肾功能不全;23例肾功能正常,无电解质紊乱.结论 Studer回肠代膀胱术技术操作相对简单,并发症少,疗效满意.术中一般不做预防性输尿管抗反流处理.     

三孔法完全腹腔镜Studer原位新膀胱术30例临床分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨三孔法完全腹腔镜Studer原位新膀胱术的安全性及疗效。方法2019年3月~2020年10月,对30例男性膀胱癌行三孔法腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除淋巴结清扫术,均保留血管神经束,关闭侧腹膜后,采用三孔法完全腹腔镜Studer原位新膀胱术完成尿流改道。结果手术顺利完成,手术时间(284.1±32.4)min,中位估计失血量100(55~300)ml,中位术后住院时间15(8~22)d。中位淋巴结清扫数目22(11~37)枚,淋巴结阳性1例。pT1N0期10例,pT2aN0期8例,pT2bN0期5例,pT3aN0期6例,pT3aN1期1例。住院期间并发症14例,Clavien-Dindo分级Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级4例。中位随访时间13(3~22)个月,无死亡。术后3个月评估,新膀胱容量(305±63)ml。28例日间自主排尿满意,17例夜间需要定时排尿1~2次。22例随访时间满1年,术后12个月中位国际勃起功能问卷5(IIEF-5)评分14.5(7~23)分。1例因双肾严重积水行输尿管新膀胱再植,1例肿瘤局部复发。结论三孔法完全腹腔镜Studer原位新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌安全可靠,在肿瘤根治、新膀胱容量、男性尿控和性功能恢复等方面效果较满意。     

改良回肠原位膀胱术25例体会

目的探讨改良回肠替代原位膀胱尿路重建术治疗膀胱癌T2a～T3aN0M0期的临床效果. 方法将25例T2a～T3aN0M0期膀胱癌行膀胱全切后,以回肠代膀胱原位尿道吻合. 结果手术时间平均(180±40)min.无严重并发症,无围手术期和术后早期死亡.术后平均随访16(6～48)个月,无复发.术后早期漏尿1例,经引流后治愈;15例发生轻度尿失禁,均恢复尿道排尿.膀胱容量平均(450±100)ml,剩余尿量平均(15±10)ml.2例出现高氯血症. 结论改良回肠原位膀胱术治疗T2a～T3aN0M0期膀胱癌效果好,提高了患者术后的生活质量.     

改良根治性全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术(附9例报告)

目的探讨改良根治性全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术的临床疗效。方法采用改良全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌9例,均为男性,年龄40～64岁,平均55岁。尿路上皮癌8例,按WHO分级标准,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级3例;腺鳞癌1例。肿瘤多发6例,均为尿路上皮癌,肿瘤最大径1.5～11.0cm。TNM临床分期:T2N0M07例,T3N0M01例,T4N1M01例。结果手术时间210～330min,平均260min。术中出血量200～800ml。输血5例,输血量400～600ml。病理分期:T2aN0M05例,T2bN0M01例,T4aN0M02例,T4N2M01例。9例患者术后均获得随访,随访时间10～64个月。7例无瘤生存,肾功能良好;2例术后2年死亡(1例腺鳞癌者死于全身转移,1例死于意外事故)。所有病例白天控尿均良好,夜间控尿良好5例,剩余尿量0～50ml。1例术后出现上尿路扩张积液、肾功能不全,为两侧输尿管末端粘连所致,经内镜下粘连松解后积液消退,肾功能恢复正常。2例年龄<50岁者,术后6个月有阴茎勃起,服用西地那非片可完成性活动。结论改良根治性全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法之一。     

腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除Studer回肠新膀胱术

目的 介绍腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除Studer回肠新膀胱术的方法.方法 膀胱癌患者8例.均为男性,年龄51～69岁,平均57岁.浸润性膀胱癌7例,腺癌1例.临床分期:T27例,T21例.经腹取5个穿刺点,腹腔镜下清扫双侧闭孔、髂内及髂外淋巴结;游离膀胱腹侧,剪开双侧盆筋膜,缝扎阴茎背静脉复合体;游离输精管和精囊,剪开狄氏筋膜,分离前列腺与直肠间隙;分离前列腺尖部尿道,切断尿道,将切下的膀胱和前列腺装入标本袋.下腹正中切口6～8 cm,取出标本,于该切口外距回盲部20 cm处截取45 cm回肠.取远端40 cm段对折,纵行切开对系膜缘肠壁,交叉折叠缝制新膀胱,将双侧输尿管吻合于新膀胱近端未剖开的5 cm肠管上.新膀胱颈部与保留尿道断端间断缝合.结果 8例手术顺利,手术时间 6～8 h,平均7.2 h;出血量200～800 ml,平均420 ml;无中转开放手术者.术后病理分期pT2 6例、pT31例、pT2N2M01例,切缘均为阴性.术后发生右侧输尿管套叠1例,经输尿管镜下还纳松解.8例随访3～12个月,生活质量良好.结论 腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术切11小、出血少,技术可行,Stueder原位膀胱技术简单、输入袢长、术后功能好.     

改良全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术96例报告

目的 总结改良全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌的临床经验。方法 采用改良全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术治疗局部浸润性膀胱癌患者96例，患者均为男性，平均年龄55岁。96例中移行细胞癌91例，WHO分级Ⅲ级39例、Ⅱ级51例、Ⅰ级1例；鳞癌3例；腺癌2例。肿瘤多发92例（移行细胞癌91例、腺癌1例），单发4例（鳞癌3例、腺癌1例）。TNM临床分期T2N0M088例，T3N0M06例，T3N1M02例。统计手术时间、术中出血和输血量，对新膀胱功能、并发症、肿瘤控制和患者生存情况进行随访分析。结果 96例患者无手术死亡，手术时间190～330min，平均260min。术中出血150～1200ml，输血30例。病理分期T1N0M01例，T2N0M089例，T3aN0M、T3aN1M0和L3bN1M0各2例。随访5～58个月，平均31个月。无瘤生存94例，因肿瘤死亡2例。新膀胱白天控尿良好93例（97％），夜间控尿良好80例（83％）。剩余尿量0～80ml者87例，100～250ml者7例。主要并发症：切口裂开3例，二次缝合治愈；输尿管吻合151漏1例，再吻合后治愈；输尿管口狭窄2侧和输尿管口粘连4侧，经内镜下手术纠正；严重肠梗阻3例和慢性酸中毒低钾2例均经内科处理纠正。无严重远期并发症。结论 改良全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术后肿瘤控制满意，严重并发症少，新膀胱控尿良好，患者生活质量高，是目前治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法之一。     

经腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术11例

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术中的应用价值。方法本组11例均为膀胱尿路上皮癌,TNM分期为T2aN0M07例、T3aN0M03例、T3bN0M01例,麻醉选择气管插管全身麻醉,采用五点穿刺法置入腹腔镜,手术方式为根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术。结果本组11例均手术顺利,无一例中转开放。手术时间为5～8h,平均7h;出血150～450ml,平均350ml。术后肠道功能恢复时间为2～5d,2例出现漏尿,均在14d内消失。术后随访时间为6～12个月,平均10个月。所有病例控尿情况均较理想,超声检查均未发现输尿管扩张、肾积水,2例代膀胱残余尿>100ml,均未发现复发及转移。结论根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术是膀胱癌治疗的一种有效方法。目前膀胱癌根治性切除术有开放性手术和经腹腔镜手术两种,与开放性手术比较,经腹腔镜手术虽具有诸多优势,但仍有必要对一些热点问题进行探讨,寻找更为合理的手术步骤、技巧和方法,从而进一步推动该项技术的发展。     

保留部分前列腺外科包膜对原位新膀胱功能的影响

目的　探讨全膀胱切除术中保留远端部分前列腺外科包膜及其周围横纹括约肌对原位新膀胱功能的影响。　方法　对 2 3例男性膀胱癌患者行全膀胱切除并肠道原位新膀胱术。分两组 :①改良手术组 :13例 ,在膀胱切除时保留远端部分前列腺外科包膜及其周围横纹括约肌 ,新膀胱与残留前列腺包膜连续缝合 ;②常规手术组 :10例 ,行常规全膀胱切除 ,新膀胱与后尿道间断缝合。对两组新膀胱术后的控尿和排尿功能进行随访和比较。　结果　术后病理分期 :T2aN0 M0 13例 ,T2bN0 M0 6例 ,T1N0 M0 1例 ,T3aN0 M0 1例 ,T3bN1M0 1例和T4aN0 M0 1例。术后随访 3～ 4 0个月。改良手术组无瘤生存 11例 ;带瘤生存 2例 ,其中 1例为低分化移行细胞癌 ;另 1例为低分化腺癌。 13例新膀胱排尿良好 ,剩余尿 0～ 70ml;完全控尿 12例 ,夜间尿失禁 1例。常规手术组 10例均无瘤生存 ,7例排尿好 ,剩余尿 10～ 10 0ml,3例剩余尿 10 0～ 2 5 0ml,需要不定期间歇导尿 ;完全控尿 7例 ,昼夜尿失禁 1例 ,夜间尿失禁 2例。　结论　保留部分前列腺外科包膜及其周围横纹括约肌可改善原位新膀胱术后患者的排尿和控尿功能。     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.