食管功能检查的临床应用

目的 探讨食管腔内压力测定和２４小时食管ｐＨ监测在临床的应用价值。方法 用上述食管功能检查方法对：（１）胃食管反流性疾病采用内、外科不同治疗方法的比较：（２）鉴别食管源性胸痛;（３）评价抗酸药物的作用;以及（４）胆囊切除术后胃食管功能监测等。结果 通过食管功能检查完成了对上述四项内容的验证和评价,取得了良好的效果。结论 食管腔内压力测定和２４小时食管ｐＨ监测是诊断食管功能性疾病是最敏感和特异的检查     

Esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring to evaluate laparoscopic Lind fundoplication in gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic techniques have provided a new dimension in the correction of functional disorders of the esophagus. Therapeutic success, however, depends on the confirmation of esophageal disease as a cause of the symptoms, on understanding the basic cause of dysfunction and on identifying the surgical patient. This study is a retrospective study of patients submitted to surgery using the Lind procedure for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The purpose of this study is to establish the value of the routine use of esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring in order to select patients and perform pre and postoperative functional evaluation. Forty-one patients (68.3%) had a hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter. The average pressure was 9.2 mm Hg preoperatively and 15.2 mm Hg postoperatively, with an increase of 6.0 mm Hg. This increase was 8.8 mm Hg in hypotonics and 4.3 mm Hg in the normotonics. There was a certain degree of hypomotility of the esophageal body in 14 patients (23.3%) and, of this group, 4 (28.5%) improved postoperatively. Pathological acid reflux was found in 51 cases (85.0%) by pH monitoring. The mean of the preoperative DeMeester score was 31.4, later dropping to 3.2. Esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring are effective methods for revealing the level of functional modification established by anti-reflux surgery and for helping to objectively perform the selection.     

Gastroesophageal reflux during pregnancy: 24-hour esophageal ph monitoring

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs in 30-50% of all pregnancies. The progressive rise in plasma progesterone has been suggested as a possible mediator of GER during pregnancy. Recent advances in technology have made it possible to detect GER through monitoring of esophageal pH for prolonged periods, including sleep. 24-hour pH monitoring is the proper method for diagnosing GER in pregnant women. If 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring is to be a useful diagnostic tool, it must reliably discriminate GER patients despite daily variations in distal esophageal acid exposure. To address this issue, we studied 62 women (30 healthy non-pregnant women without GER symptoms and 32 pregnant women with GER symptoms-heartburn, acid regurgitation) with 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Intrasubject reproducibility of three pH parameters to discriminate the presence of abnormal acid reflux was determined (DeMeester score, Kaye score, circadian one hour diagram for pH < 4). Each patient was interviewed, using a reliable questionnaire detailing individual habits, life style characteristics and symptoms, at four time points during the first, second, third trimesters of pregnancy and post-partum period. Symptoms of GER are common in pregnancy and although GER rarely endangers maternal or fetal health, it can significantly affect patient comfort and quality of life. We conclude: 1. GER is almost constantly present during pregnancy, increasing with gestational age. 2. The most important pH--parameter is DeMcester score. 3. Heartburn disappear after delivery. 4. 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring is the gold standard for measuring acid exposure and is a reproducible test for the diagnosis of GER in pregnancy.     

Esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring in the diagnosis of pulmonary aspiration secondary to gastroesophageal reflux.

Twenty-three consecutive patients who had persistent respiratory symptoms of unexplained etiology were evaluated to determine the presence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and its relationship to their respiratory complaints. Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) pressures and the characteristics of the peristaltic waves in the proximal and distal esophagus were determined. Esophageal acid exposure 5 cm and 20 cm above the LES was measured using a pH probe with two antimony sensors. Aspiration was diagnosed when respiratory symptoms occurred during or within 3 minutes after a reflux episode, recorded at both levels of the esophagus. Based on these criteria, 12 patients were considered nonaspirators (group A), and 11 were categorized as aspirators (group B). Aspirators had: (1) lower LES pressure (6.1 +/- 3.1 versus 12 +/- 4.8 mm Hg, p less than 0.01); (2) decreased amplitude of peristalsis in the proximal esophagus (34 +/- 16 versus 59 +/- 21 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and distal esophagus (46 +/- 25 versus 91 +/- 28 mm Hg, p less than 0.01), and higher incidence of simultaneous, nonperistaltic waves (30% versus 4%); and (3) lower UES pressure (44 +/- 23 versus 74 +/- 38 mm Hg). Impaired peristalsis in aspirators caused a higher acid exposure (11.4% +/- 8.0% versus 1.0% +/- 0.7% of time pH less than 4, p less than 0.01) and delayed clearance (5.5 +/- 6.5 versus 0.7 +/- 0.4 min) in the proximal esophagus. Our study shows that, in patients with respiratory symptoms of unexplained etiology, esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring will identify a subgroup of true aspirators. These patients suffer from a panesophageal motor dysfunction that affects all three barriers to aspiration: the LES, the esophageal "pump mechanism," and the UES.     

经食管床吻合术后对残余食管的压力测定和酸碱度分析

目的 探讨食管癌切除胃经食管床主动脉弓上吻合术后,食管、胃功能改变及胃食管反流的情况.方法 对20例食管中段癌术后3-6个月患者(研究组)及10例正常人(对照组)采用食管胃压力测定及24 h食管酸碱度(pH)监测,并对结果进行分析.结果 (1)研究组各项pH监测指标均明显高于对照组(P《0.01).(2)胃静息压、残余食管静息压及食管上括约肌静息压研究组均高于对照组(P《0.01);残余食管收缩压、食管原发蠕动幅度及食管湿蠕动幅度均低于对照组(P《0.01);食管上括约肌关闭压高于对照组(P《0.01);胃、吻合口及残余食管静息压三处两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(F=3.08,P》0.05).结论 经食管床主动脉弓上食管胃吻合术后,残余食管蠕动功能差,廓酸能力降低;吻合口处不存在高压带,普遍存在胃食管反流现象.     

Ambulatory 24-hour esophageal manometry in the evaluation of esophageal motor disorders and noncardiac chest pain

Standard manometry is currently considered the gold standard for the classification of esophageal motor disorders. We compared the new technique of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal motility monitoring to standard manometry in 108 patients thought to have a primary esophageal motor disorder, assessed the esophageal motor pattern associated with spontaneous noncardiac chest pain, and studied the effect of long esophageal myotomy on circadian esophageal motor function. Standard manometry was found to frequently overestimate and underestimate the severity of esophageal motor abnormalities as compared to 24-hour monitoring. Ambulatory manometry showed a direct correlation of abnormal esophageal motor activity with episodes of noncardiac chest pain in 13 of 26 patients who experienced the symptom during the monitoring period. The abnormal motor activity immediately preceding the pain episodes in these patients was characterized by an increased frequency of simultaneous, double and triple-peaked, high amplitude, and long duration contractions (p less than 0.01). Long esophageal myotomy markedly reduced or eliminated the ability of the esophagus to produce these abnormal contractions (p less than 0.01). These data suggest that ambulatory esophageal motility monitoring allows more precise classification of esophageal motor disorders than standard manometry and identifies abnormal esophageal motor activity associated with noncardiac chest pain that can be abated by long esophageal myotomy.     

经食管床吻合术后对残余食管的压力测定和酸碱度分析

目的探讨食管癌切除胃经食管床主动脉弓上吻合术后，食管、胃功能改变及胃食管反流的情况。方法对20例食管中段癌术后3-6个月患者（研究组）及10例正常人（对照组）采用食管胃压力测定及24h食管酸碱度（pH）监测，并对结果进行分析。结果（1）研究组各项pH监测指标均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。（2）胃静息压、残余食管静息压及食管上括约肌静息压研究组均高于对照组（P〈0．01）；残余食管收缩压、食管原发蠕动幅度及食管湿蠕动幅度均低于对照组（P〈0．01）；食管上括约肌关闭压高于对照组（P〈0．01）；胃、吻合口及残余食管静息压三处两两比较，差异均无统计学意义（F=3．08，P〉0．05）。结论经食管床主动脉弓上食管胃吻合术后，残余食管蠕动功能差，廓酸能力降低；吻合口处不存在高压带，普遍存在胃食管反流现象。     

Computerized 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring and esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the reflux patient. A comparative study.

Ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring and esophagogastroduodenoscopy were performed in 72 patients with symptoms suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux. Additionally, 22 asymptomatic healthy volunteers underwent pH monitoring. In patients with classic reflux symptoms and endoscopic esophagitis, a mean of 5.41 minutes/hour of reflux below pH 4 was found compared to 0.70 minutes/hour in controls (p less than 0.0001). The mean number and duration of reflux events in this group were 1.51 events/hour and 4.0 minutes/event, compared with 0.31 events/hour and 2.26 minutes/event in volunteers (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.01). A new system for ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring is presented using a pH-sensitive radiotelemetry pill or a pH probe and computerized methods for ambulatory data collection, analysis, and storage. An overall sensitivity of 76% was obtained with a 91% selectivity for detection of acid reflux in 51 patients having classic symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Ambulatory pH monitoring was positive for acid reflux in seven of 11 patients with normal endoscopic findings. Conversely, eight of 12 patients with normal pH monitoring had endoscopic esophagitis. In 19 patients presenting with atypical symptoms or previous gastric surgery, endoscopic findings were normal in 15. Nine of these 15 were identified as acid refluxers by pH monitoring. A combined approach using both pH monitoring and endoscopy is warranted for maximal detection and quantification of disease. A clear clinical role for pH monitoring is seen in the early diagnosis of acid reflux, particularly in patients having normal endoscopic findings with nonspecific gastrointestinal complaints or previous gastric operations.     

Selective use of esophageal manometry and 24-Hour pH monitoring before laparoscopic fundoplication

BACKGROUND: Preoperative esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring commonly are used in preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing fundoplication. Here we review our experience with the selective preoperative workup of patients undergoing fundoplication to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease. STUDY DESIGN: A series of 628 consecutive antireflux procedures was reviewed. History and physical examination, upper endoscopy, and upper gastrointestinal videofluoroscopy were obtained preoperatively on all patients; the first 30 patients also underwent esophageal manometry and pH monitoring (routine evaluation group). Thereafter, pH monitoring only was performed for atypical reflux symptoms, and manometry only was performed for a history of dysphagia, odynophagia, or for abnormal motility on videofluoroscopy (selective evaluation group). All patients underwent a laparoscopic floppy Nissen fundoplication, and then endoscopy and fluoroscopy at 3 months and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Eighty-five of the patients in the selective evaluation group (14%) required manometry, and 88 (15%) underwent pH monitoring. Eighteen of the 115 patients who underwent manometry (16%) had evidence of dysmotility. None of these 18 patients had increased dysphagia postoperatively; 8 of 18 reported improvement with swallowing. Five patients in the selective group (0.8%) had persistent postoperative dysphagia caused by technical error (four patients) or with no identifiable cause (one patient). The estimated charge or collection reduction with use of the selective evaluation was 1,253,100 US dollars or 395,000 US dollars, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Selective use of manometry and pH monitoring was cost effective and safe in this series. Although esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring might be necessary with abnormal findings on videofluoroscopy or atypical symptoms, in our experience, their routine use is not essential in preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease.     

食管测压及24小时食管pH监测的临床应用

目的　对 95例食管测压及 2 4小时食管 p H监测患者的结果进行总结分析。　方法　采用 SG- 型消化道压力检测仪进行食管测压及 MK- 型胃肠动态 p H监测仪行 2 4小时食管 p H监测 ,其中 4 4例发作性胸痛同步进行 2 4小时 Holter监测。　结果　 13例贲门失弛缓症患者术前和术后食管末端括约肌压力和 2 4小时 p H监测De Meester评分差别有显著性意义 ( P<0 .0 1) ;4 4例发作性胸痛中明确为弥漫性食管痉挛 10例 ,异常酸反流 19例 ,可疑为心源性胸痛 2例 ,13例未能明确原因 ;食管癌切除食管胃底包套吻合术后 2 3例吻合口均有一高压区 ( 13.5 3±3.17mm Hg) ,15例有异常反流 ( De Meester评分为 97.5 8± 73.2 9) ;4例食管裂孔疝中有 3例存在严重胃食管反流而行手术治疗。　结论　食管测压及 2 4小时 p H监测对食管功能性疾病的诊断及某些食管手术效果的判定有重要意义。     

High-resolution impedance manometry and 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance with pH testing before and after sleeve gastrectomy: de novo reflux in a prospective series

BackgroundLaparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is increasingly popular but concern regarding its effect on gastroesophageal reflux disease remain. The current literature is conflicting, and there have been little objective data.ObjectivesTo objectively and more accurately assess the impact of SG on esophago-gastric physiology.SettingCentre of Excellence in Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Private Hospital, Australia.MethodsProspective cohort study of 31 patients undergoing SG with high-resolution impedance manometry (HRM), 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance combined with pH testing (MII-pH), and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptom Assessment Scale (GSAS) questionnaire 1 month before and 6 months after SG.ResultsThere were 31 patients that underwent SG, 20 with synchronous hiatal repair and fixation, and 6 that were excluded. HRM demonstrated significantly increased intragastric pressures (15.5–29.6 mm Hg) and failed swallows (3.1–7.5%) but no other change in esophageal motility. MII-pH did not demonstrate significant changes in acid exposure time (8.5%–7.5%) or number of reflux episodes, although the numbers of long reflux episodes (2.3–4.7) and weak acid reflux episodes were significantly increased (15.4–55.2). DeMeester and GSAS scores were not significantly changed. There was no significant difference in patients with preexisting reflux. However, for patients without preexisting reflux, acid exposure time increased significantly (1.3%–6.7%), as did DeMeester scores (5.8–24.5) and the numbers of long reflux episodes (.1–4.4) and weakly acidic episodes (22.1–89.2).ConclusionSG was associated with increased intragastric pressures, without changes in esophageal motility or acid exposure. For patients without preexisting reflux, there were increases in acid exposure time, long reflux episodes, weakly acidic reflux episodes, and DeMeester score.     

Technique and experience with 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring in children.

The technique and scoring system of 24-hr pH esophageal monitoring has been modified to evaluate gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children. The data from two pediatric controls and five clinical cases are presented and compared to normal adult values. This test has better objectivity, precision, sensitivity, and reliability than contrast studies, endoscopy, esophageal biopsy, acid perfusion, or acid reflux tests. The 24-hr pH monitoring assists the evaluation of sphincter maturation, pulmonary disease, and the significance of body position. With more experience, this technique could identify children at risk fo developing severe complications of reflux esophagitis and aid in the selection of candidates for surgical intervention.     

Computerized identification of pathologic duodenogastric reflux using 24-hour gastric pH monitoring.

Duodenogastric reflux is a naturally occurring sporadic event, the incidence, occurrence, and detrimental effects of which have been difficult to assess. The reliability of 24-hour gastric pH monitoring to detect duodenogastric reflux was studied. Central to the use of pH monitoring for this purpose is confidence in its ability to measure and display pH data in a way that reflects changes in the gastric pH environment with sufficient sensitivity. To test this the gastric pH of 10 dogs was measured in the fasting state, after feeding, and after pentagastrin stimulation. The antrum was more alkaline in the fasting state (p less than 0.01) and the display of data by frequency distribution graph was sensitive enough to reflect induced pH changes. To test the consistency of gastric pH at a given position, simultaneous 24-hour gastric monitoring was performed in 12 normal subjects with two probes placed at either 5 or 10 cm below the lower esophageal sphincter. Only at the 5-cm position did the two probes read within 1 pH unit of each other more than 90% of the time. Based on these principles, gastric pH monitoring was performed 5 cm below the lower esophageal sphincter in 30 normal subjects and 11 patients, fulfilling Ritchie's clinical criteria for pathologic duodenogastric reflux. The data obtained was arranged into 71 variables and subjected to discriminant analysis. Sixteen variables were identified, each with a corresponding coefficient to be used as a multiplier to derive a score. A score of more than +2.2 indicated a high probability of pathologic duodenogastric reflux. The test was applied to a validation population consisting of 10 additional normal subjects and 10 patients meeting Ritchie's criteria. All normal subjects had a normal score and all but one (90%) of the patients had an abnormal score. When compared to O-diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid (DISIDA) scintigraphy in another group of 22 normal subjects and 60 patients, 24-hour gastric pH monitoring was superior in the detection of pathologic duodenogastric reflux. The study shows how the application of computer technology can be used to diagnose pathologic duodenogastric reflux in patients with complex foregut complaints.     

食管动力学及24h食管pH检测在食管外科中的应用——单科室28年经验

目的 总结在食管外科应用食管动力学及24 h食管pH检查的经验.方法 1982年至2009年在不明原因胸痛的诊断及新术式对食管功能的评价等多领域应用食管动力学及24 h食管pH检测.结果 不明原因的胸痛病人中70.4%(74/105例)符合食管源性胸痛诊断.360°胃底折叠可长期保持食管末端括约肌压力(LESP).经腹Heller手术加部分胃底折叠的贲门失弛症病人仅少数术后酸反流.侧侧吻合较传统手工吻合食管上括约肌不松弛及咽部"肩峰波"的比例更低,吻合口收缩压峰值更低,而且颈部吞咽不适感在侧-侧吻合组中较手工吻合组发生率更低.下咽癌切除后采用双侧颈阔肌皮瓣重建全周性颈部食管缺损病例中,食管入口部位仍有一高压区,但显著低于正常人食管上括约肌.食管癌切除、胃食管高位吻合病人幽门括约肌捏断前胃窦收缩压非常显著高于基线收缩压和捏断后收缩压.孤立性幽门收缩波(isolated pyloric pressure wave)的峰压值、频率及持续时间在捏断后较捏断前明显降低.结论 食管动力学及24 h食管pH检查对诊断食管功能性疾病及新术式的评价非常重要.

Abstract：

Objective To retrospectively review the experience of esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring in esophagus surgery. Methods From 1982 to 2010, patients with unspecific chest pain and undergone esophageal surgery were received esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring. Results Among the patients with unspecific chest pain, 70.4%(74/105) were diagnosed as esophageal origin. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) can be continuously maintained by using 360° fundoplication. Only a minority of patients who underwent transabdominal esophagocardiomyotomy and partial posterior fundoplication had acid reflux postoperatively. Incidence rate of achalasia of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and pharyngeal "shoulder wave" in side-to-side stapled anastomosis is significantly lower than in traditional hand-sewn anastomosis,as well as contractive pressure in anastomosis region and occurrence of swallow discomfortableness. There is a high pressure region at the esophageal entrance in patients with bilateral platysma muscle flap for cervical esophagus defect following removal of hypopharynx cancer. And the pressure of the region is significantly lower than in healthy controls. Basal pyloric pressure and peak pressure of pylorus in phase Ⅲ of the migrating motor complex increased significantly after gastric conduit was made and anastomosed, but decreased appreciably following pyloric digital fracture. Peak pressure, frequency and duration time of isolated pyloric pressure wave ( IPPW ) decreased after pyloric digital fracture significantly. Conclusion Esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring are important tools for and diagnosing unspecific chest pain and evaluating the outcome of new surgical procedures.     

食管动力学及24小时食管pH监测在胸痛诊断中的意义

目的探讨食管动力学、24小时食管pH及24小时动态心电图监测对反复发作性胸痛的诊断价值. 方法对46例反复发作胸痛的患者进行食管动力学检测、24小时食管pH及24小时动态心电图监测,根据检查结果,给予相应治疗,并观察近期效果.结果 46例患者中发现非特异性食管功能障碍24例,其中伴有胃食管反流14例、心肌缺血4例;贲门失弛缓症5例,其中伴有胃食管反流1例;弥漫性食管痉挛4例,其中伴有胃食管反流4例、心肌缺血2例;胡桃夹食管(nutcracker esophagus)1例.结论对反复发作性胸痛患者联合食管测压、24小时食管pH和24小时动态心电图监测有助于食管源性及心源性胸痛的诊断,而且对其鉴别诊断亦有帮助.     

Intraoperative esophageal manometry and early postoperative esophageal pH monitoring in children

Intraoperative esophageal manometry has not been correlated with early postoperative extended esophageal pH monitoring (EEpHM) in children with gastroesophageal reflux. Twenty-seven children were studied with the following design: (1) abnormal preoperative EEpHM; (2) intraoperative measurement of lower esophageal high pressure zone (LEHPZ) pressure and length prior to and upon completion of an antireflux procedure; and (3) EEpHM seven to ten days postoperatively. Sixteen had a Nissen or modified Thal fundoplication and eleven a Boerema gastropexy. The postoperative EEpHM was normal in patients with fundoplication regardless of the increase in LEHPZ pressure (-4 to 36 mmHg) or length (0 to 2.5 cm). Four of the patients (36%) who had a gastropexy had abnormal EEpHM. The postoperative frequency of reflux was related inversely to the elevation of LEHPZ pressure (-3 to 39 mmHg), but not to the LEHPZ length (0 to 4.5 cm). Duration of reflux was independent of observed intraoperative manometric changes. In conclusion, early postoperative EEpHM in children having a gastropexy correlates with intraoperative increases in the LEHPZ pressure. There is no such correlation in children having a fundoplication procedure.     

Gastroesophageal and pharyngeal reflux detection using impedance and 24-hour pH monitoring in asymptomatic subjects: Defining the normal environment

Airway symptoms are often caused by aspiration of refluxed materials into the larynx. In this study we sought to define the frequency, character, and proximal extent of refluxed contents — including nonacid reflux—in normal subjects using intraluminal impedance to improve our understanding of the relationship between reflux and aspiration. Ten subjects, who had no symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease or airway disease, underwent impedance/pH monitoring with a catheter that allowed simultaneous esophageal and pharyngeal monitoring. Impedance detected 496 gastroesophageal reflux episodes in the 10 subjects during 240 hours of study. The majority, 399 (81% of the total) were acid reflux episodes (pH<4). Ninety-seven were nonacid (pH>4).Most reflux episodes (348 of 496) reached the mid esophagus (9 cm above lower esophageal sphincter). There were 51 reflux episodes that reached the pharynx (PR). Only 13 (25%) of PR were acidic (pH < 4), while 38 were nonacid. Twenty-six PR episodes were liquid and 25 were mixed (liquid and gas). The median number of PR episodes measured with impedance was 5 (0-10). In asymptomatic subjects, most episodes of gastroesophageal reflux are acidic and reach the midesophagus. Reflux into the PR appears to be more common than previously believed, and most of these episodes are not acidic. Thus, traditional 24-hour pH monitoring may underestimate the presence of pharyngeal reflux. The combination of impedance with pH monitoring markedly enhances our ability to accurately detect potential microaspiration. Presented at the Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, May 15–19, 2004, New Orleans, Louisiana.