鼻黏膜中Toll样受体5的表达

目的研究鼻黏膜中Toll样受体5(Toll-likereceptor-5,TLR-5)的表达以了解TLR-5在鼻黏膜天然免疫中的作用。方法鼻息肉和下鼻甲组织从接受鼻内镜手术治疗的慢性鼻及鼻窦炎和鼻中隔偏曲患者取得。应用免疫组化法检测17例鼻息肉和13例下鼻甲黏膜中TLR-5蛋白的表达,应用实时荧光定量RT-PCR(real-time fluorescentquantitative RT-PCR,real-time FQ-RT-PCR)检测14例鼻息肉和9例下鼻甲黏膜中TLR-5 mRNA的表达。结果在所有标本中均检测到TLR-5 mRNA和蛋白表达。免疫组化显示TLR-5蛋白主要表达于鼻黏膜上皮细胞和腺体上皮细胞。在细胞核和细胞浆中均有表达。在鼻黏膜上皮,染色最强的区域位于黏膜上皮表面一侧的细胞膜和细胞核。另外在间质单核样炎症细胞及NK细胞也有表达。鼻息肉组织中TLR-5蛋白表达指数5.529±0.653较下鼻甲2.346±0.619增高,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.107,P=0.002)。结论本次研究确认了TLR-5在鼻黏膜和鼻息肉组织的表达,鼻息肉组织中TLR-5表达的增高可能与鼻息肉内持续的炎症状态有关。提示TLR-5有可能成为鼻息肉、慢性鼻及鼻窦炎一个新的治疗靶点。     

Toll样受体mRNA在鼻息肉中的表达及意义

目的探讨Toll样受体-2(Toll-like receptor2,TLR-2)及Toll样受体-4(Toll-like receptor-4,TLR-4)mRNA在鼻息肉中的表达,分析TLR-2和TLR-4在鼻息肉发病中的作用。方法应用核酸分子原位杂交技术检测25例鼻息肉患者和20例鼾症患者下鼻甲中TLR-2和TLR-4 mRNA的表达。结果TLR-2和TLR-4 mRNA在25例鼻息肉中均有表达,且分别与对照组间差异有显著性意义。结论TLR-2和TLR-4在鼻息肉中高表达,表明感染性因素仍然是鼻息肉发病中的重要因素。     

Toll样受体在真菌性鼻及鼻窦炎的表达及意义

目的研究Toll样受体2(Toll—like receptor 2,TLR2)和Toll样受体4(Toll—like receptor 4,TLR4)在真菌性鼻及鼻窦炎(fungal rhinosinusitis,FRS)患者鼻黏膜中的表达,并探讨其在FRS发病中的可能作用。方法采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应和免疫组化SP法分别检测24例FRS、24例慢性鼻及鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis,CRS)和15例鼻中隔偏曲手术患者正常下鼻甲鼻黏膜中TLR2和TLR4 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平。结果TLR2和TLR4 mRNA在FRS组的表达水平(0.208±0.063和0.1 59±0.059)明显低于CRS组(0.505±0.097和0.406±0.102)和鼻中隔偏曲患者组(0.327±0.047和0.232±0.088,P均<0.05)。FRS组TLR2和TLR4蛋白的阳性表达率明显低于CRS组和鼻中隔偏曲组(P<0.05)。结论TLR2和TLR4在FRS中表达下调,提示Toll样受体介导的天然免疫在鼻黏膜抗真菌防御反应中作用下降,是引起鼻黏膜真菌清除率下降和真菌易感性增加的原因之一。     

Toll样受体4mRNA在慢性鼻窦炎儿童扁桃体组织及外周血单核细胞的表达

目的 观察Toll样受体-4 (Toll-like receptor-4,TLR-4) mRNA在慢性鼻窦炎儿童扁桃体组织及其外周血单核细胞表达水平.方法 应用RT-PCR法检测20例慢性鼻窦炎、20例变应性鼻炎和20例无鼻部疾病正常儿童的肥大扁桃体组织及其外周血单核细胞TLR-4 mRNA表达水平,分析TLR-4表达水平与扁桃体增殖的相关性.结果 慢性鼻窦炎患儿扁桃体组织及外周血单核细胞均有TLR-4 mRNA表达,显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01),却显著低于变应性鼻炎组(P＜0.01).结论 儿童扁桃体组织及外周单血核细胞均有TLR-4表达,以慢性鼻窦炎患儿扁桃体组织表达水平最高.     

Toll样受体2和Toll样受体4在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎中的表达及意义

目的：通过检测天然免疫因子Toll样受体2（TLR2）和Toll样受体4（TLR4）在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎不同临床分型以及对照组中的表达情况,探讨TLR在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎发病机制中的作用。方法：采用免疫组织化学方法分别检测TLR2和TLR4在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉组（A组,21例）,慢性鼻-鼻窦炎无鼻息肉组（B组,15例）,复发性慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉组（C组,11例）及对照组（D组,13例）中的表达情况。显微镜下计数阳性细胞表达情况,等级资料采用Mann-Whitney U进行统计分析,组间用单因素的方差进行统计分析。结果：1TLR2和TLR4有相同的表达特点,主要表达部位集中在上皮基膜全层、腺体细胞的细胞质及极少数炎性细胞,如单核细胞和浆细胞的细胞质,偶有不明细胞的细胞核阳性表达;2A、B、C、D组鼻腔黏膜组织中TLR2的表达分别为10.18±16.80、27.00±12.07、7.55±14.69、9.40±17.83,A、C、D组与B组比较,均差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）;3A、B、C、D组鼻腔黏膜组织中TLR4的表达分别为11.30±19.22、36.02±17.75、8.51±9.22、7.75±4.49,A、C、D组与B组比较,均差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。结论：鼻腔黏膜上皮能产生天然免疫因子TLR2和TLR4;TLR2和TLR4在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎各临床表型中的差异性表达提示其在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的发病中发挥了一定作用。     

VEGF在伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎中的表达及克拉霉素对其的调节作用

目的：探讨血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎（CRSwNP）患者鼻黏膜中的表达及克拉霉素对其的调控作用。方法：收集16例CRSwNP组织及21例单纯鼻中隔偏曲患者下鼻甲黏膜,采用实时定量RT-PCR方法检测样本中VEGF的表达。另外收集10例伴鼻息肉的慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉组织及5例单纯鼻中隔偏曲患者下鼻甲黏膜,采用体外组织块培养及ELISA方法,观察克拉霉素对VEGF表达的调节作用。结果：①VEGF mRNA在CRSwNP组的表达较对照组增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;②经克拉霉素刺激前后比较,CRSwNP组织中VEGF蛋白的表达量下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：CRSwNP组织中VEGF的表达显著升高,推测VEGF在鼻息肉的发病机制中具有极其重要的作用。克拉霉素可能通过抑制VEGF的表达而达到治疗慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的作用。     

TLR2和TLR4在慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉中的表达及临床意义

目的检测Toll样受体2(toll-like receptor 2,TLR2)和Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)蛋白在慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉黏膜组织中的表达,并探讨其在鼻窦炎鼻息肉发病机制中的作用。方法采用免疫组织化学技术检测62例鼻窦炎鼻息肉黏膜组织中TLR2和TLR4蛋白的表达和分布,同期选取5例正常筛窦黏膜组织进行对照。按照1997年海口制定的"慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉临床分型分期及鼻内镜下鼻窦手术疗效评定标准"将其分组,比较各组间TLR2和TLR4表达程度的差异。结果①TLR2、TLR4主要表达在鼻腔黏膜上皮细胞、固有层炎性细胞及黏膜下层腺体的胞浆和胞膜上。②慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉各型各期均较对照组高;并且随着分型的升高,TLR2、TLR4的表达量也随之增加,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 TLR2和TLR4在鼻窦炎鼻息肉中的表达可能与鼻窦炎鼻息肉的发病机制存在着一定的相互关联,TLR在该机制中可能扮演重要角色。     

Toll样受体及其传导通路在慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉中的表达

目的：探讨Toll样受体（TLRs）及其传导通路在慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉组织中的表达及意义。方法：慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉及正常对照组各10例分别抽提RNA,逆转录成eDNA后扩增cRNA并标记,采用SuperArray第2代功能分类芯片技术检测TLRs及其传导通路表达,化学发光的芯片图像通过X胶片和台式扫描仪获得。使用GEArray表达分析配套软件进行完整的芯片数据分析。结果：与正常对照组织相比,鼻息肉组织中表达上调2倍的基因有4条,表达下调2倍的基因有15条。结论：TLRs及其传导通路在慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉组织与正常鼻黏膜中的表达差异提示天然免疫在慢性鼻窦炎发病中发挥一定的作用。TLR9及其激动剂在慢性鼻窦炎发病及治疗中的作用需进一步研究。     

p38在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎和鼻息肉中的表达及意义

目的探讨p38在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎、鼻息肉以及正常下鼻甲黏膜组织中的表达及对免疫学细胞因子的影响。方法分别采用Western blot法、ELASE法检测p38、IL-4和IFN-γ在20例慢性鼻-鼻窦炎组织（实验组1）、20例鼻息肉组织（实验组2）和15例正常下鼻甲黏膜中的表达（对照组）,比较它们在不同组织中表达的差异;分析p38与IL-4、IFN-γ的相关性。结果①p38在两实验组间的表达差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但均高于对照组（P<0.05）;②IL-4只在鼻息肉组表达高于对照组（P<0.05）;③IFN-γ在实验组的表达均高于对照组（P<0.05）,且以慢性鼻窦炎组更显著（P<0.05）;④在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎组,p38与IFN-γ呈正相关,而在鼻息肉组p38与IL-4呈正相关。结论①IL-4、IFN-γ在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎组与鼻息肉组表达优势不同;②p38 MAPK高表达可能会促进T细胞向Th1、Th2两方面分化;③慢性鼻-鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的炎症反应过程不尽相同。     

转化生长因子β受体Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎和鼻息肉组织中的表达

目的:探讨转化生长因子β受体(TGFβR)Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎、鼻息肉及正常下鼻甲组织中表达的差异性,以及Ⅰ、Ⅱ型受体在慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉发病机制中可能的作用。方法:采用免疫组织化学方法检测TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ在25例慢性鼻-鼻窦炎、21例鼻息肉、17例下鼻甲组织中的表达,并比较TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎、鼻息肉、正常下鼻甲组织中表达的差异。结果:TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ表达的平均灰度值在正常下鼻甲黏膜分别为175.78±7.06、165.00±1.79;在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎组织中分别为147.33±8.15、147.77±4.62;而在鼻息肉组织中分别为125.91±11.26、129.82±1.46。慢性鼻-鼻窦炎及鼻息肉组织中TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ的表达均比正常下鼻甲黏膜中的表达高,均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01);且TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ在鼻息肉组织中的表达比在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎病变黏膜中的表达高,均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论:TGFβRⅠ、TGFβRⅡ在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎、鼻息肉组织中具有不同的表达水平及分布特点,提示其可能在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的发生发展过程中发挥不同的作用。     

Hormonal receptors and vascular endothelial growth factor in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: immunohistochemical and tissue microarray analysis

Conclusion: This work demonstrated that juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNAs) express high levels of hormone receptors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared with normal nasal mucosa. The interaction between hormone receptors and VEGF may be involved in the initiation and growth of JNA. Objectives: JNA is a rare benign tumor that occurs almost exclusively in male adolescents. Although generally regarded as a hormone-dependent tumor, this has not been proven in previous studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of hormone receptors in JNA and the relationship with clinical characteristics. Methods: Standard immunohistochemical microarray analysis was performed on 70 JNA samples and 10 turbinate tissue samples. Specific antibodies for androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), estrogen receptor-β (ER-β), progesterone receptor (PR), and VEGF were examined, and the relationships of receptor expression with age, tumor stage, and bleeding were evaluated. Results: Results showed that JNA expressed ER-α (92.9%), ER-β (91.4%), AR (65.7%), PR (12.8%), and VEGF (95.7%) at different levels. High level of VEGF was linked to elevated ER-α and ER-β. There was no significant relationship between hormonal receptors and age at diagnosis, tumor stage or bleeding. However, overexpression of ER-α was found to be an indicator of poor prognosis (p = 0.031).     

Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 (TLR-2, TLR-3 and TLR-4) are expressed in the microenvironment of human acquired cholesteatoma

Human toll-like receptors (TLR 1-10) are crucial in the induction and activation of innate immunity in the course of an infection. They are expressed mainly on the cells of the immune system, and also on some epithelia and endothelia. Their ligands so called pathogen associated molecular patterns are abundant on invading microbes. TLR-ligand binding results in cell signal transduction and subsequent production of various proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α. Acquired cholesteatoma is formed during chronic otitis media in the proportion of cases. It has adverse effects on ear structures, resulting in osteolysis and bone resorption. Its formation and pathogenesis are not fully understood. The current study attempted to search the possible role of TLRs in this somewhat awkward pathological condition. Surgical specimens of human acquired cholesteatoma (n=15) and normal external auditory canal skin (n=5, control tissues) were tested by immunohistochemistry for the presence of TLRs. Three TLRs were examined: TLR-2, TLR-3 and TLR-4. All TLRs tested were demonstrated in matrix (layer of keratinizing epithelium) and perimatrix (granulation tissue) of this inflammatory tumour. Expression of particular TLRs within the keratinizing epithelium was distinct and uneven. In the perimatrix, numerous T (CD3⁺) cells were seen and relatively few macrophages (CD11c⁺, HLA-DR⁺). There was a weak expression of all TLRs on normal (non-inflammatory) skin. Expression of TLR-3 both on the epithelium and some cells within the perimatrix and the presence of T cells may suggest that apart from innate immune responses, mechanisms of adaptive immunity also operate in cholesteatoma. Weak expression of these receptors on normal skin may also suggest the important role of TLRs in the etiopathogenesis of cholesteatoma.     

Toll样受体在慢性化脓性中耳炎和中耳胆脂瘤中的差异表达及其意义

目的 检测Toll样受体2( toll-like receptor 2,TLR2)和Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)在慢性化脓性中耳炎、中耳胆脂瘤中的表达,探讨其在慢性化脓性中耳炎和中耳胆脂瘤发病中的作用.方法 选取耳硬化症患者(对照组)、慢性化脓性中耳炎患者(化脓性中耳炎组)、中耳胆脂瘤患者(中耳胆脂瘤组)各30例,应用实时定量聚合酶链反应( real-time PCR)、蛋白质印迹法( Western blot)、免疫组化检测TL R2/TLR4在正常外耳道皮肤,慢性化脓性中耳炎黏膜、肉芽组织,中耳胆脂瘤患者黏膜、肉芽组织及胆脂瘤囊壁中的表达,并比较表达程度的差异.结果 ①TLR2/TLR4mRNA及蛋白质在正常外耳道皮肤,慢性化脓性中耳炎中耳黏膜、肉芽组织,胆脂瘤的中耳黏膜、肉芽组织及胆脂瘤囊壁均有表达.②TLR2/TLR4 mRNA及其蛋白质在慢性化脓性中耳炎及胆脂瘤黏膜中的表达均高于正常外耳道皮肤(P值均＜0.05),在胆脂瘤囊壁中的表达低于正常外耳道皮肤(P值均＜0.05),两组黏膜中TLR2/TLR4的表达差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).③TLR2/TLR4mRNA及蛋白质在两组中耳炎肉芽组织中的表达均高于正常外耳道皮肤(P值均＜0.01),且TLR2mRNA在中耳胆脂瘤肉芽组织中的表达高于慢性化脓性中耳炎(P＜0.05).④TLR2/TLR4阳性细胞主要分布在肉芽组织中,且明显多于正常外耳道皮肤,但胆脂瘤囊壁中的阳性细胞少于正常外耳道皮肤.结论 TLR2和TLR4在正常外耳道皮肤、慢性化脓中耳炎及中耳胆脂瘤中均有表达,提示中耳具有TLR2、TLR4参与调节的固有免疫系统,但二者的差异性表达也提示其在慢性化脓性中耳炎和中耳胆脂瘤的发病中所起的作用不同.     

Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 and Their Mutations in Patients with Otitis Media and Middle Ear Effusion

Objectives

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infections and they can directly induce innate host defense responses. TLR 2 has been shown to be primarily involved in the recognition of peptidoglycans and lipoteichoic acid of gram positive bacteria. TLR 4 recognizes lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Both mutations lead a reduced capacity to elicit inflammation and they increase the risk for gram-positive and negative infections. This study was performed to investigate the expressions of TLR 2 and 4 and their mutations in patients suffering with otitis media and middle ear effusion.

Methods

Middle ear fluid samples were collected from 40 otitis media effusion (OME) patients who had ventilating tubesinserted. Bacteria in the effusion fluid were detected by standard bacterial culture. The secreted IgG, IgA and IgM were measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TLR 2 and 4 were assessed by performing RT-PCR. The genomic DNA from each patient was isolated from the middle ear fluid samples that were collected from 60 OME patients, and the presence of mutations was determined by performing restriction digestion and DNA sequencing analysis.

Results

Among the 40 middle ear fluid samples, bacteria were detected in 13 middle ear fluid samples. The amounts of IgM, IgA, and IgG were 151.20±60.94 ng/mL, 21.59±7.96 ng/mL and 11.55±16.98 ng/mL, respectively. TLR 2 and 4 were expressed in the middle ear fluid and the expression of TLR 2 was higher than that of TLR 4. However, there was no correlation between the expressions of TLR 2 and 4, and the concentration of immunoglobulin or the presence of bacteria (P>0.05). There ware no mutations of TLR 2 (Arg753Gln, Arg677Trp) and TLR 4 (Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile).

Conclusion

TLR 2 and 4 were expressed in all the middle ear fluid samples of OME, but the mutations of TLR 2 and 4 were not detected. TLR 2 and 4 may play a vital role in the immunological responses of patients with OME.     

Toll样受体2和4在小鼠肺炎链球菌中耳急性感染中的作用

目的 探讨Toll样受体2(Toll-like receptor 2,TLR2)和Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)在小鼠肺炎链球菌中耳感染中的作用.方法 野生型(wild type,WT)C57BL/6J小鼠、TLR2缺陷(TLR2-/-)和TLR4缺陷(TLR4-/-)小鼠分别通过中耳鼓膜接种肺炎链球菌悬液[1×106菌落形成单位(colony forming unit,CFU)].在细菌接种前、接种后第3天和第7天分别进行听性脑干反应(ABR)和鼓室声导抗测试,血液及中耳积液中细菌滴度测定,颞骨病理切片形态学观察,反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测不同基因型小鼠炎性细胞因子IκB激酶β(IκB kinase β,IKKβ)、核因子κB(NF-κB)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白1α(MIP-1α)、黏蛋白/黏液素5AC和5B(MUC5AC和MUC5B)mRNA的表达.结果 中耳接种肺炎链球菌3d后,TLR2-/-小鼠死亡率为58.8％(40/68),TLR4-/-小鼠死亡率为35.6％(21/59),而WT小鼠的死亡率仅为17.3％(9/52).接种7d后,TUR2-/-小鼠死亡率为82.4％(54/68),TLR4-/-小鼠死亡率为54.2％(32/59),而WT小鼠的死亡率仅为23％(12/52),三组之间差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).ABR测试结果显示,接种后存活3d及7d的TLR2-/-和TLR4-/-小鼠ABR阈值高于WT小鼠,三组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).颞骨病理发现,TLR2-/-和TLR4-/-小鼠接种肺炎链球菌后第3天中耳出现积液和组织破坏,接种后第7天感染极为严重.TLR2-/-鼠出现严重的耳蜗炎性细胞浸润,内外毛细胞破坏、盖膜肿大和血管纹退变,以及螺旋神经节细胞的损伤;TLR4-/-鼠可见耳蜗内外毛细胞和螺旋神经节细胞的损伤;而WT鼠的耳蜗未见炎性细胞浸润和组织破坏,内外毛细胞基本正常.在接种细菌3d和7d的TLR2-/-鼠中耳黏膜未发现肥大细胞,但在TLR4-/-和WT鼠中耳黏膜发现较多的肥大细胞并有脱颗粒现象.接种肺炎链球菌后3d和7d的TLR2-/-和TLR4-/-小鼠血液中细菌滴度均高于WT小鼠,差异具有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).接种肺炎链球菌3d后,TLR2-/-小鼠听泡组织中NF-κB、TNFα、IL-1β、MIP-1α、MUC5AC、MUC5B等因子的mRNA表达水平低于TLR4-/-和WT小鼠,差异具有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).结论 TLR2-/-鼠在肺炎链球菌激惹后产生相对低水平的致炎性细胞因子,中耳清除细菌能力下降,引发脓毒血症,导致高死亡率.TLR2和TLR4是2种重要的小鼠中耳炎性反应的受体和信号转导分子.     

Assessment of expression of toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 in laryngeal carcinoma

Head and neck cancers remain a big challenge for oncology. Among them laryngeal carcinomas predominate. In spite of abundant inflammatory cell infiltrates containing several immunologically competent cells, patients with head and neck cancers show markedly suppressed anti-tumor response. In general, cancer cells use strategies to avoid recognition and destruction by the immune system. Toll-like receptors 1–13 (TLRs) are crucial for activation of innate immunity and secondarily for the induction of acquired response. TLRs are mainly expressed on cells of the immune system, but they have been demonstrated on endothelial and epithelial cells. Ligand binding to TLR leads to the activation of several genes, predominantly proinflammatory ones such as IL-1 and TNF-alpha and maturation of professional antigen presenting cells (APC) i.e., dendritic cells. It can cause better tumor antigen presentation by APC. The aim of this study was the evaluation of expression of TLR-2, TLR-3 and TLR-4 in the microenvironment of laryngeal carcinoma. Tumor specimens (n = 20, male patients aged 43–77 years, mean 57 years) from patients subjected to total laryngectomy. Immunohistochemistry and indirect immunoflourescence on frozen tissue sections. Cancer tissue: portion of cancer cells manifested membrane and/or cytoplasmic expression of TLR-2, TLR-3 and TLR-4. The most frequent expression on tumor cells was TLR-2 and the least expression of TLR-4. Inflammatory infiltrates: in all cases inflammatory cell infiltrates of various intensities were present, both in tumor mass and tumor stroma. Expression of all TLRs tested, both, membrane and cytoplasmic ones were shown on inflammatory cells, but distinct in quantitative terms. TLR-4 positive cells were the most frequent. A portion of cells expressed both, TLR and HLA-DR. It is of interest that TLRs tested were expressed not only on cells of inflammatory infiltrate, but also on tumor cells. This fact may be an important factor in tumor escape from immune surveillance. It is notable, that both, TLRs and HLA-DR were shown to be co-expressed, what may favor the role and impact of TLRs in antigen presentation. Further studies are needed to elucidate TLRs function in the course of neoplastic process.     

Expression of Toll-like receptors on peripheral blood white cells in acute otitis media

Objective

From 10 to 15% of children suffer from recurrent acute otitis media (AOM). An association between polymorphism in TLRs and their co-receptor CD14 with otitis media proneness has been described in children. Moreover, the experiments on animal models have shown that TLRs and their signaling molecules are critical for timely resolution of bacterial otitis.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the expression of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4 on lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes in peripheral blood in children with recurrent or persistent AOM.

Methods

The study was performed on a group of 25 children hospitalized for recurrent AOM, failures of previous treatments and/or acute mastoiditis. The results were compared to the control group of healthy children at the same age. The expression of TLRs on peripheral blood white cells was measured by flow cytometric analysis. The results were expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). The statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U test.

Results

The highest expression of TLR was found on monocytes, the lowest on lymphocytes in both groups of children (AOM and the control one). The expression of TLR1 was the lowest and expression of TLR4 was the highest on all examined cells. The expression of all examined TLRs on monocytes was significantly higher in the AOM group.

Conclusions

Peripheral blood monocytes are characterized by increased expression of TLRs in the course of recurrent AOM.     

Toll样受体激动剂在变应性鼻炎免疫治疗中的研究进展

变应性鼻炎(AR)是由多种信号通路和细胞因子共同参与的鼻腔黏膜慢性炎症性疾病。Toll样受体(TLRs)作为一种重要模式识别受体(PRRs),介导细胞内信号转导通路,参与机体天然免疫和适应性免疫应答,在AR的发生、发展过程中发挥重要作用。近年来,TLRs作为治疗靶点在AR的治疗中取得良好疗效,TLRs激动剂可作为免疫制剂或免疫佐剂,在AR的免疫治疗中有广阔的应用前景。为进一步开发TLRs激动剂在临床上的可能价值,本文总结了TLRs激动剂在AR治疗中的研究进展。